Diagnosing Tibetan Exile Politics By

CEU eTD Collection

Negotiations inthe Diaspora: Diagnosing Tibetan Exile Politics In partial fulfillmentIn partial of Department of International RelationsEuropean and Studies Supervisor: Professor International Relations and European Studies Central European University the requirements the degree for of Tenzin Tashi Tseten Word Count: 13017 Count: Word Budapest, Hungary Submitted to 2015 By

Erin JenneErin

Masters

of Arts in of Arts

CEU eTD Collection the diaspora be will presen remarks andAdministration other policy with advice tothe Centralmajor actors Tibetan with againstinfluenced mobilization theChinese inTibetan shifts state.concluding Finally, mobilization in each period time allows f influencediaspora and can nottheminority. can former and onthe condi speculates further isdrivenby thelatter demands and mobilization capacitydi Tibetan of the study thethree wouldbefocusing ontime dividedwhere based periods on maintime Inthe Tibetangetorder Diaspora. clear topicture and ease allow afor ofanalysis, thecase getwhat influence picture offactors thechanges the bigger and nego withindiaspora the wider mobilization debatebargaining ofethnic to politics and Diaspora seeksThis thesis situateTibetan to theissuesregarding sovereignty and the Tibetan question ABSTRACT

ted based onthe findings.

or a greatera or the understanding factors that of i

Identifyingcausesrelative root ofTibetan asporagreatly, varied showingthatthe

tions undertions which tiations that occur within tiations the CEU eTD Collection Iwould like tothank Jenne to like would I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

with out whose guid expre ss my deep deep my ss myfamilycolleagues for and my supporting ance I would

S gratitude

have never been

and appreciation for appreciation and ii

able to com

my plete me me supervisor supervisor through this journey.through this

this this thesis. Professor Eri Professor

I n addition,

n CEU eTD Collection SFT RTYC CCP PLA PRC CTA TGIE List of Abbreviations

- -

– –

–

People’s Republic ofChina – Students’ for Tib Students’ Free a

People’s Liberation ArmyLiberation People’s Chinese Communist Party The Central

Regional Tibetan Regional Tibetan Tibetan Government inExile Tibetan Government Tibetan Administration Administration Tibetan Youth Congress e t

iii

CEU eTD Collection Iwould like tothank myfamily colleagues for and my supportingjourney. through this me Jenne without whose guidance I would have never been able to co Erin Professor supervisor my for appreciation and gratitude deep my express to like would I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

mplete mplete this thesis. In addition,

CEU eTD Collection Policy in Chapter Shift 6:Second Period: a Way towards Middle ChapterIndependence 5:First1959:Following since Period Chapter 4:Background Chapter 3Research Design and Cas Chapter Tibetan 2: Explaining Demands IntroductionChapter 1 Lis TABLE OFCONTENTS 1.3 Tibet In1.3 Tibet Thesis ofthis Context 1.2 ResearchQuestion 1.1The Research Puzzle 5.3 Negotiations In5.3 Negotiations Exile Lama5.2 The of Role theDalai Introduction5.1 4.2 The Tibetan Dia 4.1 The Tibetan Sovereignty Debate 3. 4Justificationselection of Case Limitations3.3 3. 2ResearchDesign/Methods 3.1 Argument of2. 1Plan thesis t ofAbbreviations

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Chapter 8:Conclusion ...... Chapter 7: Th 7.1 Introduction7.1 6.3 Reactions theMiddleWay to Approach 6.2 Emergence Way ofthe Middle Introduction:6.1 7.3 New Prime Minister and7.3 New Resistance Continued Prime Minister Lama’s7.2 Devolution ofthe Dalai PoliticalPower

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44 42 39 37 36 36 33 31 30

CEU eTD Collection 648 (2007): 25 D Plann. Environ. Space and Society Planning D: and Environment 2 government withformal is structured Exile and In as theGovernment upset it is CTA, the is in Exile leadership Tibetan the nameof theofficial though Even usedinterchangeably. be 1 seeking be to claims leadership exile the by forth pushed heavily is that approach ambiguous from policies and goals its shifted gradually have Exile in government Tibetan the and Lama Dalai the an independent Tibet has been the uniting force and the basis for Tibetan identity. Despite this, “retur of hope the elsewhere and India homeland.” the of recovery eventual the toward geared is exile such as theStudentsfor a groups vocal within activities political their through identities Tibetan their to on holding and Diaspora and especially the younger educated generation around the world who are mobilizing a as serves exile in government the by independence than autonomyrather of pursuit a to switch dialogue.This on emphasis an with means violent seeking “genuine autonomy” within the P independenc complete restore to seeking from policies its shifted has known as the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) now Exile, in government Tibetan a established and India to fled Tibetans of thousands and

