DOCSLIB.ORG

THE SIMULTANEOUS IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY of Cdla and S100 ANTIGENS in CERVIX and SKIN the Development and Use of an Immunocytoc

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE SIMULTANEOUS IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY of Cdla and S100 ANTIGENS in CERVIX and SKIN the Development and Use of an Immunocytoc THE SIMULTANEOUS IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CDla AND S100 ANTIGENS IN CERVIX AND SKIN The Development and Use of an Immunocytochemical Technique. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Medicine University College London by PETER HENRY MADDOX Dept, of Histopathology St Marys Wing Whittington Hospital London. 1992 ProQuest Number: 10609757 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10609757 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT. A technique using formalin-calcium pre-fixed frozen sections has been developed which enabled the simultaneous demonstration of CDla and S100 antigens using the Dako antibodies, monoclonal Nal/34 and polyclonal S100 and an avidin-biotin complex peroxidase label. A reproducible counting method has been described which made a direct comparison of these two antigens in the epithelium of human skin and cervix. The Wilcoxon non-parametric test indicated no significant difference between the CDla and S100 counts of normal cervix (Z=1.02) but a difference between the seven counts showing minimal change papilloma virus infection (Z=2.63). A significant difference was shown in biopsies of normal skin (Z=3.37). The same test performed upon biopsies of cervix and skin of patients infected with Human Immune Deficiency Virus gave Z-values of 5.14 and 4.17 respectively. There was no significant difference between the CDla counts of these biopsies and those of normal biopsies (cervix, Z=0.01; skin, Z=0.62), but a significant difference when the same comparison was made for the S100 counts (cervix, Z=5.17; skin, Z=2.89). 3 The ratio of CDla/SlOO positivity in normal epithelium was found to approach unity, rising in value in cases of minimal change Human Papilloma Virus infection and rising still higher in cases of Human Immune Deficiency Virus infection. The effect of subcutaneous malignant breast disease upon the expression of the two antigens in the overlying epithelia indicated a lower CDla positive count in epithelia distant from the tumour and a normal count above the tumour (Z=2.86). There was no significant difference in the S100 counts of the two sites (Z=0.26). The final study used morphometric and colorimetric methods to support an observation previously reported in cytological material that the two antigens are expressed upon an individual Langerhans cell. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The initiation, management and completion of this project would not have been possible without the permission and support of Dr. D. Jenkins MRCPath. (Director of Clinial Research) and Dr. J. Dyson FRCPath. (Head of Histopathology and Cytology Department) both of the Whittington Hospital. I am indebted to the Technical Head of the Histopathology and Cytology Department, Mr. Ron Yabsley, for his invaluable support and kindness in negotiating finance and allowing me laboratory time in persuit of my studies. My thanks are due to Mr. A. Singer FRCOG (Consultant Gynaecologist), for allowing me access to his cases and to the theatre staff of the Royal Northern for informing me of the availability of "normal" cervical material. I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Doctors, S. Barton and J. Langtry of the Westminster Hospital, London, and JR. Smith, P. French and SM. Forster of St. Mary's Hospital, London, for taking the cervical and skin biopsies used for the Human Immune Deficiency study. I also acknowledge the cooperation of Consultant Mr. AW. Wilson FRCS, of the Whittington Hospital Surgical Unit in allowing me access to the mastectomy resections cases. My thanks go, to members of the Whittington and University College photographic department, Mr. Simon Clarke, Miss. Carol Buckman, and Mr. Noel Cadet, for their help and advice with the illustrations; and to the Chief Librarian of the Islington District Library, Miss Jane Stephen, for helping to obtain the numerous journal references, many of which proved to be extremely difficult. In performing the statistical analysis of the results I wish to acknowledge the advice of Dr. Jack Cuzick, Head of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund department of Mathematics, Statistics and Epidemiology and the help of Miss Ah Mun