DOCSLIB.ORG

8Th Grade Science Packet Week 4: May 11Th – 17Th

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
8Th Grade Science Packet Week 4: May 11Th – 17Th 8th Grade Science Packet Week 4: May 11th – 17th DIRECTIONS: Please read and answer the questions as you go. If you need extra help or information, visit Google Classroom to access more resources and contact your teacher. Week 4 Packet: "Atoms and the Particles Inside of Them" Name: ________________ Period: ____ DIRECTIONS: Please read and answer the questions as you go. If you need extra help or information, visit Google Classroom to access more resources and contact your teacher. ^ These are the 3 states of matter. Those little circles are particles called “atoms.” Atoms are the stuff that make up all states of matter! Matter is all around us: the air we breathe, the water we drink, the phones we use to take selfies. Anything that has mass AND takes up space is matter. There are 3 types (or “states”) of matter: solids, liquids, & gases. All 3 states of matter are made of small particles. 1. What is matter? ______________________________________________________ 2. How many states of matter are there? ___________________________________ 3. Which states of matter are made of small particles? ________________________ The particles that make up matter are called atoms. There are trillions of atoms everywhere – including the 65,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms on your hand! Atoms are so small that they cannot be seen with the human eye. A special microscope is needed to zoom in on matter and see the atoms up close. 4. What are the particles that make up matter called? _________________________ 5. Why can’t you see atoms with your eye? _________________________________ 6. What could you use to see atoms? _______________________________________ This is what an atom looks like! You can see that there are even SMALLER particles inside of atoms. That means atoms are NOT the smallest particles. Atoms have 3 smaller particles inside of them: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are particles with a positive charge, shown with a plus sign (+). Protons are in the center of the atom. Neutrons are particles with no charge. Neutrons are also in the center of the atom. Neutrons are like glue holding the center together. 7. TRUE OR FALSE: Atoms are the smallest particles that exist. __________________ 8. What are the 3 particles inside of atoms? _________________________________ 9. What are protons? ____________________________________________________ 10. What sign is used to show the positive charge of protons? ___________________ 11. What are neutrons? __________________________________________________ 12. What do neutrons do? ________________________________________________ The center of the atom is called the nucleus. “Nucleus” is just another name for the center of the atom. The nucleus is made of both protons and neutrons. If the nucleus splits open, it can create an explosion with a lot of energy. This does not happen all of the time, but when the nucleus of an atom is split, it is called nuclear fission. That is how an “atomic bomb” works… and that’s why they call it a “nuke” (which refers to the nucleus). 13. What is the center of the atom called? ___________________________________ 14. What particles make up the nucleus? ____________________________________ 15. What is it called when the nucleus of an atom is split? ______________________ On the outside of the nucleus, there is mostly empty space. Electrons are located in this empty area outside of the nucleus. Electrons are particles with a negative charge, shown with a minus sign (-). Electrons are the only particle inside of an atom that are NOT part of the nucleus. Instead of being in the center, electrons are found outside of the nucleus. 16. What is on the outside of the nucleus? ___________________________________ 17. What are electrons? __________________________________________________ 18. Where are electrons located? __________________________________________ 19. What sign is used to show the negative charge of electrons? _________________ 20. What particle is NOT part of the nucleus? ________________________________ There are many different types of atoms that exist in the world! For example, there are Oxygen atoms in the air, Carbon atoms in human skin, and Iron atoms in food. Each type of atom is called an element. Other elements include things you know like Gold, Silver, and Lead. The Periodic Table is a chart that shows all of the elements that exist. The Periodic Table lists elements in order of their Atomic Number. The Atomic Number is the number of protons that an element has. The Atomic Number is the top number in an element’s square on the Periodic Table. Oxygen’s Atomic Number is 8 so it has 8 protons. 21. What is each type of atom called? _______________________________________ 22. What is the Periodic Table? ____________________________________________ 23. What does the Atomic Number mean? ___________________________________ 24. How are elements listed on the Periodic Table? ___________________________ 25. If an element’s Atomic Number is 6, how many protons does it have? _________ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Standard Model: Successes and Problems