Throughout this thesis, Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) and Tibetan Government in Exile (TGIE) wo (TGIE) Exile in Government Tibetan and (CTA) Administration Tibetan Central thesis, this Throughout Yeh, Emily T. "Exile Meets Homeland: Politics, Politics, Homeland: Meets "Exile T. Emily Yeh, To be Tibetan is to be part of a community of sentiment in which the experience of experience the which in sentiment of community a of part be to is Tibetan be To Dalai The 1959, in ArmyLiberation People’s the against uprising failed a After restoring full independence in Tibet to that of a Middle Way Approach. This Approach. Way Middle a of that to Tibet in independence full restoring

Free Tibet Youth andthe Congress. Tibetan Chapter 1

ning” to the homeland and the struggle for establishing for struggle the and homeland the to ning” eople’s Performance, and Authenticity in the Tibetan Diaspora." Diaspora." Tibetan the in Authenticity and Performance, Introduction 1

R epublic of 1

Throughout the years the Administration dividing line within the wider Tibetan Tibetan wider the within line dividing - like institutions. likeinstitutions. C hina’s 2

For the Tibetan Diaspora in Diaspora Tibetan the For

- framework through non 67. Accessed May 4, 2015. Accessed May4, 67.

i Tbt o ht of that to Tibet in e Lama uld uld

- CEU eTD Collection text. this throughout willuseTibet I convenience, scholarly For Region. Autonomous Tibet the as it describes provinces, its of one as it treats which China, Tibet, 3 Tibet independent an a view same this held all who diasporathe in groups other and people the with resonated which independence Tibetan of pursuit the on singularly focused has exile in and inthe homelanin exile understand the current path of the Tibetan movement and the future awaiting the Tibetans both to crucial time a is Way it Middle policy, spreadtoit’s Exile in Government Tibetan the from restive regions, the questions regarding the Dalai Lama’ individual and organizational levels. With China’s continual rise, it's hard lined policies toward the at both addressed being topic major the is Independence versus Approach Way Middle theTibetanwithin community, importance understandingand theconcerns the of and media social on discussions political Tibetan on up keeps one If community. Diaspora community is community needs adopt to sides unable to decide or even understand what is the best solution, goal or policy that the exile midst a in somewhat lie community Diaspora the in population the of much spectrum the of ends opposite on lay side both of proponents strong Though (Independence). Rangzen of name the in organize and occupation Chinese resent fiercely activist communities withunderground even India and West and the in and communities Diaspora the vocal throughout networks with groups those political and activists mobilized stand side other the On China". of Republic People's the of framework "genuine autonomy for all Tibetans living in the three traditional provinces of Tibet w

There is considerable controversy regarding the title Tibet itself. While the diaspora Tibeta diaspora the While itself. Tibet title the regarding controversy considerable is There Since having fled to exile in 1959 and up until 1979, the Dalai Lama and his government This research on the Tibetan Diaspora and the existential challenges being faced by this

an an issue that is currently at the heart of discussions 3

n rtrig o h hmln. fe 17, hr ws sit n the in shift a was there 1979, After homeland. the to returning and

s reincarnation and the increasing push

- of confusion between the two the between confusion of

a a hot topic within the Tibetan in occupied Tibet who occupiedTibet who in nd will for restoringfor will nd ns term it Occupied Occupied it term ns this issue of issueof this ithin ithin the CEU eTD Collection and internationally support and momentum stronger much gained have groups Independence pro the Olympics Beijing the of wake the In about. brought were improvements or changes relative with adopted 1.1 down as thepolitical leader of theTibetan people for a democraticallyelected PrimeMinister. Since thenthishasremained thekey policy the CTA eve of Middle the support would they that expressed Exile in Tibetans of comprising respondents the of 64% of action for the Tibetan cause. of course best the determine to referendum a for need a echoed Lama Dalai the extent, this authorities people. government of the Middle Way approach being an optimal solution for the future of the Tibetan agree of sense a was there co mutual operation. Though, pro and equality on based peoples Chinese and Tibetan the between coexistence resolv peacefully to Lama Dalai the Republic of China without seeking independence. People’s the of framework the within Tibet of provinces traditional three the of comprising striving approach adopted democratically a as defines CTA the which approach Way Middle a of that to Tibet of future the towards policy official The Research Puzzle Research The

This change in path in terms of the collective demands from the Tibetan side was was side Tibetan the from demands collective the of terms in path in change This Chinese the side, Tibetan the of part the from made concession huge this Despite