Kuan, statistician to the Whittington Hospital. There are two people to whom I owe so much for the completion of this project. The first is Dr. Anne Szarewski, Research Fellow of the Imperial Cancer research Fund, who acted as my mentor and reader. The second is Miss Margaret Hills, Research Assistant to the Clinical Research Department, who gave me invaluable support and encouragement and so frequently deputized for me in the routine immunocytochemical department to allow me to study. Finally, thanks to my wife Muriel, for her understanding and encouragement at my undertaking this project, and particularly for her tolerance at my withdrawal to an office and word-processor whilst the domestic scene moved into disrepair. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. ABSTRACT. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 6 FIGURES. 14 TABLES. 18 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 20 CHAPTER 1. General Introduction. 23 The Langerhans cell and Epidermal Surveillance. 23 The Melanocyte Theory. 24 The Keratinocyte Theory. 25 The Silberberg Theory. 25 Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue. 26 The Skin Immune System. 28 Ultrastructure of Langerhans cells. 29 Methods of Identifying Langerhans cells. 32 Metal Impregnation. 32 Supravital Staining. 33 Enzyme Histochemistry. 34 7 PAGE. Immunocytochemistry. 3 5 Cluster of Differentiation. 37 CD1 Antigens. 38 S100 Protein Antigens. 42 Behavioural Studies on S100 Protein. 47 Less Specific Antigens used for the 47 Demonstration of Langerhans cells. 47 Vimentin. 47 Class II Antigens. 48 Fc and C3 Antigens. 50 CD4 antigens. 50 General Principles of Morphometry. 51 Selection of Test Groups. 52 Collection and Handling of the Specimen. 53 Collection of Numerical Data. 53 8 PAGE. CHAPTER 2. Introduction to Studies. 55 Formaldehyde as a fixative. 56 Unfrozen Unembedded Sections. 58 Pre-unfixed Frozen Sections. 58 Pre-fixed Frozen Sections. 59 Fixed Processed EmbeddedSections. 59 Other Embedding Media. 61 Sections Adhesives. 63 Water Soluble Proteins. 63 Cationic Polymerised Amino-acids. 63 of Poly-L-lysine. Organic Silanes. 64 Light Microscopy Immunocytochemical Labelling Methods. 65 Peroxidase Labelling Systems. 65 Other Enzyme Labels. 67 Colloidal Gold Markers. 68 The Quantitative Analysis of Langerhans Cells in Various Dermatological Diseases. 70 The Quantitative Analysis of Langerhans Cells on the Epidermis of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). 73 The Quantitative Analysis of Langerhans cells Overlying Primary Human Tumours. 7 6 Problems in Langerhans cell Enumeration in Tissue Sections. Investigations of the CDla and S100 Phenotypic Expression On Langerhans cells. CHAPTER 3. Aims of Thesis. Problems to be Overcome. Project Studies. CHAPTER 4. Materials. Subjects (Main Study and Study Id). Subjects for Statistical Reproducibility of Counting (Study la). Subjects for Assessment of "Normal Counts" (Study la). Subjects for Assessment of CDla and S100 positivity in Skin and Cervix of Patients with HIV Infection (Study lb). Subjects for Assessment of CDla and S100 positivity in Skin of Patients with Breast Cancer (Study lc). 10 PAGE. Reagents for Paraffin Processing. 87 Fixatives. 87 Dehydration Solutions. 87 Clearing Solutions. 88 Embedding Reagents. 88 Processing Equipment. 88 Reagents for Cryo-processing. 89 Fixatives. 89 Post-fixed Cryosections. 89 Pre-fixed Cryosections. 89 Immunocytochemical Reagents. 89 Buffers. 90 Trypsin. 90 Endogenous Peroxidase Inhibitor. 91 Chromagens. 91 Equipment. 91 Antibody Suppliers. 92 Adhesives. 94 CHAPTER 5. Methods. Main study.(Study 1). The Demonstration of CDla and S100 Antigens in Frozen and Paraffin Sections. 95 General collection and processing of Cervix. 95 Basic Paraffin Technique for The Demonstration of S100. 95 11 PAGE. Frozen technique for the demonstration of CDla. 96 Immunocytochemical Staining of Sections for S100 and CDla antigens. 97 Nursing" of the CDla Antigen during "Wax" Processing. 98 The "Nursing" of S100 Antigens in Frozen Sections. 98 Post-Fixed Cryosections. 99 Prefixed Frozen Sections. 99 Experimental comparison of adhesives. 100 Preparation of Formal-calcium fixative. 101 Compression effect of section. 101 Morphometric assessment of the four peroxidase labelling methods. 102 Staining and Morphometric Analysis of Sections. 103 Study la. Statistical Reproducibility of Counting. 106 Count Analysis of Normal Skin and Cervix. 106 Study lb. A Quantitative Assessment of CDla and S100 positivity in Skin and Cervix of Patients with HIV infection. 108 Study lc. A Quantitative Assesssment of CDla and S100 positivityin Skin of Patients with Breast Cancer. 109 12 PAGE. Study Id. A Numerical Analysis of Single and Mixed Counts. 110 Colorimetric Method of Analysis. 112 Immunogold Labelling of CDla. 112 Fluorochrome Labelling of S100 Antigens. 113 Phosphatase Labelling of S100 Antigens. 113 CHAPTER 6. Results (Study 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) with Lecithin and Tween®
    Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) with Lecithin and Tween® CSP ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CONT ACT PLATES INTENDED USE Hardy Diagnostics Contact Plate Media is recommended for use in monitoring the level of microbial contamination and the efficacy of sanitation of environmental surfaces. Each contact plate has a grid molded into the bottom of the plate which facilitates counting the number of organisms present. These plates may be used in monitoring of environmental surfaces in sterile compounding areas to comply with proposed revisions to USP Chapter <797>. SUMMARY On January 1, 2004 Chapter <797>, of the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP27 /NF22) entitled "Pharmaceutical Compounding Sterile Preparations", became effective. USP Chapter <797> details the procedures and requirements for compounding sterile preparations and sets standards that are applicable to all practice settings in which sterile preparations are compounded. Since USP Chapter <797> is considered a requirement, pharmacies may be subject to inspection for compliance with these standards by state boards of pharmacy, the FDA, and accreditation organizations, such as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), Accreditation Commission for Health Care, Inc. (ACHA) and the Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP). Compliance with these standards was required by January 1, 2006. USP Chapter <797> defines three levels of risk related to sterile preparation and includes quality assurance requirements for each risk level. These risk levels are based on the potential for introducing sources of contamination to the preparations from microbial, chemical or physical contamination during compounding activities, or in the case of high-risk compounding that the product would remain contaminated. USP Chapter <797> provides general guidance on risk level assignment based upon compounding manipulations, types of ingredients and equipment used, compounding environment, and storage and use of the resulting preparation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bile Esculin Azide Agar
    Reference: 064-PA3134 Scharlau Microbiology - Technical Data Sheet Product: BILE ESCULIN AZIDE AGAR Specification Solid medium for the confirmation and enumeration of enterococci in water by the membrane filtration method according to ISO 7899-2. Presentation 20 Prepared plates Packaging Details 90 mm 1 box with 2 cellophane bags with 10 plates/bag with: 20 ± 2 g Composition Formula in g/l Tryptone..................................................... 17,00 Peptone......................................................3,00 Yeast extract.............................................. 5,00 Bile............................................................. 10,00 Sodium chloride..........................................5,00 Esculin........................................................1,00 Ammonium ferric citrate..............................0,50 Sodium azide..............................................0,15 Agar............................................................15,00 Final pH 7,20 ±0,2 at 25ºC Description Bile Esculin Azide Medium is a modification of the classical Bile Esculin proposed by Isenberg, Goldberg and Sampson in 1970, but with a reduction in the amount of bile and the addition of sodium azide. Brodsky and Schieman showed that this medium, also known as Pfizer Enterococci Selective Medium gave the best results using the membrane filtration technique. The actual formulation according to the ISO Standard 7899-2:2000 is used for the second step in the confirmation and enumeration of enterococci in water by the membrane filtration method. The colonies previously selected in the Slanetz Bartley Agar (Art. No. 01-579 + 06-023) must be confirmed by a short incubation on Bile Esculin Azide Medium for verification of esculin hydrolysis in a selective environment. Usage instructions In the "Basic Techniques" section found in "Handbook of Microbiological Culture Media" Scharlau Microbiology (Ed.N º .11), the basic principles for the inoculation of culture media is described as a guide for the technician carrying out this procedure for the first time .
