DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibiotics for Trachoma (Review)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibiotics for Trachoma (Review) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Antibiotics for trachoma (Review) Evans JR, Solomon AW Evans JR, Solomon AW. Antibiotics for trachoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001860. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub3. www.cochranelibrary.com Antibiotics for trachoma (Review) Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . ..... 3 BACKGROUND .................................... 5 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 5 METHODS ...................................... 6 RESULTS....................................... 8 Figure1. ..................................... 10 Figure2. ..................................... 11 ADDITIONALSUMMARYOFFINDINGS . 15 DISCUSSION ..................................... 21 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 22 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 22 REFERENCES ..................................... 23 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 28 DATAANDANALYSES. 73 Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus control (individuals), Outcome 1 Active trachoma at three months. 75 Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus control (individuals), Outcome 2 Ocular C.trachomatis infection at three months..................................... 76 Analysis 1.3. Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus control (individuals), Outcome 3 Active trachoma at 12 months. 77 Analysis 1.4. Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus control (individuals), Outcome 4 Ocular C. trachomatis infection at 12 months..................................... 77 Analysis 2.1. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: oral and topical antibiotics versus control (individuals), Outcome 1 Active trachomaatthreemonths. 78 Analysis 2.2. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: oral and topical antibiotics versus control (individuals), Outcome 2 Ocular C. trachomatis infection at three months. ....... 79 Analysis 2.3. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: oral and topical antibiotics versus control (individuals), Outcome 3 Active trachomaat12months. 80 Analysis 2.4. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: oral and topical antibiotics versus control (individuals), Outcome 4 Ocular C. trachomatis infection at 12 months. ..... 81 Analysis 3.1. Comparison 3 Oral versus topical antibiotics (individuals), Outcome 1 Active trachoma at three months. 82 Analysis 3.2. Comparison 3 Oral versus topical antibiotics (individuals), Outcome 2 Ocular C. trachomatis infection at threemonths................................... 83 Analysis 3.3. Comparison 3 Oral versus topical antibiotics (individuals), Outcome 3 Active trachoma at 12 months. 83 Analysis 3.4. Comparison 3 Oral versus topical antibiotics (individuals), Outcome 4 Ocular C. trachomatis infection at 12 months..................................... 84 Analysis 4.1. Comparison 4 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (individuals), Outcome 1 Active trachoma at threemonths................................... 84 Analysis 4.2. Comparison 4 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (individuals), Outcome 2 Ocular C. trachomatis infectionatthreemonths. 85 Analysis 4.3. Comparison 4 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (individuals), Outcome 3 Active trachoma at 12 months..................................... 86 Analysis 4.4. Comparison 4 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (individuals), Outcome 4 Ocular C. trachomatis infectionat12months. 86 Analysis 5.1. Comparison 5 Oral azithromycin versus control (communities), Outcome 1 Active trachoma at 12 months. 87 Analysis 5.2. Comparison 5 Oral azithromycin versus control (communities), Outcome 2 Ocular C. trachomatis infection at12months................................... 87 Analysis 6.1. Comparison 6 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (communities), Outcome 1 Active trachoma at 3 months..................................... 88 Antibiotics for trachoma (Review) i Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Analysis 6.2. Comparison 6 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (communities), Outcome 2 Ocular C. trachomatis infectionat3months.. 88 Analysis 6.3. Comparison 6 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (communities), Outcome 3 Active trachoma at 12months.................................... 89 Analysis 6.4. Comparison 6 Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (communities), Outcome 4 Ocular C. trachomatis infectionat12months. 89 ADDITIONALTABLES. 89 APPENDICES ..................................... 98 WHAT’SNEW..................................... 103 HISTORY....................................... 103 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 103 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 103 SOURCESOFSUPPORT . 104 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOCOL AND REVIEW . .... 104 NOTES........................................ 104 INDEXTERMS .................................... 