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L'altruisme Eficaç Full De Càlcul full de càlcul Tenint en compte molts dels parà- no sigui convenient que hi arribi, ha menor. Com a agents racionals cal metres de progrés més rellevants de ser la ciutadania organitzada qui que seguim l’estratègia que, d’acord —com ara l’esperança i la qualitat prengui la iniciativa. amb les evidències disponibles, sem- Solidaritat amb cor, de vida, la pobresa global o l’exis- bli la més adequada. tència de violència—, el nostre món On dirigir la nostra solidaritat? És seny i mirada llarga: és avui millor que en qualsevol altre indiferent o hi ha de causes mi- Un objectiu pot ser l’acció solidària. moment de la història.1 Tot i així hi llors que d’altres? La proposta de De fet molts creiem que, almenys l’altruisme efi caç ha milions de persones que moren l’altruisme efi caç és que en l’acció en certes ocasions, tenim «l’obli- de malalties evitables. Les pitjors solidària no és sufi cient posar-hi el gació moral» d’ajudar els altres. previsions del canvi climàtic auguren cor, sinó que també tenim el deu- El filòsof australià Peter Singer vista prèvia > danys molts greus per a les nostres re de posar-hi el cap. Els nostres (1946) ho sol explicar amb el se- La solidaritat és un dels valors més importants de cara a construir un món comunitats. I la proliferació d’armes esforços per ajudar els altres han güent exemple:2 imagineu que de millor. Però la solidaritat, per millorar efectivament el món, ha d’estar ben nuclears i biològiques, o d’Intel·ligèn- d’estar basats en raons i en evidèn- camí a l’escola, la universitat o la orientada i dirigida. Cal decidir quins recursos destinem a resoldre quins cia Artifi cial, poden posar en perill cies. Quan ho fem, descobrim que hi feina passeu prop d’un estany poc problemes; quins mitjans i solucions posem en pràctica; i assegurar-nos l’existència mateixa de la humanitat. ha maneres millors i pitjors de ser profund. Un matí observeu que un que no deixem de tenir en compte el patiment de ningú. Aquestes són solidari. Si ajudem de la manera més nen ha caigut dins i s’està ofegant. algunes de les qüestions a les quals s’adreça l’anomenat altruisme Per a molts de nosaltres aquestes efi caç possible, aconseguirem que la Ficar-te dins l’estany i treure el nen efi caç. Un corrent de pensament que no només reivindica el valor de la són qüestions de justícia de les quals vida de més persones sigui millor. En seria fàcil, però acabaràs amb la solidaritat, sinó que es proposa assegurar que l’acció solidària esdevingui s’haurien de fer càrrec els governs aquest text explicarem els diferents roba tota molla i plena de fang. Si una contribució efi caç i útil per a la millora de la vida al nostre món. de les societats democràtiques enri- elements de la concepció de la soli- pretens anar a casa i canviar-te, quides. Tanmateix estem molt lluny daritat defensada des de l’altruisme quan tornis a l’estany ja hauràs de la realització dels ideals de justí- efi caç. fet tard. Una majoria de posicions cia social, global i intergeneracional ètiques conclourien que en aquest que es defensen des de posicions cas tenim el deure de salvar el nen. igualitàries. Àdhuc, cal reconèixer Ajudar amb seny La intuïció de fons és que si podem Eze Paez que en tota comunitat lliure hi ha fer un gran bé als altres sense cap Investigador Beatriu de Pinós al Law&Philosophy Group de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra d’haver un espai per a l’acció solidà- Quan adoptem un objectiu, sigui quin cost per a nosaltres o amb un cost @eze_pz ria de la societat civil. Allà on l’estat sigui i en l’àmbit que sigui, la nostra molt baix, llavors tenim l’obligació no hi arribi encara, i on no pugui o primera tasca ha de ser identifi car moral d’ajudar-los. quines són les estratègies més efi ci- 1 ROSER; ORTIZ-OSPINA; RITCHIE, «Life Expectan- ents per assolir-lo. És a dir, les que cy»; ORTIZ-OSPINA; ROSER, «Global Health»; ROSER; ens permeten aconseguir en major ORTIZ-OSPINA, «Global Extreme Poverty»; ROSER; 2 SINGER, «The Drowning Child and the Expanding RITCHIE, «Homicides»; ROSER, «War and Peace». mesura els nostres fi ns amb un cost Circle». Tenint en compte molts dels parà- no sigui convenient que hi arribi, ha menor. Com a agents racionals cal metres de progrés més rellevants de ser la ciutadania organitzada qui que seguim l’estratègia que, d’acord —com ara l’esperança i la qualitat prengui la iniciativa. amb les evidències disponibles, sem- de vida, la pobresa global o l’exis- bli la