- have not responded positively and attempts at negotiations remained unfruitful. To negotiationsremainedunfruitful.at respondedpositivelyattempts andnot have Way Approach or any decision the Dalai Lama takes to r to Lama takes Dalai the decision any or Approach Way - ae n eitd ihu mc ciiim vn huh o significant no though even criticism much without existed and ease independence groups maintained their stance and continued their work ment and acceptance among the greater populace and the exiled the and populace greater the among acceptance and ment

Based on official poll opinion conducted by the CT

te su o Tbt n t big bu saiiy and stability about bring to and Tibet of issue the e

The Middle way approach was proposed by

o te rain f pltcl entity political a of creation the for n afterLama the Dalai has stepped ealize the cause of Tibet. of cause the ealize A, a majority - -

CEU eTD Collection 6 5 Pg. 11 288. 2007. Press, University 4 center tope inresponse exists) patron one (if externalgroup’s the of actions the by and opportunity institutional structure the in bychanges center the against power relative of perceptions shifting leverage against thecenter. country. host not much is talked about because by Jenne demonstrated as argument bargaining ethnic the over developmenta is This complex ways in path willing incomparison tomake concession demands. totheir previous significant ethnicimpact kinin onthe moderating a had has Diaspora the point, this at case Tibetan the in this, Despite kin. ethnic the on impact radicalizing a having are whose diaspora the is it demands, their in moderating wi are homeland the in kin ethnic the when even times Jewish, Armenian and the Cuban diaspora in the United States have looked at and show that at the on heavily focused is which literature the of Much homeland. the in kin ethnic their on ra a have mostly and usually Diasporas that suggest thesis this for surveyed Way. Middle Pro between split a to ultimately leading Approa Way Middle the for support popular increase and maintain to efforts marketing self of series inde forcalls

Ibid. 13 Ibid. 43 Ibid.pg en, rn Ehi Brann: h Prdx f ioiy Empowermen Minority of Paradox The Bargaining: Ethnic Erin. Jenne, By building on the ethnic bargaining argument/model these thesis seeks to explore theexplore to seeks thesis these bargainingargument/model ethnic the on buildingBy

- pendence from within Tibet became more vocal with protests breaking out and a a and breakingout protests with vocal more became Tibet within from pendence 4

immolations taking place in Tibet. At the same time, the CTA has increased its its increased has CTA the time, same the At Tibet. in place taking immolations

The puzzle here lies in that most of the literature on diaspora that has been been has that diaspora on literature the of most that in lies here puzzle The Also, looking Also,

which Diasporas can mobilize or de 5

Minority representatives continually calibrate their demands againstMinoritycalibrate the theirrepresentativescontinually demands rceived shifts in leverage shiftsin time. over rceived how

that that the leadership in the Diaspora is promoting a policy and a anda a policy in the Diaspora ispromoting leadership that the The

at the theory that minority demands are a function of bargaining of function a are demands minority that theory the at

Diasporas intervene to radicalize or moderate the minori

Bargaining Model holds thatBargaining group holds Model is radicalization driven by - needne Rnzn doae) n te Pro the and Advocates) (Rangzen Independence 4

- mobilize mobilize their ethnic kin against the host. . These perceptions are informed both informed are perceptions These . lling to accept certain concessions or or concessions certain accept to lling 6

. s e. o. . taa Cornell Ithaca: 1. Vol. ed. 1st t. dicalizing impact impact dicalizing ty in the

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CEU eTD Collection 7 terms thesis. ofthis researc the present will chapter The this of remainder minority. the of demands the influence to actors outside expect would which model bargaining ethnic the of expectations the follow necessarily not does it that in outlier an be looke is case Tibetan the Finally, CTA. the influence to trying actors within the Tibetan diaspora consisting of activist groups and other more radical institutions and also groups other articula is that lobby external the said being this leaders With minority China. with the bargaining as Dharamsala in leadership the recognize effectively to us allows of because demands their articulate effectively to agency much have not do Tibet inside are who Tibetans the because diasporathe in actorsthe to applied is theory This states. other in do minority leaders recognized the is it but state host the representative of the Tibetans who negotiates under directly function not does and exile in is CTA the Further, sense. usual the in minority a really not is it though even state host the with groups around the word, and the CTA would be treated as the minority g outside lobby actor is the wider diaspora consisting activist groups,youthof youthgroups and exists in tr anational minority, the state majority and that the minority’s lobby state (or suggests external lobby actor) co Jenne Brubaker, of arguments the Following state. host the with leverage th that in differently quite applied is model the case this In state. the of institutions over center the and minority the between

The logic of ethnic bargaining 732 bargaining oflogicethnic The ting demands though not negotiating directly with the host state are the other factions other the are state host the with directly negotiating not though demands ting Further it is argued that change in demands of the Minority is driven by negotiations by driven is Minority the of demands in change that argued is it Further iadic political space.