104 Antibiotics for trachoma (Review) ii Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [Intervention Review] Antibiotics for trachoma Jennifer R Evans1, Anthony W Solomon1 1Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, ICEH, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK Contact address: Jennifer R Evans, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, ICEH, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. [email protected]. Editorial group: Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group. Publication status and date: New search for studies and content updated (conclusions changed), published in Issue 3, 2011. Review content assessed as up-to-date: 11 December 2010. Citation: Evans JR, Solomon AW.Antibiotics for trachoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001860. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub3. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ABSTRACT Background Trachoma is the world’s leading infectious cause of blindness. In 1997 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by the year 2020, based on the ’SAFE’ strategy (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement). Objectives To assess the evidence supporting the antibiotic arm of the SAFE strategy by assessing the effects of antibiotics on both active trachoma (primary objective) and on Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infection of the conjunctiva (secondary objective). Search methods We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 11), MEDLINE (January 1950 to December 2010), EMBASE (January 1980 to December 2010), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com) (December 2010) and ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) (December 2010). We used the Science Citation Index to look for articles that cited the included studies. We searched the reference lists of identified articles and we contacted authors and experts for details of further relevant studies. There were no language or date restrictions in the search for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 12 December 2010. Selection criteria We included randomised trials that satisfied either of two criteria: (a) trials in which topical or oral administration of an antibiotic was compared to placebo or no treatment in people or communities with trachoma, (b) trials in which a topical antibiotic was compared with an oral antibiotic in people or communities with trachoma. A subdivision of particular interest was trials in which topical tetracycline or chlortetracycline and oral azithromycin were compared with each other, or in which one of these treatments was compared with placebo or no treatment, as these are the two WHO recommended antibiotics. We considered individually randomised and cluster- randomised trials separately. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted investigators for missing data. Where appropriate, the effect estimates from the individual studies (risk ratios) were pooled using a random-effects model. Antibiotics for trachoma (Review) 1 Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Main results A total of 14 trials randomised individuals with trachoma to oral antibiotic, topical antibiotic, both, or control (no treatment or placebo) and were eligible for inclusion in this review (n = 3587). Overall, the quality of the evidence provided from these trials was low. Nine of the trials compared antibiotic treatment to control. Most of the studies found a beneficial effect of treatment on active trachoma and ocular chlamydial infection at three and 12 months follow up. There was considerable clinical and statistical heterogeneity between trials, which meant that it was difficult to reliably estimate the size of the treatment effect. It is likely to be in the region of a 20% relative risk reduction. Seven of the 14 trials compared the effectiveness of oral and topical antibiotics. There was no consistent evidence as to whether oral or topical antibiotics were more effective, although one trial suggested that a single dose of oral azithromycin was significantly more effective than unsupervised use of topical tetracycline A further eight trials assessed the effectiveness of community-based treatment. In five trials antibiotic treatment was compared to no (or delayed) treatment (57 communities), and in three trials oral antibiotic was compared
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Classification of Medicinal Drugs and Driving: Co-Ordination and Synthesis Report
    Project No. TREN-05-FP6TR-S07.61320-518404-DRUID DRUID Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines Integrated Project 1.6. Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystem 1.6.2: Sustainable Surface Transport 6th Framework Programme Deliverable 4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Due date of deliverable: 21.07.2011 Actual submission date: 21.07.2011 Revision date: 21.07.2011 Start date of project: 15.10.2006 Duration: 48 months Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: UVA Revision 0.0 Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission x Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) DRUID 6th Framework Programme Deliverable D.4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Page 1 of 243 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Authors Trinidad Gómez-Talegón, Inmaculada Fierro, M. Carmen Del Río, F. Javier Álvarez (UVa, University of Valladolid, Spain) Partners - Silvia Ravera, Susana Monteiro, Han de Gier (RUGPha, University of Groningen, the Netherlands) - Gertrude Van der Linden, Sara-Ann Legrand, Kristof Pil, Alain Verstraete (UGent, Ghent University, Belgium) - Michel Mallaret, Charles Mercier-Guyon, Isabelle Mercier-Guyon (UGren, University of Grenoble, Centre Regional de Pharmacovigilance, France) - Katerina Touliou (CERT-HIT, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece) - Michael Hei βing (BASt, Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Germany).
