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9782307043201.Pdf BASKET-BALL Collection dirigée par Evelyne SELVES Dominique GEORGES BASKET-BALL Jacques Belin avec la collaboration de Chantal CASCALÈS Dominique SELVES Illustrations Studio Enriqué Munoz José Borquez l'instant Photo de couverture : Bernard GOMILLA Impression Couverture : LABOUREUR Photocomposition : EDIT-PRESS ISNB 2-86929-025-X @ Editions de l'Instant 5, rue du Général-Guilhem 75011 PARIS SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION 9 HISTORIQUE Il — James Naismith, l'inventeur 11 — Les premières règles 12 — De l'YMCA... aux patros catholiques . 14 — Les missionnaires du ballon 15 — Renato William Jones, l'organisateur .. 16 — Le basket fémimin 17 LEXIQUE 19 L'ÉVOLUTION 33 LA PRATIQUE 35 — Le terrain 35 — Les paniers 41 — Le ballon 43 — L'équipement technique 43 — Les acteurs : les joueurs 43 les officiels ................... 44 — Le jeu : les règles 47 les violations ........................ 53 — Code des arbitres 59 LES COMPÉTITIONS ............................ — Nationales 68 — Internationales ................................ 70 LES PROBLÈMES DE L'ÉQUIPE DE FRANCE 73 LE BASKET PROFESSIONNEL AMÉRICAIN 77 — Une centaine de matchs 78 — Les Ail Stars 79 — Les championnats 85/86 80 — Les règles 81 — Les Harlem Globe Trotters 82 LE MINI BASKET 85 LE BABY BASKET 89 LE HANDI BASKET 93 ÉTUDE TECHNIQUE — Préparation physique 97 — Initiation 98 — Fondamentaux 99 — Postes 100 — Défense 101 — Attaque 104 — Collectif 106 GUIDE PRATIQUE ORGANISMES NATIONNAUX La fédération 111 Régions fédérales 113 Comités départementaux 117 Correspondants du Baby basket 127 Les centres de formation 130 Les classes promotionnelles 133 Les sections Sport Etudes ............. 135 Les stages 138 Les Brevets d'Etat 139 LE BASKET ET LES MÉDIA 141 PHOTOTHÈQUE 151 MAGASINS FABRICANTS ................... 152 INTRODUCTION Dans moins de six ans, le basket-bail atteindra le premier siècle de son existence. Bien sûr, son antériorité est moindre que celle du football. Mais, dans les histoires des jeux de ballon deve- nus sports de loisir et de compétition, il en pré- cède bien d'autres. Bien sûr aussi sa notoriété — du moins dans notre pays — est inférieure à celle du ballon rond, cher aux Kopa et Platini. Mais pourtant, si l'on compte le nombre de ses licenciés dans le monde, il précède largement le football, le rugby, le handball et dispute la palme au volley-ball... sport chinois et de plage par excellence. Sa notoriété lui vient en grande partie de la femme. Non qu'elle doit le pratiquer (comme l'y autorisent et l'y encouragent les règlements), à la manière des hommes. Mais parce qu'elle y trouve une expression qui lui convient très bien, une certaine grâce esthétique et une intelligence, en même temps qu'un terrain exigu, plus en rapport avec ses possibilités physiques. Il n'est pas étonnant que, dans ces conditions, il y ait presque autant de basketeurs au féminin qu'au masculin. Lorsque les immenses réservoirs africain et asiatique auront été prospectés, le basket accentuera encore son avance. Enfin, le basket est très télégénique. Son cadre étroit s'accommode très bien du petit écran qui lui donne du relief, de la vitesse, de la couleur — et ce, grâce aux chatoyantes tenues des joueurs. HISTORIQUE JAMES NAISMITH, L'INVENTEUR « J'ai créé le basket-ball, avec la notion chré- tienne de l'amour du prochain, pour que les jeunes puissent y mettre toutes leurs forces et tout leur cœur, tout en gardant constamment le contrôle de leurs réactions, sans les excès qui en feraient un instrument du Diable... » Ces paroles sont de James Naismith, l'inventeur du basketball '. Cet homme universel comme le xixc siècle fut le dernier à en produire, tour à tour professeur d'éducation physique, médecin, pasteur presbytérien et président d'université, a créé, dit-on, le jeu du basket en une nuit. Un jeu qui, moins d'un siècle plus tard, est devenu le plus pratiqué dans le monde avec 150 millions de joueuses et joueurs et 156 nations affiliées à la Fédération internationale. YMCA, Springfield, Massachussets (USA). L'hi- ver de 1891 est rude, dans le Nord-Est des États- Unis. Le Dr Gulick, directeur du collège qui forme des moniteurs d'Éducation physique et de Sports, demande à l'un de ses professeurs de trente ans, un Canadien, James Naismith, d'in- venter un sport collectif qui puisse se pratiquer dans le gymnase. Protestant très strict, Naismith veut, à la fois, élever ses élèves et leur inculquer la non violence. 