Chinese repression and a lack of leadership within the homeland. This homeland. the within leadership of lack a and repression Chinese

In the case of the Tibetan Diaspora, the host state is China, the fcs is n h Tbtn isoa n is bargaining its and Diaspora Tibetan the on lies focus e effectively with the Chinese government just like 5

h question and explain what Tibet means in means Tibet what explain and question h d at because it seems to seems it because at d roup roup that is bargaining -

CEU eTD Collection any Without future. the in going is it where and Movement Tibetan the of crisis legitimacy of the claims of the TGIE in the international arena but presents sort of an existential important within political a split a to leading subsequently and autonomy greater of the that moderating to By demand collective lies. conflict this of future the where and view of point bargaining a identity of not only the Tibetan diaspor the shapes ultimately it because case this in important is question This diaspora. the within actors other from pressure despite stance moderating more a to demands its shifts leadership conditi show I framework, bargaining ethnic the Utilizing issue. of the Tibetans and conditions their at home. Whether the strategy is working or not is another repressive government at home in order to broker a deal that would ultimately shape the future directly to the kin at home, the leadership in the diaspora is trying to negotiate directly with change the funneling of instead thus, and home at kin the to access limited has diaspora case, groups activist major divergence that currently exists between the official policy of the government in exile and as to why the demands of the Tibetan authority in Tibetans regarding the the future of their homeland and from the con demands in changes the of analysis an and above presented issues the fr achievable collective goals whether united it be towards greater autonomy or independence. aBased on towards mobilize to Diaspora the for important is it that argue I Beijing to Tibet of importance the and into dynamics power unbalanced accountthe Taking outcomes. over control diminishing with consequences the of terms in stake holding is side other the while control and power greater holds side one where Sino the Currently, 1.2 Research Question Research - ctors ctors and leadership in the Diaspora does not only lead one to question the Tibetan relationship is based on discontent and very conflicting visions conflicting very and discontent on based is relationship Tibetan despite minimal change in Chinese policies toward Tibet toward policies Chinese in change minimal despite

a but of the Tibetans in Tibet and where they stand from 6

ditions ditions of their kin at home, the puzzle arises exile has shifted over time reaching to the ons under which the diaspora diaspora the which under ons n wt well with ont

a much bigger bigger much a - eie and defined prominent . In this this In .

CEU eTD Collection occ its justify to China of Republic Peoples’ the by forth put claim major The history. throughout China to relationship Tibet’s natureof about the twosides of the conflicting views debate onthe lies Pe the by annexed completely became Tibet when 1950 before history recent its of much in China to subordinate or independent was Tibet whether is one first the for basis a as serve can which question second the and separat should previously defined as Tibet whether is one first The together. tied are that questions main two includes which debate, Sovereignty Tibet over sovereignty their and Tibet on position 1.3 or itsleadershipthediaspora. within indealingand withChina withactors ofthe politics theTibetans i within questions multiple raise to is do to seeks thesis this what Rather, work. the throughout raised be will issues such inTibet, though Tibetans of treatment andover subsequent its Tibet evalu to aim the it is neither conflict; Tibetan the for solution that of Pro existing behind the shift in policies and th reasons core the about discussed been has much not solution, best the thus and issue the with dealing in approach realistic most the is Approach Way Middle the that claim the maintained maintainin and issue Tibetan the of course the shaping in CCP’s repressive policies, the diaspora community and the leadership in exile plays a key role figures representing Tibetans and mobilizing towards the Tibetan cause Tibetwithin under the “The Tibet Question exists because it is controversial, China feels the need the feels China controversial, is it because exists Question Tibet “The Tibet In Context of this Thesis of this Context In Tibet The aim of this thesis is not to evaluate or comment on which side presents a better better a presents side which on comment or evaluate to not is thesis this of aim The upation of Tibet is the claim that Tibet has been a part of China since the Yuan the since China of part a been has Tibet that claim the is Tibet of upation - Independencegroups. n Exile and tomake sense ofthe Tibetan ofDiaspora behavior the e recent wave of “aggressive” promotion of the policy against oples’ Republic of China. China. of Republic oples’

e and become a sovereign state of its own its of state sovereign a become and e “The Tibet Question refers to the Tibetan the to refers Question Tibet “The

g its salience. Though the CTA has CTA the Though salience. its g ate the validity of China’s claim China’s of validity the ate

The basis for much of this of much for basis The

to defend their defend to CEU eTD Collection 8 1950. takeover PRC’s the until time the of much for influence Chinese without itself ruled has ex its of much for Empire Qing the of (1468 Dynasty independently as a sovereign empire but then during Mingthe Qing Dynasty Tibet fell under the rule the during and Mongols the by ruled operating independently from each other. During been mostly have Tibet and China Dynasty, Yuan the Until ways. different many in history that of accepting remaina where situation underTibetans will t the to independence full seeking from demands their moderate they did why leadership, Tibetan the by independence of claim this despite that explain to seeks thesis This 1949. in invaded the until state sovereign independent an was Tibet that claims Exile, in Government Tibetan the as serves which Administration, Tibetan Central The hand, other the On Dynasty.