    [Show full text]
  • List of Union Reference Dates A
    Active substance name (INN) EU DLP BfArM / BAH DLP yearly PSUR 6-month-PSUR yearly PSUR bis DLP (List of Union PSUR Submission Reference Dates and Frequency (List of Union Frequency of Reference Dates and submission of Periodic Frequency of submission of Safety Update Reports, Periodic Safety Update 30 Nov. 2012) Reports, 30 Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiseptic and Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Spinal Cord Injured Patients
    Paraplegia 19 (1981) 50-58 0031 -1 758/81/00000050 $02.00 © 1981 International Medical Society of Paraplegia ANTISEPTIC AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN SPINAL CORD INJURED PATIENTS By DAVID J. STICKLER,! B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil., BRIAN THOMAS,! B.Sc., Ph.D. and JAGDISH C. CHAWLA,2 M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S., M.D., A.M. 1 Department of Applied Biology, University of Wales Institute of Science &, Technology, Cardiff; 2 Welsh Spinal Unit, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff, U.K. Abstract. Fifty-seven isolates of Gram-negative bacterial species from urinary tract infections in spinal cord injured patients were tested for their sensitivity to chlorhexidine, cetrimide, glutaraldehyde, phenyl mercuric nitrate (PMN), a phenolic disinfectant (Hycolin) and a proprietary antiseptic containing a mixture of picloxydine, octylphenoxy­ polyethoxyethanol and benzalkonium chloride (Resiguard). None of the isolates were resistant to glutaraldehyde, Hycolin or PMN but a substantial percentage were resistant to chlorhexidine (44 per cent), cetrimide (26 per cent) and Resiguard (42 per cent). The resistant organisms were members of the genera Proteus, Providencia and Pseudomonas and they were also generally resistant to five, six or seven antibiotics. Significantcorrelations were observed between multiplicity of antibiotic resistance and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the three cationic antiseptics. It is suggested that an antiseptic policy for the bladder management of spinal cord injured patients that relies on the extensive use of cationic agents might lead to the selection of a flora of notoriously drug-resistant species. Key words: Gram-negative urinary bacterial sensitivity; Cationic agents; Drug resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehealth DSI [Ehdsi V2.2.2-OR] Ehealth DSI – Master Value Set
    MTC eHealth DSI [eHDSI v2.2.2-OR] eHealth DSI – Master Value Set Catalogue Responsible : eHDSI Solution Provider PublishDate : Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 1 of 490 MTC Table of Contents epSOSActiveIngredient 4 epSOSAdministrativeGender 148 epSOSAdverseEventType 149 epSOSAllergenNoDrugs 150 epSOSBloodGroup 155 epSOSBloodPressure 156 epSOSCodeNoMedication 157 epSOSCodeProb 158 epSOSConfidentiality 159 epSOSCountry 160 epSOSDisplayLabel 167 epSOSDocumentCode 170 epSOSDoseForm 171 epSOSHealthcareProfessionalRoles 184 epSOSIllnessesandDisorders 186 epSOSLanguage 448 epSOSMedicalDevices 458 epSOSNullFavor 461 epSOSPackage 462 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 2 of 490 MTC epSOSPersonalRelationship 464 epSOSPregnancyInformation 466 epSOSProcedures 467 epSOSReactionAllergy 470 epSOSResolutionOutcome 472 epSOSRoleClass 473 epSOSRouteofAdministration 474 epSOSSections 477 epSOSSeverity 478 epSOSSocialHistory 479 epSOSStatusCode 480 epSOSSubstitutionCode 481 epSOSTelecomAddress 482 epSOSTimingEvent 483 epSOSUnits 484 epSOSUnknownInformation 487 epSOSVaccine 488 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 3 of 490 MTC epSOSActiveIngredient epSOSActiveIngredient Value Set ID 1.3.6.1.4.1.12559.11.10.1.3.1.42.24 TRANSLATIONS Code System ID Code System Version Concept Code Description (FSN) 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01 A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01
    [Show full text]
