ACID Compliant Distributed Key-Value Store
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Lecture 15: March 28 15.1 Overview 15.2 Transactions
CMPSCI 677 Distributed and Operating Systems Spring 2019 Lecture 15: March 28 Lecturer: Prashant Shenoy 15.1 Overview This section covers the following topics: Distributed Transactions: ACID Properties, Concurrency Control, Serializability, Two-Phase Locking 15.2 Transactions Transactions are used widely in databases as they provide atomicity (all or nothing property). Atomicity is the property in which operations inside a transaction all execute successfully or none of the operations execute. Thus, if a process crashes during a transaction, all operations that happened during that transaction must be undone. Transactions are usually implemented using locks. Without locks there would be interleaving of operations from two transactions, causing overwrites and inconsistencies. It has to look like all instructions/operations of one transaction are executed at once, while ensuring other external instructions/operations are not executing at the same time. This is especially important in real-world applications such as banking applications. 15.2.1 ACID: Most transaction systems will provide the following properties • Atomicity: All or nothing (all instructions execute or none; cannot have some instructions execute and some do not) • Consistency: Transaction takes system from one consistent (valid) state to another • Isolated: Transaction executes as if it is the only transaction in the system. Ensures that the concurrent execution of transactions results in a system state that would be obtained if transactions were executed sequentially (serializability). -
Distributed Transactions
Distributed Systems 600.437 Distributed Transactions Department of Computer Science The Johns Hopkins University Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 1 Distributed Transactions Lecture 6 Further reading: Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems P. A. Bernstein, V. Hadzilacos, and N. Goodman, Addison Wesley. 1987. Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques Jim Gray & Andreas Reuter, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993. Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 2 Transaction Processing System Clients Messages to TPS outside world Real actions (firing a missile) Database Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 3 Basic Definition Transaction - a collection of operations on the physical and abstract application state, with the following properties: • Atomicity. • Consistency. • Isolation. • Durability. The ACID properties of a transaction. Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 4 Atomicity Changes to the state are atomic: - A jump from the initial state to the result state without any observable intermediate state. - All or nothing ( Commit / Abort ) semantics. - Changes include: - Database changes. - Messages to outside world. - Actions on transducers. (testable / untestable) Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 5 Consistency - The transaction is a correct transformation of the state. This means that the transaction is a correct program. Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 6 Isolation Even though transactions execute concurrently, it appears to the outside observer as if they execute in some serial order. Isolation is required to guarantee consistent input, which is needed for a consistent program to provide consistent output. Yair Amir Fall 16/ Lecture 6 7 Durability - Once a transaction completes successfully (commits), its changes to the state survive failures (what is the failure model ? ). -
Grpc - a Solution for Rpcs by Google Distributed Systems Seminar at Charles University in Prague, Nov 2016 Jan Tattermusch - Grpc Software Engineer
gRPC - A solution for RPCs by Google Distributed Systems Seminar at Charles University in Prague, Nov 2016 Jan Tattermusch - gRPC Software Engineer About me ● Software Engineer at Google (since 2013) ● Working on gRPC since Q4 2014 ● Graduated from Charles University (2010) Contacts ● jtattermusch on GitHub ● Feedback to [email protected] @grpcio Motivation: gRPC Google has an internal RPC system, called Stubby ● All production applications use RPCs ● Over 1010 RPCs per second in total ● 4 generations over 13 years (since 2003) ● APIs for C++, Java, Python, Go What's missing ● Not suitable for external use (tight coupling with internal tools & infrastructure) ● Limited language & platform support ● Proprietary protocol and security ● No mobile support @grpcio What's gRPC ● HTTP/2 based RPC framework ● Secure, Performant, Multiplatform, Open Multiplatform ● Idiomatic APIs in popular languages (C++, Go, Java, C#, Node.js, Ruby, PHP, Python) ● Supports mobile devices (Android Java, iOS Obj-C) ● Linux, Windows, Mac OS X ● (web browser support in development) OpenSource ● developed fully in open on GitHub: https://github.com/grpc/ @grpcio Use Cases Build distributed services (microservices) Service 1 Service 3 ● In public/private cloud ● Google's own services Service 2 Service 4 Client-server communication ● Mobile ● Web ● Also: Desktop, embedded devices, IoT Access APIs (Google, OSS) @grpcio Key Features ● Streaming, Bidirectional streaming ● Built-in security and authentication ○ SSL/TLS, OAuth, JWT access ● Layering on top of HTTP/2 -
