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Cerbera Odollam for Anti Bacteria Activity and Evaluation on Some Wood Product Properties After Impregnation

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Cerbera Odollam for Anti Bacteria Activity and Evaluation on Some Wood Product Properties After Impregnation EXTRACTS OF CERBERA ODOLLAM FOR ANTI BACTERIA ACTIVITY AND EVALUATION ON SOME WOOD PRODUCT PROPERTIES AFTER IMPREGNATION MOHD HAZIM BIN MOHAMAD AMINI UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2009 MOHD HAZIM BIN MOHAMAD AMINI 2009 MSc EXTRACTS OF CERBERA ODOLLAM FOR ANTI BACTERIA ACTIVITY AND EVALUATION ON SOME WOOD PRODUCT PROPERTIES AFTER IMPREGNATION by MOHD HAZIM BIN MOHAMAD AMINI Thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science October 2009 PENILAIAN TERHADAP AKTIVITI ANTI-BAKTERIA UNTUK EKSTRAK DARIPADA CERBERA ODOLLAM DAN PENILAIAN TERHADAP BEBERAPA CIRI-CIRI PRODUK KAYU SELEPAS DIIMPREG DENGAN EKSTRAK TERSEBUT oleh MOHD HAZIM BIN MOHAMAD AMINI Tesis yang diserahkan untuk memenuhi keperluan bagi Ijazah Sarjana Sains Oktober 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge to Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia (MOSTI) for the Science Fund Grant 03-01-05SF0117 and Universiti Sains Malaysia for Fellowship Scheme awarded to me in order for me to complete this research. I would like to address my appreciation to Associate Professor Dr Rokiah Hashim as my supervisor for her helping hands and guidance, also thanks to Associate Professor Dr Othman Sulaiman, Dr Shaida Fariza Sulaiman from School of Biological Sciences of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Associate Professor Dr Faizah Abood from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Dr Fumio Kawamura from Japan International Research center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and staff of Bio-resource, Paper and Coatings Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Finally thanks to my parents for giving morale support to pursue my study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………… ii List of tables, figures and plates……………………………………………… viii List of symbols and abbreviations……………………………………………. xiii Abstrak………………………………………………………………………... xvi Abstract……………………………………………………………………….. xvi 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Problems…………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………. 4 2.0 Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Cerbera odollam ………………… 5 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………….. 5 2.2 Literature review …………………………………………………. 5 2.2.1 Cerbera odollam ……………………………………….. 5 2.2.2 Wood extractives ………………………………………. 11 2.2.3 Bacteria ………………………………………………… 11 2.2.3 (a) Antibacterial agents ………………………… 12 2.2.3 (b) Bacteria association with wood decay……… 13 2.3 Materials and methods …………………………………………… 18 2.3.1 Sample preparation …………………………………….. 18 2.3.2 Extraction for antibacterial assay ………………………. 20 2.3.3 Separation (or fractionation) process …………………... 23 2.3.4 Moisture content determination………………………. 24 2.3.5 Agar preparation ……………………………………… 25 iii 2.3.6 Culturing bacteria …………………………………….. 25 2.3.7 Antibacterial activity test ……………………………... 26 2.3.8 Chemical analysis ……………………………………… 27 2.3.8 (a) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) of extractives …………. 27 2.3.3 (b) Gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometer analysis (GC-TOFMS) of extractives showing antibacterial activity ………………………... 28 2.4 Results and discussions …………………………………………... 29 2.4.1 Moisture content, yield of extraction and fractions ……. 29 2.4.2 Antibacterial assay ……………………………………... 30 2.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) 35 of extractives …………………………………………………. 2.4.4 Gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometer 37 analysis (GC-TOFMS) of extractives showing antibacterial activity ……………………………………………………….. 2.5 Summary and conclusions ………………………………………. 40 3.0 Influence of impregnation of extracts from Cerbera odollam on some of particleboard properties ……………………………………………………… 41 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………… 41 3.2 Literature review ………………………………………………… 41 3.2.1 Wood preservation - Wood structure and its relation to wood preservation …………………………………………… 41 3.2.2 Purpose of wood preservation ………………………….. 42 3.2.3 Types of wood preservatives …………………………… 43 iv 3.2.3 (a) Tar oil preservatives ………………………... 43 3.2.3 (b) Waterborne preservatives …………………... 44 3.2.3 (1b) Fixed multisalt and multioxide preservatives ………………………………….. 44 3.2.3 (2b) Boron-based preservative …………. 44 3.2.3 (3b) Emulsion preservatives ……………. 45 3.2.3 (c) Organic solvent preservatives ………………. 45 3.2.4 Natural compound as wood preservative ………………. 45 3.2.5 Wood-boring insects …………………………………… 47 3.2.5 (a) Minthea rugicollis (Coleoptera: Lyctidae) …. 48 3.2.5 (b) Controlling damage by wood boring beetles .. 50 3.2.6 Particleboard ………………………………………….... 50 3.2.6 (a) Raw material (rubber wood) ……………….. 