  • Antiseptic and Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.3.288 on 1 March 1980. Downloaded from J Clin Patho/ 1980; 33: 288-296 Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection DJ STICKLER AND B THOMAS From the Department of Applied Biology, University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology. King Edward V1I A venue, Cardiff UK SUMMARY A collection of 802 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections was made from general practice, antenatal clinics, and local hospitals. The organisms were tested for their sensitivity to chlorhexidine, cetrimide, glutaraldehyde, phenyl mercuric nitrate, a phenolic formulation, and a proprietary antiseptic containing a mixture of picloxydine, octyl phenoxy polyethoxyethanol, and benzalkonium chloride. Escherichia coli, the major species isolated, proved to be uniformly sensitive to these agents. Approximately 10°,! of the total number of isolates, however, exhibited a degree of resistance to the cationic agents. These resistant organisms were members of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Pseudomonas; they were also generally resistant to five, six, or seven antibiotics. It is proposed therefore that an antiseptic policy which involves the intensive use of cationic antiseptics might lead to the selection of a flora of notoriously drug- resistant species. copyright. During the course of studies on the development of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of up urinary tract infection in patients undergoing to 800 ,sg/ml chlorhexidine,'4
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DIX to the HTSUS—Continued
    20558 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DEPARMENT OF THE TREASURY Services, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL APPEN- Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DIX TO THE HTSUSÐContinued Customs Service D.C. 20229 at (202) 927±1060. CAS No. Pharmaceutical [T.D. 95±33] Dated: April 14, 1995. 52±78±8 ..................... NORETHANDROLONE. A. W. Tennant, 52±86±8 ..................... HALOPERIDOL. Pharmaceutical Tables 1 and 3 of the Director, Office of Laboratories and Scientific 52±88±0 ..................... ATROPINE METHONITRATE. HTSUS 52±90±4 ..................... CYSTEINE. Services. 53±03±2 ..................... PREDNISONE. 53±06±5 ..................... CORTISONE. AGENCY: Customs Service, Department TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL 53±10±1 ..................... HYDROXYDIONE SODIUM SUCCI- of the Treasury. NATE. APPENDIX TO THE HTSUS 53±16±7 ..................... ESTRONE. ACTION: Listing of the products found in 53±18±9 ..................... BIETASERPINE. Table 1 and Table 3 of the CAS No. Pharmaceutical 53±19±0 ..................... MITOTANE. 53±31±6 ..................... MEDIBAZINE. Pharmaceutical Appendix to the N/A ............................. ACTAGARDIN. 53±33±8 ..................... PARAMETHASONE. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the N/A ............................. ARDACIN. 53±34±9 ..................... FLUPREDNISOLONE. N/A ............................. BICIROMAB. 53±39±4 ..................... OXANDROLONE. United States of America in Chemical N/A ............................. CELUCLORAL. 53±43±0
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Ocular Involvement
    Thorel et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (2020) 15:259 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01538-x POSITION STATEMENT Open Access Management of ocular involvement in the acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: french national audit of practices, literature review, and consensus agreement D. Thorel1,2, S. Ingen-Housz-Oro2,3,4* , G. Royer2,5, A. Delcampe1,2, N. Bellon2,6, C. Bodemer2,6, A. Welfringer-Morin2,6, D. Bremond-Gignac2,7, M. P. Robert2,7, M. Tauber2,8, F. Malecaze2,9, O. Dereure2,10, V. Daien2,11, A. Colin2,3, C. Bernier2,12, C. Couret2,13, B. Vabres2,13, F. Tetart2,14, B. Milpied2,15, T. Cornut2,16, B. Ben Said2,17, C. Burillon2,18, N. Cordel2,19, L. Beral2,20, N. de Prost2,21, P. Wolkenstein2,3, M. Muraine1,2 and J. Gueudry1,2 Abstract Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) can lead to severe ophthalmologic sequelae. The main risk factor is the severity of the initial ocular involvement. There are no recommendations for ocular management during acute phase. We conducted a national audit of current practice in the 11 sites of the French reference center for toxic bullous dermatoses and a review of the literature to establish therapeutic consensus guidelines. We sent a questionnaire on ocular management practices in SJS/ TEN during acute phase to ophthalmologists and dermatologists. The survey focused on ophthalmologist opinion, pseudomembrane removal, topical ocular treatment (i.e. corticosteroids, antibiotics, antiseptics, artificial tear eye drops, vitamin A ointment application), amniotic membrane transplantation, symblepharon ring use, and systemic corticosteroid therapy for ophthalmologic indication.