Tibet and China, being in close proximity to each other, have been in contact throughout

istence. Since the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, Tibet Dynasty, Qing the of collapse the Since istence. 8

the Yuan Dynasty both Tibet and China were - 64 Tbt a operating was Tibet 1644) he Chinese authority.he Chinese

PRC

in CEU eTD Collection ofTransnatio 9 and Diaspora the within relation the at looking and field wider this within in fits case Tibetan Tibetan Diaspora of studies is limited field The Studies. Diaspora of field wider the within etc. and culture politics, Tibetan Buddhism. Yet there is a growing field of studying Tibetan issue in regards to identity, focused heavily is Tibet on literature the of bulk The Buddhism andpre on emphasis over an from suffered studies Tibetan century, twentieth the of decades two the studying or conflict Sino the of origins the on either focused has Tibet relatedto scholarship recent the of from certain goals and why these goals have changed and continues to change over time. Much understandi in lies thesis this of focus the say, to is That Center. the with bargaining in Diaspora Tibetan the of leverage the for account to homelanddemands inarticulating the in kin the subsequently and CTA the strongly influence or radicalize to unable been has search for a starting point in understanding why a radicalized faction in the Tibetan diaspora is togethe tie to conducted is analysis following Thus, general. in Mobilization Diaspora and exile in politics Tibetan lies the of currently issue complex discourse the regarding academic the where understanding at rather but work author's’

Anand, Dibyesh. "A Contemporary Story of "Diaspora": The Tibetan Version." Diaspora Diaspora: A Journal Journal A Diaspora: Diaspora Version." Tibetan The "Diaspora": of Story Contemporary "A Dibyesh. Anand, This thesis seeks to add to the debate regarding the Sino th judging my giving or criticizing at not aimed is follows What Chapter 2: Explaining Tibetan Demands nal Studies: 211 Studies: nal - 1950s Tibetan history.” 1950s identity of the Tibetan diaspora. As Anand points out “Until the last the “Until out points Anand As diaspora. Tibetan the of identity -

29.

and fairly new in that it is mostly focused on understanding how the

against the host state. against the host 9

ng why Tibetans mobilize towards and away and towards mobilize Tibetans why ng on historical analysis and the study of of study the and analysis historical on

r these two topics in attempt to attempt in topics two these r - Tibetan question by attempting vldt o the of validity e

- Tibetan Tibetan CEU eTD Collection 12 189 (2003): 2 no. 4, AsianEthnicity 11 10 homeland leaders, states.adversarieshost governments and the oftheir for concern of constituency key a becomes diaspora the where peacemaking” resolution b conflict that suggests he Further efforts. peacemaking domestic and interstate third powerful yet distinct very a play diasporas that out points conflicts study by Shain, in order cause. tofacilitate their establish links and ties purs always diaspora the in those territory, the in present be may situation the what matter no that argues he Further, it. outside those and Tibet within community the and chara nature the that arguingdiaspora in nationalism Tibetan of dynamic the at looks who Misra by identity toprocesses offromtopoliticization. identification, politics from construction, to preservation from innovation, to tradition from away moves focus the that given shift, paradigm a constitutes it that in development significant a is studies Tibetan within versions its all with Diaspora of wider theoretical aspects of Diaspora studies. He further argues that t to in case Tibetan the fit to trying Diaspora Tibetan of study the conceptualizing on focused image. Dia their of up holding and identity collective their maintaining of terms in actions its ten tnc r omnl rus s fe nt ut two just not often is groups communal or ethnic etween

Shain, Yossi. "The Role of Diasporas inCon ofDiasporas Role "The Yossi. Shain, 1." Nationalism Distance Long of Dynamics the and Diaspora Tibetan Exile: in Nation "A Amalendu. Misra, 223 Ibid

On the other hand looking at the role of Diasporas in conflict perpetuation or resolution, has Diaspora Tibetan on works recent the of much conducted have who Scholars

cter cter of nationalism n te ae o Armenian of cases the ing -

both both clandestine and open

- in

- 206. Accessed May 12, 2015. EBSCO. 2015. Accessed May12, 206. - exile exile is determined to a great extent by the corporation between 11

flict Perpetuation or Resolution." SAIS Review, 2002, 115 SAIS 2002, Review, Resolution." or Perpetuation flict culture to per formative and material practices, from from practices, material and formative per to culture - mrcn n Jewish and American 10

with their counterparts and work in tandem - ee bt “three a but level 12

- he adoption of the concept 10 Diaspora involvement in in involvement Diaspora

This is explored further explored This is - level role between between role level - e plc to policy a ue level - game of of game - spora spora 44.

