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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Gender, Nation und Identität(en) im Westsaharakonflikt Verfasserin Katrin Gleirscher angestrebter akademischer Titel Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 300 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Birgit Sauer Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die Arbeit selbst angefertigt, keine anderen als die Hilfsmittel benutzt und alle ausgedruckten Quellen, gedruckter Literatur oder aus dem Internet im Wortlaut oder im wesentlichen Inhalt übernommenen Formulierungen und Konzepte gemäß den Richtlinien wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten zitiert, durch Fußnoten gekennzeichnet bzw. mit der genauen Quellenangabe kenntlich gemacht habe Wien, Jänner 2012 Katrin Gleirscher Danksagung Während meiner Studienzeit in Wien nahm ich den Konflikt um die Westsahara peripher wahr. Erzählungen von Freund_innen von den in Spanien stattfindenden Solidaritätsarbeiten verfolgte ich mit Interesse, aber zu einer intensiveren Auseinandersetzung kam es erst durch meinen Erasmusaufenthalt in Valladolid, einer Stadt nördlich von Madrid. Nach zwei Informationsveranstaltungen an der dortigen Universität beschloss ich kurzerhand an einer Solidaritätsreise in die saharauischen Flüchtlingslager bei Tindouf in den Osterferien 2011 teilzunehmen. Eine Woche intensiver Erfahrungen und Eindrücke weckten meine Neugierde, ließen mich immer tiefer in die Konfliktdynamiken eintauchen und führten mich von einer abstrakten zu einer individuellen Ebene der Thematik. Nicht nur Zahlen und Statistiken, sondern vor allem mir lieb gewonnene Menschen und deren Lebenssituation verband ich nun damit. Die für mich entstandene Notwendigkeit der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit einem in Österreich marginalisierten Konflikt ließen mich mein Diplomarbeitsthema ändern, und findet seinen Ausdruck in dieser Arbeit wieder. Mein Dank gilt in diesem Zusammenhang den Organisator_innen der Columna 2011, “meiner“ Familie in den Flüchtlingslagern: muchas gracias a Demana, Minan, Hassan, Mulay, Dhaba, Handy, Henda, Abdelatif y Um-Saad y naturalmente también a Ali. Darüber hinaus stand mir Nadjet Hamdi, die Vertreterin der Polisario in Österreich in meiner Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema zur Seite. Neben dem von ihr zur Verfügung gestellten Material, ohne welches ich diese Arbeit nicht hätte schreiben können, bot das mit ihr geführte Interview mir neue Einsichten in die Thematik und überraschte mich an manchen Stellen. Shukran! Vielen Dank meinem Vater, ohne dessen finanzielle Unterstützung vor allem in den letzten Jahren, mein Studium kaum möglich gewesen wäre. Ebenso danke ich meiner Mutter und meiner Schwester: “die kleinen Dingen des Alltags“ erleichterten mein Leben ungemein. Meiner Großmutter schulde ich ein großes Dankeschön, neben Taschengeld und Geschenken, die mein Leben in Wien absicherten, erfuhr ich durch die gemeinsamen Gespräche viel über mich selbst. Und es schmerzt mich sehr, dass sie diesen Moment nicht mehr miterlebt. Darüber hinaus möchte ich all den Lehrenden danken, die mich über das Studium begleiteten, mir eine kritische Wissenschaft vermittelten und mir damit neue Perspektiven eröffneten. Meinen Freund_innen danke ich für ihre Unterstützung und vor allem den gemeinsamen politischen Austausch, der mir viel Kraft und Mut gab politisch aktiv zu sein und für gemeinsame Ideale zu kämpfen: Walter, Nadja, Kathi, Klaudia, Berny, Katrin, Bebe, Johanna, Tyma, Julia, Claudia, Cecilia, Maud, Kolja, Carlos,… Das Schreiben von Diplomarbeiten stellt, wie allenfalls bekannt, nicht nur für die schreibende Person, sondern auch für die Menschen in ihrem nächsten Umfeld eine große Belastung dar. Phasen der Euphorie sind begleitet von Zeiten schierer Verzweiflung, Wut, der Unfähigkeit Kritik anzunehmen und dem Glauben des baldigen Weltuntergangs. Großer Dank gilt daher Fabian Unterberger, der mich in dieser Zeit mit all seinen Kräften unterstützte, meine Arbeit Korrektur las und dafür nicht immer ein danke, sondern ein „wie kannst du nur“ zu hören bekam. Ebenso schulde ich ein großes Dankeschön Nadja Gasser, die das Formatieren meiner Arbeit übernahm und der wohl erst im Laufe der Zeit bewusst wurde auf was sie sich da eingelassen hat. Abschließend möchte ich mich herzlich bei meiner Betreuerin Birgit Sauer für die hilfreichen Kommentare und die Unterstützung bedanken. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Einführung in das Thema................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Untersuchungsgegenstand und Thesen ........................................................................... 