    Searching for new particles at the Large Hadron Collider James Hirschauer (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory) Sambamurti Memorial Lecture : August 7, 2017 Our current theory of the most fundamental laws of physics, known as the standard model (SM), works very well to explain many aspects of nature. Most recently, the Higgs boson, predicted to exist in the late 1960s, was discovered by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2012 [1] marking the first observation of the full spectrum of predicted SM particles. Despite the great success of this theory, there are several aspects of nature for which the SM description is completely lacking or unsatisfactory, including the identity of the astronomically observed dark matter and the mass of newly discovered Higgs boson. These and other apparent limitations of the SM motivate the search for new phenomena beyond the SM either directly at the LHC or indirectly with lower energy, high precision experiments. In these proceedings, the successes and some of the shortcomings of the SM are described, followed by a description of the methods and status of the search for new phenomena at the LHC, with some focus on supersymmetry (SUSY) [2], a specific theory of physics beyond the standard model (BSM). 1 Standard model: successes and problems The standard model of particle physics describes the interactions of fundamental matter particles (quarks and leptons) via the fundamental forces (mediated by the force carrying particles: the photon, gluon, and weak bosons). The Higgs boson, also a fundamental SM particle, plays a central role in the mechanism that determines the masses of the photon and weak bosons, as well as the rest of the standard model particles.
    [Show full text]
  • 7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
    Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Scientific Terms in the Mystery of Matter
    GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS IN THE MYSTERY OF MATTER Term Definition Section acid A substance that has a pH of less than 7 and that can react with 1 metals and other substances. air The mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gasses that is consistently 1 present around us. alchemist A person who practices a form of chemistry from the Middle Ages 1 that was concerned with transforming various metals into gold. Alchemy A type of science and philosophy from the Middle Ages that 1 attempted to perform unusual experiments, taking something ordinary and turning it into something extraordinary. alkali metals Any of a group of soft metallic elements that form alkali solutions 3 when they combine with water. They include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. alkaline earth Any of a group of metallic elements that includes beryllium, 3 metals magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. alpha particle A positively charged particle, indistinguishable from a helium atom 5, 6 nucleus and consisting of two protons and two neutrons. alpha decay A type of radioactive decay in which a nucleus emits 6 an alpha particle. aplastic anemia A disorder of the bone marrow that results in too few blood cells. 4 apothecary The person in a pharmacy who distributes medicine. 1 atom The smallest component of an element that shares the chemical 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 properties of the element and contains a nucleus with neutrons, protons, and electrons. atomic bomb A bomb whose explosive force comes from a chain reaction based on 6 nuclear fission. atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Standard Model and Beyond Maxim Perelstein, LEPP/Cornell U
    The Standard Model and Beyond Maxim Perelstein, LEPP/Cornell U. NYSS APS/AAPT Conference, April 19, 2008 The basic question of particle physics: What is the world made of? What is the smallest indivisible building block of matter? Is there such a thing? In the 20th century, we made tremendous progress in observing smaller and smaller objects Today’s accelerators allow us to study matter on length scales as short as 10^(-18) m The world’s largest particle accelerator/collider: the Tevatron (located at Fermilab in suburban Chicago) 4 miles long, accelerates protons and antiprotons to 99.9999% of speed of light and collides them head-on, 2 The CDF million collisions/sec. detector The control room Particle Collider is a Giant Microscope! • Optics: diffraction limit, ∆min ≈ λ • Quantum mechanics: particles waves, λ ≈ h¯/p • Higher energies shorter distances: ∆ ∼ 10−13 cm M c2 ∼ 1 GeV • Nucleus: proton mass p • Colliders today: E ∼ 100 GeV ∆ ∼ 10−16 cm • Colliders in near future: E ∼ 1000 GeV ∼ 1 TeV ∆ ∼ 10−17 cm Particle Colliders Can Create New Particles! • All naturally occuring matter consists of particles of just a few types: protons, neutrons, electrons, photons, neutrinos • Most other known particles are highly unstable (lifetimes << 1 sec) do not occur naturally In Special Relativity, energy and momentum are conserved, • 2 but mass is not: energy-mass transfer is possible! E = mc • So, a collision of 2 protons moving relativistically can result in production of particles that are much heavier than the protons, “made out of” their kinetic