CEU eTD Collection 2011 Available, AnnualPaper. Meeting APSA 2011 Blocking Mobilization." or Fostering Conditions 13 l a have can actors outside moderating its demands. Thus, examining this case will explain the conditions under which the group represented by the CTA remained resistant to influence from outside actors and is further understand the dynamics of bargaining in the Tibetan case to order in framework and point starting good as serves lens theoretical this Though actors. outside the of leverage in shifts perceived to due kin radical more to leads influence outside an radical more that suggests bargaining ethnic of theory The are. interests these who ultimately hold the strings of in terms of how they bargain for their interests and also what primary focus on its the beh keeps it However, scholarship. in gaps exposed these address to seeks lens theoretical Diasporas and ethnic kin in the bar Tibetan context. This thesis, through ethnic the subsequently explained of theory the applies thesis This diasporastate representexternalhereand lobby thehost the isChina. The minority group here is represented by the CTA and more radical factions within the Tibetan claims of types the influence can actors outside how theory that takes into account bargaining between the minority group and its host state, showing dynamicrequirea phenomenawould a such explain In to order Tibet. caseof the happenedin dem their moderate might Diasporas why explain alone let time over change might kin ethnic its over influence diaspora’s a why explain however, studies, these of None through struggles over national politicaland independenceacquisition. territorial achiev best are types such that arguing preservation identity of aspect motivational the atlooking mobilization diaspora typesof different two analysis puts al et Jenne not, do others some why at Looking

Saideman, Stephen, Erin Jenne, and Kathleen Cunningham. "Diagnosing Diasporas: Understanding the the Understanding Diasporas: "Diagnosing Cunningham. Kathleen and Jenne, Erin Stephen, Saideman, diaspora groups mobilize around their identity in the host state while state host the in identity their around mobilize groups diaspora avior avior of Tibetans as a collective entity since it is the Tibetan population

imited influence, and that this case could possibly foster further further foster possibly could case this that and influence, imited

11 ann t epan h rltosi between relationship the explain to gaining

made by the group against its host state. host its against group the by made , it does not explain why the minority

ands as it has it as ands 13

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ed CEU eTD Collection the Tibetan Government in exile was established. The three time pe where India in settled have population this of majority the and Tibet from fled have Tibetans India. moreLama than100,000 then, to Since from currentled totheflight Dalai Tibet ofthe event seminal a with begins Diaspora Tibetan the of periods that reflect the changes in the politics of the Tibetan Diaspora. The contemporary story after 1988. claims radical more make to CTA the leverage to failed diaspora Tibetan the in actors radical why understand to seeks thesis this exile in leadership Tibetan the of efforts conciliatory the have more radical claims and act to radicalize kin groups. By foc usually Diasporas that hold that theories of limits the show to theories diaspora wider of that by a followed be would This CTA. the and state Chinese the between negotiations of timeline the of outline detailed a backgroundinclude thesystem.This internationalwould within and state Tibetans not only as a collect the of behavior the analyze to order in necessary be detailed would which case Tibetan contemporary a provide will I Second, thesis. this in analyzed justificatio provide also but chosen is Case Tibetan the why explaining of terms in only not presented be would This case. the regarding design in order to justify the case selection and the methods used to describe the issues at hand selec Case the introduce will I First, steps. five in proceeds thesis This 2. 1 the of radicalization minority. a to lead not does diaspora radicalized the where cases on research

discussion discussion of the Tibetan Diaspora attempting to fit the story of the Tibetan diaspora within Plan of thesis Plan The three subsequent ch threesubsequentThe

ive entity on its own but the way they behave towards the Chinese apters that will follow will be divided into threedifferenttime into divided bewill follow will that apters n for the way the case is being addressed and and addressed being is case the way the for n 12

the failed uprising in March 1959 that 1959 March in uprising failed the

historical background of the the of background historical using on the Middle Way and riods addressed in this thesis tion and the research research the and tion CEU eTD Collection at 14 Tibet alsowouldbe is increasing.Thisdiscussion followed by theconcluding remarks. a CTA’s the ground including waves of protest and self high gaining been has way middle the for criticism and independence towards momentum autono genuine existed as a unified movement with room for debate and coexistence of varying views be it for has whole a as movement Tibetan independence,the complete for commitment abandoned its Issu Tibet the which until 2008 from starts period third the And observation. under period second the as classified is which Approach Way Middle the proposing by China within autonomy” “genuine seeking of that to politics. Diaspora Tibetan of beginning the and Exile in Tibetans the of mobilization could the characterize one which since 1960 in Dharamsala in TGIE the of establishment the from begin