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
    Records processed under FOIA Request 2014-5115; Released 10/15/14 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Food and Drug Administration SAVE REQUEST USER: (ldt) FOLDER: K933121 - 50 pages COMPANY: BIOCLINICAL SYSTEMS, INC. (BIOCSYST) PRODUCT: CULTURE MEDIA, FOR ISOLATION OF PATHOGENIC NEISSERIA (JTY) SUMMARY: Product: MICROBIOLOGICAL CULTURE MEDIA,CHOCOLATE AGAR DATE REQUESTED: Oct 8, 2014 DATE PRINTED: Oct 8, 2014 Note: Printed 5600 Fishers Lane, HFI-35, Room 6-30, Rockville, MD 20857 Questions? Contact FDA/CDRH/OCE/DID at [email protected] or 301-796-8118 Records processed under FOIA Request 2014-5115; Released 10/15/14 510(x) ROUTE SLIP 510(k) NUMBER K933121 PANEL MI DIVISION DCLD BRANCH TRADE NAME MICROBIOLOGICAL CULTURE MEDIA,CHOCOLATE AGAR COMMON NAME PRODUCT CODE APPLICANT BIOCLINICAL SYSTEMS, INC. SHORT NAME BIOCSYST CONTACT KATHRYN POWERS DIVISION ADDRESS 9040 JUNCTION DR. SUITE ONE ANNAPOLIS JUNCTION, MD 20701 PHONE N0. (301) 498-9550 FAX NO. (301) 470-4129 MANUFACTURER BIOCLINICAL SYSTEMS, INC. REGISTRATION NO. 1120183 DATE ON SUBMISSION 25-JUN-93 DATE DUE TO 510(x) STAFF DATE RECEIVED IN ODE 2 - 3 DATE DECISION DUE 23-SEP-93 DECISION DECISION DATE d 1 ý. U PPLEMENTS SUBMITTED RECEIVED DUE POS DUE OUT SUPP001 24-AUG-93 25-AUG-93 08-NOV-93 23-NOV-93 OUT GOING CORRESPONDENCE SUPP001 18-AUG-93 17-SEP-93 ') C n r rr n I 1115---ý r-P ;. FEB- 7 1994 Questions? Contact FDA/CDRH/OCE/DID at [email protected] or 301-796-8118 Records processed under FOIA Request 2014-5115; Released 10/15/14 SEAp(, OtA'H (1 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service ýK oNbYdla Food and Drug Administration 9200 Corporate Boulevard Rockville MD 20850 Phil Buckner HealthLink 3611 St.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Chronic Prostatic Inflammation and Infection
    EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 22: 966, 2021 One, No One and One Hundred Thousand: Patterns of chronic prostatic inflammation and infection KONSTANTINOS STAMATIOU1, EVANGELIA SAMARA1, RICHARD NICOLAS LACROIX2, HIPPOCRATES MOSCHOURIS1, GIANPAOLO PERLETTI3,4 and VITTORIO MAGRI5 1 Department of Urology, Tzaneion Hospital, 18536 Piraeus; 2Department of Public and Community Health, University of West Attica, Egaleo, 12241 Athens, Greece; 3Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, I‑21100 Varese, Italy; 4Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Ghent University, 3K3 9000 Ghent, Belgium; 5Urology Secondary Care Clinic, ASST‑Nord, I‑20092 Milan, Italy Received January 24, 2020; Accepted February 18, 2021 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10398 Abstract. Chronic prostatic inflammation may be classified clinical manifestations and by transitions between different into three types that share similar symptoms and are distin- CP classes during its course. guished on the basis of microbiological findings. In the present study, consecutive cases of chronic prostatic inflammation and Introduction infection were retrospectively reviewed in order to explore the clinical course and long‑term outcomes. The cohort consisted In Luigi Pirandello's novel ‘One, No One and One Hundred of patients with symptoms of prostatitis who visited the Urology Thousand’, the protagonist comes to the realization that Clinic of the Tzaneion Hospital (Piraeus, Greece) between everyone he knows and everyone he has ever met has March 2009 and March 2019. The patients were subjected to constructed his persona in their own imagination and that the Meares and Stamey ‘4‑glass’ test and patients with febrile none of these personas corresponds to the image that he prostatitis were evaluated with a single mid‑stream ‘clean’ believes himself to be.