2 1.3. Theorie(n) ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Positionierung im Forschungskontext/State of the Art ................................................. 6 1.5. Aufbau der Arbeit ............................................................................................................. 8 2. Theoretische Fundierung und Methodik ......................................................................... 14 2.1. Gender als Analysekategorie .......................................................................................... 14 2.2. Friedens- und Konfliktforschung .................................................................................. 19 2.2.1. Einführung in die Disziplin der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung ......................... 19 2.2.2. Feministische Ansätze in der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung ............................. 21 2.2.3. Postkoloniale feministische Ansätze ........................................................................... 26 2.3. Gender und Konflikte ..................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1. Theoretische Annäherungen an den Begriff Konflikt .............................................. 30 2.3.2. Gender in Konflikten ................................................................................................... 32 2.4. Identität(en), Gender und Konflikte .............................................................................. 35 2.5. Nation und Nationalismus .............................................................................................. 38 2.6. Nation und Gender .......................................................................................................... 44 2.7. Flüchtlingslager im Kontext von Nation, Gender und Identitäten ............................. 46 2.8. Methode und Material .................................................................................................... 49 2.8.1. Vorstellung des Materialkorpus ................................................................................. 49 2.8.2. Was meint Inhaltsanalyse? .......................................................................................... 58 2.8.3. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring .................................................................. 59 3. Der Westsaharakonflikt: ein historischer Überblick ...................................................... 61 4. Polisario: Front und Staat ................................................................................................. 68 5. Die Polisario und die Organisation der Flüchtlingslager ............................................... 75 6. Die saharauischen Flüchtlingslager und spanische Solidaritätsgruppen ..................... 78 6.1. Widerstandsgruppen und internationale Unterstützung ............................................ 78 6.2. Aufrechterhaltung der saharauischen Flüchtlingslager .............................................. 81 6.3. Spanische Solidaritätsgruppen ....................................................................................... 83 7. Historische Narrative in ihrer Bedeutung für die Vorstellung von Nation und Gender .................................................................................................................................................. 88 7.1. Die saharauische Geschichte aus der Sicht der Polisario ............................................ 88 7.1.1. Nomad_innentum ......................................................................................................... 88 7.1.2. Spanischer Kolonialismus und Widerstand ............................................................... 91 7.1.3. Besetzung der Westsahara und der Aufbau der Flüchtlingslager ........................... 95 7.2. Die Held_innen und Märtyrer_innen in der Geschichte der Polisario ...................... 99 8. Die Demokratische Arabische Republik Sahara (DARS) ............................................ 103 8.1. Die Republik Sahara als Nation ................................................................................... 103 8.2. Aufbau einer neuen Gesellschaft ................................................................................. 107 9. Erinnerungsarbeit in den Flüchtlingslagern .................................................................. 118 9.1. Nationalfeiertage, Ortsnamen und Namen von Bildungseinrichtungen .................. 118 9.2. Das Nationale Widerstandsmuseum als Ort der Erinnerung ................................... 121 10. Die besetzten Gebiete ....................................................................................................
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