Database Software Market: Billy Fitzsimmons +1 312 364 5112
Equity Research Technology, Media, & Communications | Enterprise and Cloud Infrastructure March 22, 2019 Industry Report Jason Ader +1 617 235 7519 [email protected] Database Software Market: Billy Fitzsimmons +1 312 364 5112 The Long-Awaited Shake-up [email protected] Naji +1 212 245 6508 [email protected] Please refer to important disclosures on pages 70 and 71. Analyst certification is on page 70. William Blair or an affiliate does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. This report is not intended to provide personal investment advice. The opinions and recommendations here- in do not take into account individual client circumstances, objectives, or needs and are not intended as recommen- dations of particular securities, financial instruments, or strategies to particular clients. The recipient of this report must make its own independent decisions regarding any securities or financial instruments mentioned herein. William Blair Contents Key Findings ......................................................................................................................3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................5 Database Market History ...................................................................................................7 Market Definitions -
Implementing and Testing Cockroachdb on Kubernetes
Implementing and testing CockroachDB on Kubernetes Albert Kasperi Iho Supervisors: Ignacio Coterillo Coz, Ricardo Brito Da Rocha Abstract This report will describe implementing CockroachDB on Kubernetes, a sum- mer student project done in 2019. The report addresses the implementation, monitoring, testing and results of the project. In the implementation and mon- itoring parts, a closer look to the full pipeline will be provided, with the intro- duction of all the frameworks used and the biggest problems that were faced during the project. After that, the report describes the testing process of Cock- roachDB, what tools were used in the testing and why. The results of testing will be presented after testing with the conclusion of results. Keywords CockroachDB; Kubernetes; benchmark. Contents 1 Project specification . 2 2 Implementation . 2 2.1 Kubernetes . 2 2.2 CockroachDB . 3 2.3 Setting up Kubernetes in CERN environment . 3 3 Monitoring . 3 3.1 Prometheus . 4 3.2 Prometheus Operator . 4 3.3 InfluxDB . 4 3.4 Grafana . 4 3.5 Scraping and forwarding metrics from the Kubernetes cluster . 4 4 Testing CockroachDB on Kubernetes . 5 4.1 SQLAlchemy . 5 4.2 Pgbench . 5 4.3 CockroachDB workload . 6 4.4 Benchmarking CockroachDB . 6 5 Test results . 6 5.1 SQLAlchemy . 6 5.2 Pgbench . 6 5.3 CockroachDB workload . 7 5.4 Conclusion . 7 6 Acknowledgements . 7 1 Project specification The core goal of the project was taking a look into implementing a database framework on top of Kuber- netes, the challenges in implementation and automation possibilities. Final project pipeline included a CockroachDB cluster running in Kubernetes with Prometheus monitoring both of them. -
A Study of the Availability and Serializability in a Distributed Database System
A STUDY OF THE AVAILABILITY AND SERIALIZABILITY IN A DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEM David Wai-Lok Cheung B.Sc., Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1971 M.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 1985 A THESIS SUBMI'ITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHLLOSOPHY , in the School of Computing Science 0 David Wai-Lok Cheung 1988 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY January 1988 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. 1 APPROVAL Name: David Wai-Lok Cheung Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: A Study of the Availability and Serializability in a Distributed Database System Examining Committee: Chairperson: Dr. Binay Bhattacharya Senior Supervisor: Dr. TikoJameda WJ ru p v Dr. Arthur Lee Liestman Dr. Wo-Shun Luk Dr. Jia-Wei Han External Examiner: Toshihide Ibaraki Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics Kyoto University, Japan Bate Approved: January 15, 1988 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission, T it l e of Thes i s/Project/Extended Essay Author: (signature) ( name (date) ABSTRACT Replication of data objects enhances the reliability and availability of a distributed database system. -
An Alternative Model to Overcoming Two Phase Commit Blocking Problem