    [Show full text]
  • Wo 2009/015286 A2
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (43) International Publication Date PCT (10) International Publication Number 29 January 2009 (29.01.2009) WO 2009/015286 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: Not classified AO, AT,AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY,BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, (21) International Application Number: EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, PCT/US2008/071055 IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY,MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, (22) International Filing Date: 24 July 2008 (24.07.2008) MX, MY,MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY,TJ, (25) Filing Language: English TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 60/961,872 24 July 2007 (24.07.2007) US GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): NEXBIO, European (AT,BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, INC. [US/US]; 10665 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121 (US). FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT,LU, LV,MC, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, (72) Inventors; and CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
    [Show full text]
  • Formulation Et Étude De Stabilité D'un Collyre À La Chlorhexidine Pour Le
    UNIVERSITE DE NANTES FACULTE DE PHARMACIE ____________________________________________________________________________ ANNEE 2005 N°61 MEMOIRE DU DIPLÔME D’ETUDES SPECIALISEES DE PHARMACIE HOSPITALIERE ET DES COLLECTIVITES Soutenu devant le Jury interrégional le 17 octobre 2005 par Mlle GAUME Marie Conformément aux dispositions de l’arrêté du 23 janvier 2003 tient lieu de : THESE POUR LE DIPLÔME D’ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Formulation et étude de stabilité d’un collyre à la chlorhexidine pour le traitement de la kératite amibienne Président : Monsieur le Professeur Yves PEGON Membres du Jury : Monsieur Frédéric LAGARCE, directeur Madame le Professeur Isabelle COCHEREAU Madame Anne LE BOUIL Madame Véronique LE PECHEUR Madame Marie-Claire VENIER 1 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE.......................................................................................................................................1 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................4 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................5 II. ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ................................................................................................6 II.1. LA KÉRATITE AMIBIENNE ............................................................................................................6 II.1.1. L’AGENT RESPONSABLE ..............................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,682,043 B2 Goldman (45) Date of Patent: Jun
    USOO9682043B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,682,043 B2 Goldman (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 20, 2017 (54) METHOD OF PREPARATION OF MIXED FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS PHASE CO-CRYSTALS WITH ACTIVE AGENTS JP 63-240936 A 10, 1988 JP 2003-522097 A 8, 1999 JP 20O2506876 A 3, 2002 (75) Inventor: David Goldman, Portland, CT (US) JP 2002356419 A 12/2002 WO WO99/47543 A2 9, 1999 (73) Assignee: MedCrystallForms, LLC, Hunt Valley, WO WO O2/O55,059 A2 T 2002 MD (US) WO WO O3/101392 A2 12/2003 WO WO 2004/043358 5, 2004 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this WO WO 2004/078161 A1 9, 2004 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 WO WO 2004/082666 9, 2004 U.S.C. 154(b) by 537 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (21) Appl. No.: 11/008,034 Lide CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2003 p. 3-246 and 3-480. (22) Filed: Dec. 9, 2004 Meyerson et al. “Crystals, Crystal Growth, and Nucleation' Hand book of Industrial Crystallization Ed. Meyerson. Woburn: But (65) Prior Publication Data terworth-Heinemann 2002 p. 33, and 38-39.* US 2005/0181041 A1 Aug. 18, 2005 Payne et al. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 1999 177:231 245-k Zhang et al. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007 96(5):990 Related U.S. Application Data 995.* (60) Provisional application No. 60/528.232, filed on Dec. Reutzel-Edens et al. Solid-state pharmaceutical development: 9, 2003, provisional application No. 60/559,862, filed Ensuring stability through salt and polymorph screening.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2004) -- Supplement 1 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2004) -- Supplement 1 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2004) -- Supplement 1 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. Product CAS No. Product CAS No. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACEXAMIC ACID 57-08-9 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACICLOVIR 59277-89-3 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ACAMPROSATE 77337-76-9 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACAPRAZINE 55485-20-6 ACOXATRINE 748-44-7 ACARBOSE 56180-94-0 ACREOZAST 123548-56-1 ACEBROCHOL 514-50-1 ACRIDOREX 47487-22-9 ACEBURIC ACID 26976-72-7
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Susceptibility to Antiseptic Picloxydine
    Ocular ora in patients with intravitreal injections and topical antibiotic prophylaxis: antibiotic resistance patterns and susceptibility to antiseptic picloxydine Maria PhD, Doctor of science Budzinskaya Scientic Research Institute of eye diseases Anait Khalatyan ( [email protected] ) Scientic Research Institute of Eye diseases https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-5544 Marina Strakhovskaya Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia Vladimir Zhukhovitsky Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Research article Keywords: Intravitreal injections, Conjunctival isolates, Antibiotic resistance, Picloxydine dihydrochloride, Vitabact Posted Date: April 2nd, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.1757/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at International Journal of Ophthalmology on January 18th, 2020. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2020.01.13. Page 1/16 Abstract Background Repeated courses of topical ophthalmic antibiotics result in the increased resistance rates and changes in the composition of conjunctival ora with the signicant increase of Staphylococcus epidermidis, the main causative agent of ocular infections. Antiseptic povidone-iodine is considered as a “gold standard” for prevention of infectious complications in eye surgery. Effectiveness of pre- and post- injection prophylaxis with topical antiseptics is under question. Methods Conjunctival swabs were taken in 4 groups of patients, 20 patients in each group (n=80): with 20 or more IVI and repeated courses of antibiotic eye drops; without IVI and ophthalmic operations in history (control group); with antibiotic eye drops Tobrex or antiseptic eye drops Vitabact (picloxydine) applied 3 days before the rst IVI and 5 days after it.
    [Show full text]