52 3.2.6 (b) Adhesives …………………………………... 53 3.2.6 (1b) Melamine urea formaldehyde ……. 53 3.2.6 (2b) Phenol resorcinol formaldehyde …. 55 3.2.6 (c) Additives …………………………………… 56 3.3 Materials and methods …………………………………………… 57 3.3.1 Extraction of different parts of Cerbera odollam ......... 57 3.3.2 Determination of pH values of the extractives and adhesives ................................................................................ 57 3.3.3 Determination of solid content of adhesive......................... 57 3.3.4 Particleboard making .................................................... 58 3.3.4 (a) Preparation of woodchip ………………….. 59 3.3.4 (b) Board making ............................................. 59 v 3.3.5 Impregnation of extractives into solid wood ........... 60 3.3.6 Investigation on the effect of borer decaying activity on particleboards and solid wood treated with the extractives of different parts of Cerbera odollam ………………………….. 61 3.3.7 Soil burial test on wood products treated with the extractives of different parts of Cerbera odollam …………… 62 3.3.8 Determination of formaldehyde release from particleboards treated with the extractives from different 65 biomass components of Cerbera odollam …………………… 66 3.3.8 (a)Determination of moisture content …………. 3.3.8 (b) Determination of formaldehyde concentration of the aqueous solution ………………………………. 66 3.3.8 (c) Calculation of flask value (Fv) …………….. 67 3.3.9 Determination of thickness swelling …………………… 69 3.3.10 Internal bond testing on particle boards treated with 70 extractives from different parts of Cerbera odollam ………… 3.4 Results and discussions …………………………………………... 72 3.4.1 pH values of the methanolic extractivesand adhesives ... 72 3.4.2 Solid content of the adhesives ....................................... 72 3.4.3 Wood boring insect decaying activity …………………. 73 3.4.4 Soil burial test ………………………………………….. 75 3.4.5 Formaldehyde release ………………………………….. 76 3.4.6 Moisture content and thickness swelling ……………… 78 3.4.7 Internal bond strength …………………………………. 79 3.5 Summary and conclusions ………………………………………. 81 vi 3.6 Future work ……………………………………………………… 82 References …………………………………………………………………… 83 Appendices ………………………………………………………………….. 93 Appendix A: Calculation for board making process ………………… 93 Appendix B: FTIR spectra for each fraction ………………………… 96 Appendix C: IR bands of extracts of Cerbera odollam after extraction 98 Appendix C: Anova analysis for all testing ………………………… 135 List of publications …………………………………………………………… 178 Investigation on antimicrobial activity of biomass components of Cerbera odollam (Paper presented at International Conference On Environmental Research And Technology (ICERT 08) 28-30 May 2008, Park Royal Hotel, Penang. ISBN 978-983-3986-29-3 ………… 179 Anti-bacterial activity of extracts from different parts of Cerbera odollam - Paper submitted to Annals of Microbiology ……………... 180 Anti-microbial and chemical investigation of Peltophorum vogelianum (Benth.) - Paper submitted to Journal of Medicinal Plant Research ……………………………………………………………… 181 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 Moisture content, yield from methanol extraction and hot 29 water extraction after methanol extraction of the different parts of Cerbera odollam Table 2.2 Yield of extracts after fractionation from methanol extract of 30 the different parts of Cerbera odollam Table 2.3 Effect of extracts after fractionation from methanol on the 31 growth of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis Table 2.4 Summary of FT-IR bands of fractions with antibacterial 36 activity Table 2.5 GC-MS analysis of compound with antibacterial activity 38 Table 3.1 Resins and extractives used in board making process 58 Table 3.2 pH values of extratives from different parts of Cerbera 72 odollam Table 3.3 Solid content for adhesives used 72 Table 3.4 Wood-boring beetles exposure test 74 Table 3.5 Soil burial test results 75 Table 3.6 Formaldehyde release from particleboards impregnated with 77 extracts of Cerbera odollam Table 3.7 Moisture content of particleboards impregnated with extracts 78 of Cerbera odollam Table 3.8 Thickness swelling of particleboards impregnated with 79 extracts of Cerbera odollam Table 3.9 Internal bond strength of particleboards impregnated with 80 extracts of Cerbera odollam viii Table 4.1 FT-IR bands of hexane soluble parts from fruit of Cerbera 98 odollam Table 4.2 FT-IR bands of ethyl acetate soluble parts from fruit of 100 Cerbera odollam Table 4.3 FT-IR bands of ethanol soluble parts from fruit of Cerbera 102 odollam Table 4.4 FT-IR bands of hot water soluble parts from fruit of Cerbera 104 odollam Table 4.5 FT-IR bands of hexane soluble parts from seed of Cerbera 105 odollam Table 4.6 FT-IR bands of ethyl acetate soluble parts from seed of 107 Cerbera odollam Table 4.7 FT-IR bands of ethanol soluble parts from seed of Cerbera 109 odollam Table 4.8 FT-IR bands of hot water soluble parts from seed of Cerbera 111 odollam Table 4.9 FT-IR bands of
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