    [Show full text]
  • TRYPTIC SOY AGAR - for in Vitro Use Only
    TRYPTIC SOY AGAR - For in vitro use only - Plated Media Tubed Media PT80 –Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) TT80 – TSA Slant PT81 – TSA (SXT) TT80-18 – TSA Pour Plate [18-mL] PT89 – TSA w Yeast Extract TB75 – TSA Blood Slant PB75 – TSA w 5% Sheep Blood PB81 – TSA w 7% Sheep Blood PB69 – TSA w 5% Horse Blood PB80 – TSA w 7% Horse Blood Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) is a general purpose The CAMP test can also be used to help identify plating medium used for the isolation, cultivation, pathogenic species of Listeria . and maintenance of a variety of fastidious and non- TSA with horse blood is used to isolate more fastidious microorganisms. fastidious organisms. Horse blood contains both X Leavitt et al. demonstrated the versatility of and V factor, which are essential growth factors for TSA by cultivating both aerobic and anaerobic some organisms such as Haemophilus species. microbes using TSA. TSA is recognized and Sheep and human blood are not suitable since they recommended by numerous agencies around the contain specific enzymes that inactivate V Factor. world. Our standard formulation is prepared Although, some laboratories prefer a plated according to the United States Pharmacopeia medium with a higher blood content (7-10%) or (USP) and recommended for various different with horse blood, these mediums should not be applications put forth by the Association of used for determination of hemolytic reactions or Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), the for the CAMP test. The increased blood content International Dairy Federation (IDF), the United can make hemolytic reactions less distinct and States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the more difficult to read while defibrinated horse American Public Health Association (APHA).
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Media
    Microbiology BIOL 275 PREPARATION OF MEDIA I. OBJECTIVES • To become familiar with the necessary nutritional and environmental factors for culturing microorganisms in the laboratory. • To understand the decontamination or sterilization process using an autoclave. • To learn the procedures used in preparing media needed for culturing microorganisms. II. INTRODUCTION Microorganisms depend on a number of factors such as nutrients, oxygen, moisture and temperature to grow and divide. In the laboratory, except for the above factors, the culture medium should be sterile and contamination of a culture with other organisms should be prevented. Let us briefly discuss a few of the more important factors for the growth of microorganisms. Nutrients A microbiological culture medium must contain available sources of hydrogen donors and acceptors, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, inorganic salts and, in certain cases, vitamins or other growth-promoting substances. These were originally supplied in the form of meat infusions that were, and still are in certain cases, widely used in culture media. Beef or yeast extracts can replace meat infusions. The addition of peptone provides a readily available source of nitrogen and carbon. Peptone is used in culture media to mainly supply nitrogen. Most organisms are capable of utilizing the amino acids and other simpler nitrogenous compounds present in peptone. Thus, in many cases, the complicated infusion media can be replaced by simpler media prepared by using the proper peptones in place of the meat infusions. Certain bacteria require the addition of other nutrients, such as serum, blood, etc. to the culture medium upon which they are to be propagated. Carbohydrates may also be desirable at times, and certain salts such as calcium, manganese, magnesium, sodium, and potassium seem to be required.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of a Single Growth Medium for Environmental Monitoring Of
    European Journal of Parenteral & Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016; 21(2): 50-55 © 2016 Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Sciences Society The use of a single growth medium for environmental monitoring of pharmacy aseptic units using tryptone soya agar with 1% glucose John Rhodes1*, Jennifer Feasby1, Wayne Goddard1, Alison Beaney2 and Mike Baker3 1 North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK 2 Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK 3 Pharma Quality Consulting, Cheshire, UK The suitability of tryptone soya agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar and tryptone soya agar with 1% glucose plates for general environmental