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Journal of Computer (IJC - Global Society of Scientific Research and... International Journal of Computer (IJC) ISSN 2307-4523 (Print & Online) © Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://ijcjournal.org/ An Alternative Model to Overcoming Two Phase Commit Blocking Problem Hassan Jafar Sheikh Salaha*, Dr. Richard M. Rimirub , Dr. Michael W. Kimwelec a,b,cComputer Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Kenya aEmail: [email protected] bEmail: [email protected] cEmail: [email protected] Abstract In distributed transactions, the atomicity requirement of the atomic commitment protocol should be preserved. The two phased commit protocol algorithm is widely used to ensure that transactions in distributed environment are atomic. However, a main drawback was attributed to the algorithm, which is a blocking problem. The system will get in stuck when participating sites or the coordinator itself crashes. To address this problem a number of algorithms related to 2PC protocol were proposed such as back up coordinator and a technique whereby the algorithm passes through 3PC during failure. However, both algorithms face limitations such as multiple site and backup coordinator failures. Therefore, we proposed an alternative model to overcoming the blocking problem in combined form. The algorithm was simulated using Britonix transaction manager (BTM) using Eclipse IDE and MYSQL. In this paper, we assessed the performance of the alternative model and found that this algorithm handled site and coordinator failures in distributed transactions using hybridization (combination of two algorithms) with minimal communication messages. -
Transaction Management in the R* Distributed Database Management System
Transaction Management in the R* Distributed Database Management System C. MOHAN, B. LINDSAY, and R. OBERMARCK IBM Almaden Research Center This paper deals with the transaction management aspects of the R* distributed database system. It concentrates primarily on the description of the R* commit protocols, Presumed Abort (PA) and Presumed Commit (PC). PA and PC are extensions of the well-known, two-phase (2P) commit protocol. PA is optimized for read-only transactions and a class of multisite update transactions, and PC is optimized for other classes of multisite update transactions. The optimizations result in reduced intersite message traffic and log writes, and, consequently, a better response time. The paper also discusses R*‘s approach toward distributed deadlock detection and resolution. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.4 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Distributed Systems-distributed datahes; D.4.1 [Operating Systems]: Process Management-concurrency; deadlocks, syndvonization; D.4.7 [Operating Systems]: Organization and Design-distributed sys- tems; D.4.5 [Operating Systems]: Reliability--fault tolerance; H.2.0 [Database Management]: General-concurrency control; H.2.2 [Database Management]: ‘Physical Design-recouery and restart; H.2.4 [Database Management]: Systems-ditributed systems; transactionprocessing; H.2.7 [Database Management]: Database Administration-logging and recouery General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Reliability Additional Key Words and Phrases: Commit protocols, deadlock victim selection 1. INTRODUCTION R* is an experimental, distributed database management system (DDBMS) developed and operational at the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory (now renamed the IBM Almaden Research Center) 118, 201. In a distributed database system, the actions of a transaction (an atomic unit of consistency and recovery [13]) may occur at more than one site. -
Implementing Distributed Transactions Distributed Transaction Distributed Database Systems ACID Properties Global Atomicity Atom
Distributed Transaction • A distributed transaction accesses resource managers distributed across a network Implementing Distributed • When resource managers are DBMSs we refer to the Transactions system as a distributed database system Chapter 24 DBMS at Site 1 Application Program DBMS 1 at Site 2 2 Distributed Database Systems ACID Properties • Each local DBMS might export • Each local DBMS – stored procedures, or – supports ACID properties locally for each subtransaction – an SQL interface. • Just like any other transaction that executes there • In either case, operations at each site are grouped – eliminates local deadlocks together as a subtransaction and the site is referred • The additional issues are: to as a cohort of the distributed transaction – Global atomicity: all cohorts must abort or all commit – Each subtransaction is treated as a transaction at its site – Global deadlocks: there must be no deadlocks involving • Coordinator module (part of TP monitor) supports multiple sites ACID properties of distributed transaction – Global serialization: distributed transaction must be globally serializable – Transaction manager acts as coordinator 3 4 Atomic Commit Protocol Global Atomicity Transaction (3) xa_reg • All subtransactions of a distributed transaction Manager Resource must commit or all must abort (coordinator) Manager (1) tx_begin (cohort) • An atomic commit protocol, initiated by a (4) tx_commit (5) atomic coordinator (e.g., the transaction manager), commit protocol ensures this. (3) xa_reg Resource Application – Coordinator -
Distributed Transaction Processing: Reference Model, Version 3