- "Tibet at a Glance." Central Tibetan Administration. Accessed May 12, 2015. 2015. 12, May Accessed Administration. Tibetan Central Glance." a at "Tibet a - glance/ 14 This period extends up to 1988 when t when 1988 to up extends period This

dvocacy of the middle way approach as the right and basically only solution for for solution only basically and right the as approach way middle the of dvocacy y r opee needne Floig h 20 Biig Olympics, Beijing 2008 the Following independence. complete or my

dsie h fc ta te eta gvrmn i eie has exile in government central the that fact the despite e - immolations both inside and outside of Tibet while 13

he Dalai Lama shifted the goals of the TGIE the of goals the shifted Lama Dalai he http://tibet.net/about - tibet/tibet

- CEU eTD Collection minor these of lobby. theexternal represent CTA’demands behalf on directly lobbies negotiations. In case the Tibetan thewider Diaspora Tibetan in advocating demands that or contradict beyond that the interests private or organization, 16 2007. Press, University 15 non lo the that role significant the on emphasis an pays model This minority. the influence also that etc. state external or diaspora the in kin be could which lobby external the and state majority th on focusing bargaining ethnic constant fairly remain largely grievances their while time over demands their of intensity the change to tendency a have Jenne by proposed as Model Bargaining Ethnic The framework. Bargaining Ethnic the within Diaspora Tibetan the of politics the situate to seek I is affected thatareaffect and thepolicies forth thoseinthe homeland. that brought the center in this case, China and the leverage it in holds terms of how variations in the demands of the Tibetan Diaspora as a group represented by the CTA vis observe we how and why analyze and understand helps adequately Diaspora Tibetan the of focused on the Tibetan Diaspora, by applying the ethnic bargaining framework to the behavi is thesis this though Even time. over demands their shift and mobilize they how and state Barg Ethnic The 3.1 Chapter 3

bby actor The term “external lobby actor” is used in the Jenne’s ethnic bargaining framework to denote any state, state, any denote to framework bargaining ethnic Jenne’s the in used is actor” lobby “external term The en, rn Ehi Brann: h Prdx f ioiy Empowe Minority of Paradox The Bargaining: Ethnic Erin. Jenne, - action by the majority group. Further, the intensifying demands of the minority group is group minority the of demands intensifying the Further, group. majority the by action Argument 16

plays in swaying the intensity of the minority demands in response to actions and aining Theory in general is focused heavily on studying minorities within a within minorities studying on heavily focused is general in Theory aining

Research Design and Case Justification Pg. 2 Pg.

h hoylos n eal t ifrn udryn fre of forces underlying different at detail in looks theory The e roles of the three main actors: the minority leadership, the the leadership, minority the actors: main three the of roles e

looks at why leaders of minority groups minority of leaders why at looks mn. s e. o. . taa Cornell Ithaca: 1. Vol. ed. 1st rment.

the the kin in the homeland t i te ore f these of course the in ity

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ht than those in the homeland whose voices are easily suppressed. suppressed. easily are voices whose homeland the in those than ht

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- i te i i te oead n i toe th those in and homeland the in kin the vis o travel and conduct fieldwork due to time, financial time, to due fieldwork conduct and travel o 16

hands of those in exile though small in small though exile in those of hands

of mobilization of the kin and e diaspora it becomes becomes it diaspora e ina. Further, ina. CEU eTD Collection in which China, for issue core its a is Tibet that all maintained continuously has Beijing for neighbors. view of point security regional a of terms in issue salient very a is Tibet view, in in kin homeland the and diaspora or group the between relationship the track to difficult strong it making homeland the within anyacting insurgent without exile in present is leadership the of all almost that in study that the diaspora can support, fund or influence. In that way t group mobilized well a or strongleadership a have homeland the in ones the where homeland the kinin and mobilizing thatDiasporaininfluencing have relationship the studying based on maintaining thelegitimacy Party. ofof theChinese nation Communist debate plays a crucial role for the future of both China in terms of stability in the region and in have leaders Chinese Tibetan the The of becomes what and issues core China’s of one as Tibet determined growth. economic its of that beyond nation the surrounding role the and power economic rising China’s with all, of First case. Tibetan the of selection the for reasons several are there mind, in this With thesis. this throughout discussed situations and issues the my regardsto in biases avoidingpersonal 3. 4 and what theare implications Diasporawhat says andabout it mobilization ingeneral. of what is happening both in terms of what the demands, what is provoking this sort of ide grip better a get to order in separately period each analyze will thesis this Thus, significantly. three different time period into periodized been has case the diaspora, Tibetan the of behavior the understanding on grip Justification of Case selection of Justification Secondly, from a more general point of view, much of the study on Diaspora polit in care utmost pay to sure be will I Tibet, the to connections personal having Despite