    [Show full text]
  • Matter a Short One by Idris Goodwin June 2020 Version
    FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES # Matter A short one by Idris Goodwin June 2020 Version FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ KIM – A black woman, young adult, educated, progressive COLE – A white man, young adult, educated, progressive The Asides: The actors speak to us---sometimes in the midst of a scene They should also say the words in bold---who gets assigned what may be determined by director and ensemble ____________________________________________________ FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ PRESENTATION HISTORY: #Matter has received staged readings and development with Jackalope Theatre, The Black Lives Black Words Series and Colorado College It was fully produced by Actors Theatre of Louisville in Jan 2017 and The Bush Theatre in the UK in March 2017 It is published in Black Lives, Black Words: 32 Short Plays edited by Reginald Edmund (Oberon) and also the forthcoming Papercuts Anthology: Year 2 (Cutlass Press) FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." --Democratic Presidential Candidate Martin O’Malley, 2015 For Educational Purposes Only June 2020 Idris Goodwin Prologue COLE We lived next door to each other. As kids KIM And now---same city COLE We were never that close during any of it But we knew each other KIM I’d see him here and there COLE We were aware of one another KIM We kept our space Not consciously We just ran
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern View of the Equation of State in Nuclear and Neutron Star Matter
    S S symmetry Article A Modern View of the Equation of State in Nuclear and Neutron Star Matter G. Fiorella Burgio * , Hans-Josef Schulze , Isaac Vidaña and Jin-Biao Wei INFN Sezione di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (H.-J.S.); [email protected] (I.V.); [email protected] (J.-B.W.) * Correspondence: fi[email protected] Abstract: Background: We analyze several constraints on the nuclear equation of state (EOS) cur- rently available from neutron star (NS) observations and laboratory experiments and study the existence of possible correlations among properties of nuclear matter at saturation density with NS observables. Methods: We use a set of different models that include several phenomenological EOSs based on Skyrme and relativistic mean field models as well as microscopic calculations based on different many-body approaches, i.e., the (Dirac–)Brueckner–Hartree–Fock theories, Quantum Monte Carlo techniques, and the variational method. Results: We find that almost all the models considered are compatible with the laboratory constraints of the nuclear matter properties as well as with the +0.10 largest NS mass observed up to now, 2.14−0.09 M for the object PSR J0740+6620, and with the upper limit of the maximum mass of about 2.3–2.5 M deduced from the analysis of the GW170817 NS merger event. Conclusion: Our study shows that whereas no correlation exists between the tidal deformability and the value of the nuclear symmetry energy at saturation for any value of the NS mass, very weak correlations seem to exist with the derivative of the nuclear symmetry energy and with the nuclear incompressibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions of Photons with Matter
    22.55 “Principles of Radiation Interactions” Interactions of Photons with Matter • Photons are electromagnetic radiation with zero mass, zero charge, and a velocity that is always c, the speed of light. • Because they are electrically neutral, they do not steadily lose energy via coulombic interactions with atomic electrons, as do charged particles. • Photons travel some considerable distance before undergoing a more “catastrophic” interaction leading to partial or total transfer of the photon energy to electron energy. • These electrons will ultimately deposit their energy in the medium. • Photons are far more penetrating than charged particles of similar energy. Energy Loss Mechanisms • photoelectric effect • Compton scattering • pair production Interaction probability • linear attenuation coefficient, µ, The probability of an interaction per unit distance traveled Dimensions of inverse length (eg. cm-1). −µ x N = N0 e • The coefficient µ depends on photon energy and on the material being traversed. µ • mass attenuation coefficient, ρ The probability of an interaction per g cm-2 of material traversed. Units of cm2 g-1 ⎛ µ ⎞ −⎜ ⎟()ρ x ⎝ ρ ⎠ N = N0 e Radiation Interactions: photons Page 1 of 13 22.55 “Principles of Radiation Interactions” Mechanisms of Energy Loss: Photoelectric Effect • In the photoelectric absorption process, a photon undergoes an interaction with an absorber atom in which the photon completely disappears. • In its place, an energetic photoelectron is ejected from one of the bound shells of the atom. • For gamma rays of sufficient energy, the most probable origin of the photoelectron is the most tightly bound or K shell of the atom. • The photoelectron appears with an energy given by Ee- = hv – Eb (Eb represents the binding energy of the photoelectron in its original shell) Thus for gamma-ray energies of more than a few hundred keV, the photoelectron carries off the majority of the original photon energy.