Guide Distributed Transaction Processing: Reference Model, Version 3 HNICA C L E G T U I D E S [This page intentionally left blank] X/Open Guide Distributed Transaction Processing: Reference Model, Version 3 X/Open Company Ltd. February 1996, X/Open Company Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. X/Open Guide Distributed Transaction Processing: Reference Model, Version 3 ISBN: 1-85912-170-5 X/Open Document Number: G504 Published by X/Open Company Ltd., U.K. Any comments relating to the material contained in this document may be submitted to X/Open at: X/Open Company Limited Apex Plaza Forbury Road Reading Berkshire, RG1 1AX United Kingdom or by Electronic Mail to: [email protected] ii X/Open Guide Contents Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Benefits of X/Open DTP ........................................................................... 1 1.3 Areas Not Addressed................................................................................. 2 1.4 Relationship to International Standards................................................ 2 Chapter 2 Definitions................................................................................................. -
Fast General Distributed Transactions with Opacity
Fast General Distributed Transactions with Opacity Alex Shamis∗ Matthew Renzelmann Stanko Novakovic† Microsoft Research Microsoft VMware Georgios Chatzopoulos‡ Aleksandar Dragojević Dushyanth Narayanan EPFL Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Miguel Castro Microsoft Research ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Transactions can simplify distributed applications by hid- distributed transactions, RDMA, opacity, global time, clock ing data distribution, concurrency, and failures from the synchronization, multi-version concurrency control application developer. Ideally the developer would see the ACM Reference Format: abstraction of a single large machine that runs transactions Alex Shamis, Matthew Renzelmann, Stanko Novakovic, Geor- sequentially and never fails. This requires the transactional gios Chatzopoulos, Aleksandar Dragojević, Dushyanth Narayanan, subsystem to provide opacity (strict serializability for both and Miguel Castro. 2019. Fast General Distributed Transactions committed and aborted transactions), as well as transparent with Opacity. In 2019 International Conference on Management of fault tolerance with high availability. As even the best ab- Data (SIGMOD ’19), June 30-July 5, 2019, Amsterdam, Netherlands. stractions are unlikely to be used if they perform poorly, the ACM, New York, NY, USA, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3299869. system must also provide high performance. 3300069 Existing distributed transactional designs either weaken this abstraction or are not designed for the best performance 1 INTRODUCTION within a data center. This paper extends the design of FaRM Cloud data centers provide many relatively small, individu- — which provides strict serializability only for committed ally unreliable servers. Cloud services need to run on clus- transactions — to provide opacity while maintaining FaRM’s ters of such servers to maintain availability despite indi- high throughput, low latency, and high availability within vidual server failures. -
How Financial Service Companies Can Successfully Migrate Critical
How Financial Service Companies Can Successfully Migrate Critical Applications to the Cloud Chapter 1: Why every bank should aspire to be the Google of FinServe PAGE 3 Chapter 2: Reducing latency and other delays that are detrimental to FSIs PAGE 6 Chapter 3: A look to the future of transaction services in the face of modernization PAGE 9 Copyright © 2021 RTInsights. All rights reserved. All other trademarks are the property of their respective companies. The information contained in this publication has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. NACG LLC and RTInsights disclaim all warranties as to the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of such information and shall have no liability for errors, omissions or inadequacies in such information. The information expressed herein is subject to change without notice. Copyright (©) 2021 RTInsights How Financial Service Companies Can Successfully Migrate Critical Applications to the Cloud 2 Chapter 1: Why every bank should aspire to be the Google of FinServe Introduction Fintech companies are disrupting the staid world of traditional banking. Financial services institutions (FSIs) are trying to keep pace, be competitive, and become relevant by modernizing operations by leveraging the same technologies as the aggressive fintech startups. Such efforts include a move to cloud and the increased use of data to derive real-time insights for decision-making and automation. While businesses across most industries are making similar moves, FSIs have different requirements than most companies and thus must address special challenges. For example, keeping pace with changing customer desires and market conditions is driving the need for more flexible and highly scalable options when it comes to developing, deploying, maintaining, and updating applications.