monitoring was compared. Plates were incubated at three different temperatures to assess an optimal temperature for growth. Results indicated that there are benefits from using tryptone soya agar with 1% glucose incubated at 25°C as an all-purpose medium for environmental monitoring. Key words: Tryptone soya agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar, tryptone soya agar with 1% glucose, environmental monitoring of aseptic rooms, settle plates, finger dabs. Introduction any test methods or suitable media. For cleanroom monitoring of UK National Health Service (NHS) aseptic services, more The choice of a microbiological growth medium is not simple. detailed guidance has been provided4 for environmental settle The Difco Manual has proven to be a comprehensive source of plate agars. It indicates that the media recommended is: information since the first edition appeared in 1927. The tenth edition was published in 1984 and found its way into most 1 “standardised on tryptone soya for bacterial count (this microbiology laboratories . The guide for the selection of will also detect yeasts and moulds to an extent) and culture media formed a 9-page table and contained many agars Sabouraud dextrose medium for the selective and broths for isolation, differentiation and propagation of determination of yeasts and moulds.” 4 different classes of micro-organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • BD Industry Catalog
    PRODUCT CATALOG INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY BD Diagnostics Diagnostic Systems Table of Contents Table of Contents 1. Dehydrated Culture Media and Ingredients 5. Stains & Reagents 1.1 Dehydrated Culture Media and Ingredients .................................................................3 5.1 Gram Stains (Kits) ......................................................................................................75 1.1.1 Dehydrated Culture Media ......................................................................................... 3 5.2 Stains and Indicators ..................................................................................................75 5 1.1.2 Additives ...................................................................................................................31 5.3. Reagents and Enzymes ..............................................................................................75 1.2 Media and Ingredients ...............................................................................................34 1 6. Identification and Quality Control Products 1.2.1 Enrichments and Enzymes .........................................................................................34 6.1 BBL™ Crystal™ Identification Systems ..........................................................................79 1.2.2 Meat Peptones and Media ........................................................................................35 6.2 BBL™ Dryslide™ ..........................................................................................................80
    [Show full text]
  • Sampling, Laboratory, and Data Considerations for Microbial Data
    EPA/600/R-18/164 | July 2018 | www.epa.gov/research Sampling, Laboratory and Data Considerations for Microbial Data Collected in the Field Office of Research and Development National Homeland Security Research Center This page intentionally left blank. EPA/600/R-18/164 July 2018 Sampling, Laboratory and Data Considerations for Microbial Data Collected in the Field by Erin Silvestri Kathy Hall Threat and Consequence Assessment Division National Homeland Security Research Center Cincinnati, OH 45268 Yildiz Chambers-Velarde John Chandler Joan Cuddeback CSRA Falls Church, VA Kaedra Jones ICF Fairfax, VA Contract No. EP-C-14-001, WA 1-14 with ICF Contract No. EP-C-15-012, WAs 1-12 and 2-12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Project Officer Office of Research and Development Homeland Security Research Program Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development, funded and managed the literature review described here under Contract No. EP- C-14-001, WA 1-14 with ICF. CSRA supported the development of this document under Contract No. EP-C-15-012, WAs 1-12 and 2-12. This document has been subjected to the Agency’s review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not necessarily signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to: Erin Silvestri U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Homeland Security Research Center 26 W.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Actinomyces Infections: What Have We Learned?