    [Show full text]
  • B Meson Decays Marina Artuso1, Elisabetta Barberio2 and Sheldon Stone*1
    Review Open Access B meson decays Marina Artuso1, Elisabetta Barberio2 and Sheldon Stone*1 Address: 1Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA and 2School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Email: Marina Artuso - [email protected]; Elisabetta Barberio - [email protected]; Sheldon Stone* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 20 February 2009 Received: 20 February 2009 Accepted: 20 February 2009 PMC Physics A 2009, 3:3 doi:10.1186/1754-0410-3-3 This article is available from: http://www.physmathcentral.com/1754-0410/3/3 © 2009 Stone et al This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract We discuss the most important Physics thus far extracted from studies of B meson decays. Measurements of the four CP violating angles accessible in B decay are reviewed as well as direct CP violation. A detailed discussion of the measurements of the CKM elements Vcb and Vub from semileptonic decays is given, and the differences between resulting values using inclusive decays versus exclusive decays is discussed. Measurements of "rare" decays are also reviewed. We point out where CP violating and rare decays could lead to observations of physics beyond that of the Standard Model in future experiments. If such physics is found by directly observation of new particles, e.g. in LHC experiments, B decays can play a decisive role in interpreting the nature of these particles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Particle Model of Matter 5.1
    The Particle Model of Matter 5.1 More than 2000 years ago in Greece, a philosopher named Democritus suggested that matter is made up of tiny particles too small to be seen. He thought that if you kept cutting a substance into smaller and smaller pieces, you would eventually come to the smallest possible particles—the building blocks of matter. Many years later, scientists came back to Democritus’ idea and added to it. The theory they developed is called the particle model of matter. LEARNING TIP There are four main ideas in the particle model: Are you able to explain the 1. All matter is made up of tiny particles. particle model of matter in your own words? If not, re-read the main ideas and examine the illustration that goes with each. 2. The particles of matter are always moving. 3. The particles have spaces between them. 4. Adding heat to matter makes the particles move faster. heat Scientists find the particle model useful for two reasons. First, it provides a reasonable explanation for the behaviour of matter. Second, it presents a very important idea—the particles of matter are always moving. Matter that seems perfectly motionless is not motionless at all. The air you breathe, your books, your desk, and even your body all consist of particles that are in constant motion. Thus, the particle model can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. It can also be used to explain what happens in changes of state (Figure 1 on the next page). NEL 5.1 The Particle Model of Matter 117 The particles in a solid are held together strongly.