1. En France on écrit basketball en un seul mot. S'il n'avait jamais entendu parler, sans doute, du jeu pratiqué par les Incas et les Aztèques depuis des millénaires (dont on a fait depuis un des ancêtres du basket), il n'avait pas oublié le jeu « du Canard sur le rocher » dont les bergers basques, émigrés au Canada, étaient friands. Il s'agissait d'un passe-temps fait d'agilité, d'adresse, de rapidité — qualités primordiales exigées aujourd'hui en basket-ball — et qui consistait à faire tomber, grâce à un jet de pierre, un « cochonnet » placé sur un rocher et d'aller rechercher le projectile sans se faire toucher par le béret lancé par le gardien du dit cochonnet. ... A moins tout simplement que Naismith n'ait trouvé l'inspiration en jetant en boule, dans le panier de son bureau, tous les projets écha- faudés au cours de cette fameuse nuit. LES PREMIÈRES RÈGLES Toujours est-il qu'à l'aube, le lendemain, notre professeur affichait les premières règles d'un nouveau sport de balle qui se jouait avec deux paniers de pêche, accrochés à la rambarde du gymnase à ses deux extrémités. Voici ces règles : e Le nouveau jeu doit se pratiquer avec un bal- lon léger de forme sphérique. e Les joueurs pourront se déplacer sur le terrain de jeu. Le nombre de joueurs n'est pas limité. Le but du jeu est de placer le ballon dans les paniers situés en hauteur de chaque côté du terrain. • Il est interdit de courir avec le ballon. Il est interdit de le frapper avec les pieds. • Tout contact avec un adversaire est interdit. Le premier match se dispute le 18 décembre 1891 dans le gymnase de l'YMCA entre 18 étudiants volontaires et se termine sur le score de 1 but à 0. Mais l'inventeur étant trop modeste pour accepter de parrainer son jeu, c'est le chef de classe qui décide de l'appeler basket-ball, nom qui lui est resté et qui est devenu, depuis, quasi universel. DE L'YMCA PROTESTANTE... L'aùtre chance du basket, c'est, précisément, qu'il ait été conçu dans une école internationale de moniteurs de l'YMCA (4 500 000 membres dans le monde entier). Si bien que tous les diplômés de Springfield ont essaimé rapidement, en emportant leur ballon sous le bras. Dès l'an- née suivante, on joue, en effet, à Changai, au Mexique, puis aux Philippines. Et le 27 décembre 1893, c'est Paris qui découvre le basket, grâce à un match entre membres parisiens de l'YMCA. Mais c'est toujours l'inspiration religieuse qui prévaut, comme en témoigne le discours de M. Rideout, l'introducteur du nouveau jeu, chez nous, et ancien moniteur de Springfield : « Nous demandons à Dieu de nous bénir et de diriger nos efforts pour rendre nos jeunes gens forts, purs et nobles, en bénédiction à leurs sem- blables, en honneur à leur patrie et à leur Dieu. » Et, de fait, dans son développement hexagonal, le basket-bail doit beaucoup aux patronages catholiques qui ont pris le relais de l'YMCA pour propager dans les cours de leurs milliers d'établissements, le jeu de la balle au panier. ... AUX PATROS CATHOLIQUES La fédération gymnique et sportive des patro- nages de France, a codifié, dès 1900, les règles du nouveau jeu, réduit le nombre des partici- pants de 7 à 5 ; le panier de pêche est devenu basculant, puis, grâce au filet, panier... percé. Reconnu officiellement comme sport en 1920, mais sous la tutelle de l'athlétisme, le basket n'est pourtant majeur qu'à... quarante et un ans en 1932, quand est créée une Fédération indé- pendante. Deux ans plus tard, le cordon ombi- lical est définitivement coupé, malgré l'opposition d'un sportif célèbre, Paul Méri- camp, secrétaire général de la Fédération d'athlétisme. De 336 pratiquants en 1920, il en comptait alors 10 000 et ne cessa ensuite de croître. Paradoxa- lement, c'est pendant la Seconde Guerre mon- diale, alors que notre pays était occupé, qu'il connut son expansion la plus spectaculaire (de 28 000 à 82 000, en cinq ans). Ce basket-là se jouait toujours dans les cours des patronages sur des terrains en terre ou en machefer, avec des règles déjà très élaborées. Ce qui changeait, c'était surtout l'environnement. La neige, la boue, le froid, la pluie ne rebutaient pas ces garçons qui ne disposaient souvent que d'un auvent abrité pour poser leurs affaires et d'un robinet d'eau froide pour se laver. LES MISSIONNAIRES DU BALLON L'après-guerre rendit plus confortable la pra- tique du basket-ball, surtout après 1960, année où l'on dépassa les 100 000 licenciés ; 1973, les 200 000, pour atteindre aujourd'hui les 365 000. Cette inflation sympathique est due en grande partie au basket féminin, autorisé depuis 1928. Aujourd'hui, nos joueuses sont 170 000. Les « missionnaires » du basket de Springfield, avaient envahi à l'aube de ce siècle, le monde de la jeunesse, au travers de l'YMCA et de ses associations. Partout, ils bâtissaient des gym- nases, suscitaient des clubs et des équipes, publiaient des premiers règlements et formaient les arbitres (les premiers opéraient en habit, avec chapeau haut de forme et saluaient les auteurs des paniers).
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