més adequada. tència de violència—, el nostre món On dirigir la nostra solidaritat? És és avui millor que en qualsevol altre indiferent o hi ha de causes mi- Un objectiu pot ser l’acció solidària. moment de la història.1 Tot i així hi llors que d’altres? La proposta de De fet molts creiem que, almenys ha milions de persones que moren l’altruisme efi caç és que en l’acció en certes ocasions, tenim «l’obli- de malalties evitables. Les pitjors solidària no és sufi cient posar-hi el gació moral» d’ajudar els altres. previsions del canvi climàtic auguren cor, sinó que també tenim el deu- El filòsof australià Peter Singer danys molts greus per a les nostres re de posar-hi el cap. Els nostres (1946) ho sol explicar amb el se- comunitats. I la proliferació d’armes esforços per ajudar els altres han güent exemple:2 imagineu que de nuclears i biològiques, o d’Intel·ligèn- d’estar basats en raons i en evidèn- camí a l’escola, la universitat o la cia Artifi cial, poden posar en perill cies. Quan ho fem, descobrim que hi feina passeu prop d’un estany poc l’existència mateixa de la humanitat. ha maneres millors i pitjors de ser profund. Un matí observeu que un solidari. Si ajudem de la manera més nen ha caigut dins i s’està ofegant. Per a molts de nosaltres aquestes efi caç possible, aconseguirem que la Ficar-te dins l’estany i treure el nen són qüestions de justícia de les quals vida de més persones sigui millor. En seria fàcil, però acabaràs amb la s’haurien de fer càrrec els governs aquest text explicarem els diferents roba tota molla i plena de fang. Si de les societats democràtiques enri- elements de la concepció de la soli- pretens anar a casa i canviar-te, quides. Tanmateix estem molt lluny daritat defensada des de l’altruisme quan tornis a l’estany ja hauràs de la realització dels ideals de justí- efi caç. fet tard. Una majoria de posicions cia social, global i intergeneracional ètiques conclourien que en aquest que es defensen des de posicions cas tenim el deure de salvar el nen. igualitàries. Àdhuc, cal reconèixer Ajudar amb seny La intuïció de fons és que si podem que en tota comunitat lliure hi ha fer un gran bé als altres sense cap d’haver un espai per a l’acció solidà- Quan adoptem un objectiu, sigui quin cost per a nosaltres o amb un cost ria de la societat civil. Allà on l’estat sigui i en l’àmbit que sigui, la nostra molt baix, llavors tenim l’obligació no hi arribi encara, i on no pugui o primera tasca ha de ser identifi car moral d’ajudar-los. quines són les estratègies més efi ci- 1 ROSER; ORTIZ-OSPINA; RITCHIE, «Life Expectan- ents per assolir-lo. És a dir, les que cy»; ORTIZ-OSPINA; ROSER, «Global Health»; ROSER; ens permeten aconseguir en major ORTIZ-OSPINA, «Global Extreme Poverty»; ROSER; 2 SINGER, «The Drowning Child and the Expanding RITCHIE, «Homicides»; ROSER, «War and Peace». mesura els nostres fi ns amb un cost Circle». maig 2021 | eines 40 | 95 Més enllà d’en quines circumstàncies estem obligats a ser Una causa altruista tindrà prioritat sobre altres en la solidaris, el cert és que totes les teories morals plausibles mesura que resoldre-la faci un bé major, s’hi destinin menys admeten que l’altruisme està moralment permès recursos i el guany marginal de destinar-los-hi sigui major Aquest exemple és força represen- ment, però, el llindar està per sobre Sembla difícil negar que tenim ho són, havent-hi gran incertesa climàtic o sobre altres riscos existen- 1. La magnitud d’un problema: quant tatiu de moltes de les situacions del que fem avui dia. un deure general d’altruisme cap sobre la resta d’invertebrats.5 No està cials podem condicionar, per bé o per de bé faria resoldre’l. reals en què un ciutadà «normal» a tots els éssers humans que es justifi cat, doncs, excloure els animals mal, com seran les vides dels nostres dels països enriquits pot fer un bé Més enllà de en quines circumstàn- troben en una situació de necessi- de la nostra solidaritat. descendents més llunyans. 2. La desatenció d’un problema: la als altres. La majoria no som rics, cies estem obligats a ser solidaris, el tat. Això és compatible amb creure quantitat de recursos que ja s’hi ni tenim responsabilitats polítiques cert és que totes les teories morals que certes relacions especials ens La concepció de la solidaritat de- destinen. ni formem part de grups de pressió. plausibles admeten que l’altruisme donen raons addicionals per pre- Mirada llarga fensada per l’altruisme efi caç és Però si ets ciutadà d’un país occi- està moralment permès.
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