    antibiotics Editorial Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Actinomyces Infections: What Have We Learned? Edit Urbán 1,2 and Márió Gajdács 3,4,* 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary 3 Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary 4 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +36-62-341-330 Obligate anaerobic bacteria are important members of the normal human microbiota, present in high numbers on mucosal surfaces (e.g., the oral cavity, female genital tract, and colon), outnumbering other bacteria 10–1000-fold [1]. Anaerobic bacteria have been implicated in a wide range of infectious processes from almost all anatomical sites, by bacteria from both exogenous (e.g., toxin-mediated pathologies by Clostridia) and endoge- nous (displacement of the bacterial flora to other anatomical regions) sources [2]. These pathogens may be important etiological agents in life-threatening, invasive infections [3,4]. The cultivation and identification of strict anaerobes is labor-intensive and requires ex- pertise and special laboratory conditions and equipment; therefore, for many years, only several anaerobes were considered clinically relevant [5]. With the emergence and spread Citation: Urbán, E.; Gajdács, M. of modern identification technologies—such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), matrix- Microbiological and Clinical Aspects assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), of Actinomyces Infections: What Have and 16S RNA gene sequencing—in clinical microbiology laboratories, the pathogenic role We Learned? Antibiotics 2021, 10, 151.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Assuring Quality of Medical Microbiological Culture Media July 2012
    Guidelines for Assuring Quality of Medical Microbiological Culture Media July 2012 Guidelines for Assuring Quality of Medical Microbiological Culture Media Culture Media Special Interest Group for the Australian Society for Microbiology, Inc. 2nd edition July 2012 Page 1 of 32 Guidelines for Assuring Quality of Medical Microbiological Culture Media July 2012 FOREWORD to the First Edition The Media Quality Control Special Interest Group of the Australian Society for Microbiology was formed in 1991 by a group of interested individuals after an upsurge in interest in the issue of media quality and the appearance that no common standards or consensus existed in this area in Australia. Increased interest, especially amongst medical microbiologists, in what was being done, or should be done, by way of assuring the quality of microbiological media made the issue contentious. The National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) Australia, were amongst those seeking guidance in the area of Media Quality Control, being in the position of accrediting microbiology laboratories in the fields of biological testing and medical testing. They found little in the way of consistency and knew of no locally-applicable guidelines on which to base their assessments and recommendations. It fell upon members of the Australian Society for Microbiology, the only professional or learned society in Australia dealing specifically with issues in microbiology, to establish some guidelines. To that end, the Media Quality Control Special Interest Group established a working party to devise a set of guidelines and it was agreed that they should not be dissimilar in content to the standard, Quality Assurance for Commercially Prepared MicrobiologicalCulture Media, Document M22-A, published by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory, Standards in the USA in 1990.
    [Show full text]
  • Abiotrophia Defectiva
    Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Case Report Open Access Abiotrophia defectiva: briefs comments of an etiological agent to consider in infections with conventional microbiological culture-negative Background Abiotrophia is a separate genus of Gram-positive cocci Volume 7 Issue 2 - 2019 formerly classified as nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS). These microorganisms’ forms part of the human oropharyngeal, Marcel Marcano-Lozada,1,2 Silvia Molero- gastrointestinal & urogenital habitual microbiota, and cause 1% - 2% Leon3 of all infective endocarditis (IE), with the particular characteristic 1Department of Microbiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, than these bacteria do not usually grow on conventional blood agar Venezuela plates (culture-negative IE). Therefore, Abiotrophia endocarditis 2Medical Microbiology Unit, Angios Vascular Center & Wound is classified into the category of culture-negative endocarditis, and Clinic, Venezuela 3 their suspected implication should be informed to the microbiology Internal Medicine Specialist, Angios Vascular Center & Wound Clinic, Venezuela laboratory to implement the recovery and isolation techniques to obtain the final identification of it, because the NVS are fastidious Correspondence: Marcel Marcano-Lozada, Aggregated Gram-positive bacteria, requiring either L-cysteine- or pyridoxal- Professor Microbiology Department, “J.M. Vargas” School of supplemented medium to support growth. We advised the physicians Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, in culture-negative
    [Show full text]