    [Show full text]
  • PARTICLE MODEL There Are Three 2
    PARTICLE MODEL There are three 2 . 1states of matter Scientists’ understanding of matter 2 . 2has developed over thousands of years 2 2 . 3The particle model explains matter What if? M & M s The particle model can explain 2 . 4the properties of matter What you need: M&Ms (red is best), 250 mL beaker What to do: 1 Pour 100 mL of water into the beaker. SAMPLE 2 Place one M&M in the centre of the beaker. 3 Allow the water and the red Increasing kinetic energy in M&M to settle. 2 . 5 4 Time how long the colour takes matter causes it to expand to reach the walls of the beaker. What if? » What if the water were warm? Would the colour move faster or slower » What if the water were chilled? » What if you stirred the water? 02_SIL_OXSCI7_VIC_06861_TXT_SI.indd 29 15/06/2016 11:06 am There are three states 2.1 of matter Matter is the name given to all substances. There are three major states of matter – solid, liquid and gas. Solids, liquids and gases are all around us. Steel, concrete, wood and plastic are all solids. Water and cooking oil are liquids. Carbon dioxide is a common gas – you can see it as bubbles in soft drinks. Air is a mixture of gases. The smell of a barbecue is caused by gases that leave the food as it is being cooked. Many substances can be found in more than one state. Solids, liquids and gases water. e ocean is liquid and the iceberg is solid.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmological Evolution of Light Dark Photon Dark Matter
    PHYSICAL REVIEW D 101, 063030 (2020) Cosmological evolution of light dark photon dark matter Samuel D. McDermott 1 and Samuel J. Witte 2 1Theoretical Astrophysics Group, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA 2Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-Universitat de Val`encia, 46980 Paterna, Spain (Received 20 November 2019; accepted 9 March 2020; published 27 March 2020) Light dark photons are subject to various plasma effects, such as Debye screening and resonant oscillations, which can lead to a more complex cosmological evolution than is experienced by conventional cold dark matter candidates. Maintaining a consistent history of dark photon dark matter requires ensuring that the superthermal abundance present in the early Universe (i) does not deviate significantly after the formation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and (ii) does not excessively leak into the Standard Model plasma after big band nucleosynthesis (BBN). We point out that the role of nonresonant absorption, which has previously been neglected in cosmological studies of this dark matter candidate, produces strong constraints on dark photon dark matter with mass as low as 10−22 eV. Furthermore, we show that resonant conversion of dark photons after recombination can produce excessive heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM) which is capable of prematurely reionizing hydrogen and helium, leaving a distinct imprint on both the Ly-α forest and the integrated optical depth of the CMB. Our constraints surpass existing cosmological bounds by more than 5 orders of magnitude across a wide range of dark photon masses. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.101.063030 I. INTRODUCTION additional model complexity [19].
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Elementary Particles
    CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES #Classification On the basis of “SPIN”: - •Elementary Particles are categorised in two classes i.e. Bosons and Fermions: - BOSONS Introduction: In particle physics boson is the type of particle that obeys the rule of Bose- Einstein statistics. These bosons have quantum spin having integral value 0, +1, -1, +2, -2, etc. •History: The name Boson comes from the surname of Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose and physicist Albert Einstein. They develop a method of analysis called Bose-Einstein Statistics. In an effort to understand the Plank's law, Bose proposed a method to analyse the behaviour of photon in 1924.He sent paper to Einstein. One of the most dramatic effect of Bose- Einstein Statistics is the prediction that boson can overlap and coexist with other bosons. Because of this it is possible to become a photon to laser. The name Boson First coined by scientists Paul Dirac in the honour of famous scientists Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. Regarding: •Boson are fundamental particle such as gluons ,W ,Z boson, recently discovered Higgs boson aka God particle and Graviton. •Boson may be elementary like Photon or Composite i.e.made with two or more elementary particle. •All observed particles are either fermion or Boson. Types of Bosons- •Bosons are categorised into two categories; Gauge Boson: Gauge Boson are the particle that Carries the interaction of fundamental forces between particles. All known Gauge Boson have spin 1 and therefore all Gauge Boson are vector. •gauge boson is characterized into 5 categories. •Gluons(g): That carries strong nuclear forces between matter particle.
    [Show full text]