t ly i te lbl oiis i i iprat o nesad h vros issues various the understand to important is it politics, global the in plays it s during which the behavior and the demands of the Diaspora varied fluencing each other’s behavior. From a regional point of point regional a From behavior. other’s each fluencing personal experience and opinions regarding each of of each regarding opinions and experience personal 17

he he Tibetan case is a unique one to

- Sovereignt

ology ology ics is y CEU eTD Collection core http://www.forbes.com/sites/brahmachellaney/2014/11/27/why 2015. 2, June Accessed 2014. 17 diaspora whoalso is articulat as thelobbyactor makes sense to treat it as the minority following the ethnic bargaining framework it and the wider side, Tibetan the from bargaining actor main an only the is CTA the Because seek. they Tibetan issue is very much in the interests for the major players in the region who did not have a common border with China until Tibet was occupied. makes turn

Chelleney, Brahma. "Why Tibet Remains The Core Issue In China In Issue Core The Remains Tibet "Why Brahma. Chelleney, - issue - in -

china it a core issue in Beijing’s relations with countries like India, Nepal and Bhutan and Nepal India, like countries with relations Beijing’s in issue core a it - india - relations/.

18 ing demands but notaseffectively. but demands ing

- India Re India lations." Forbes. November 27, 27, November Forbes. lations."

Thus, resolving the if stability is what - tibet -

remains - the - CEU eTD Collection and Prefecture one TibetanProvince. Autonomous inYunnan Tibetan one and Prefectures Autonomou Autonomous Tibetan two Province, Qinghai the includes present the beyond defined by the Cen “Cholka as known Tibet of whole account into takes Tibet to reference This Tibet”. “Historical under Tibetan Central Independ and the Administration by understood as Tibet contestation. of one is Tibet geographically is what of nature the even time, in point this at that understand to important is it all, of First s in is what out figure to attempt and realities current understand to seek will thesis this data, Sino the of nature shifting constantly the of Sino the of analysis historical brief a Secondly, issue. this address debate this of sides both how and is essentially Question Tibet the what explain will paper this all, of First place. first the in exists even question Tibet the understand must one hold might future the what speculate even or In order to make any sort of argument, take any side on this debate, offer some sort of solution 4.1 tore forfuture under China. theTibet’s The Tibetan Sovereignty Debate Sovereignty Tibetan The - Sum” in Tibetan consisting of U of consisting Tibetan in Sum” s County in Sichuan Province, one Tibetan Autonomous County in Gansu Province tral tral Tibetan Administration and those pursuing an independent Tibet extend - day Chinese administrative areas of the Tibetan Autonomous Region Autonomous Tibetan the of areas administrative Chinese day Chapter 4 ent Tibet Support Groups around the world includes all areas all includes world the around Groups Support Tibet ent - Tibetan

relations will be presented in order to show the reality the show to order in presented be will relations

- Tsang, Kham and Amdo. The “Cholka The Amdo. and Kham Tsang, - : Background Tibetan relation. Finally, in light of the historical historical the of light in Finally, relation. Tibetan

conflict and why the the why and conflict - Sum” area Sum” ; ,

it CEU eTD Collection o 20 19 at 18 territories. Inevitably, by the time Diaspor Jewish its of confines Studies Tibetan of wide wit well gainingas community intellectual Tibetan the within circulation is Diaspora word the said, being that With stage. primary its at is diaspora Indiathe homeland in a asdiaspora isarecentand studies thus phenomenon group ofthis as a clo concentrated been have times recent until who Exile in Tibetans of identificationThe of Tibet a Diaspora rather than just minorities of their hosts’ nations or a dispersed ethnic group. Dia of theories wider of collective political entity with specific goals and strategies. I will discuss this within the context 4.2 to it the agreement is void because it was not only signed under duress but China has failed to adhere dispute. to provision Beijing e has ‘Seventeen of23 Agreement’ which May isthelegal Point 1951), under agreement whose FurtherLiberation Measures ‘Agreementfor the on thePeaceful (the of Tibet’, of the Tibetan Autonomou onlymention there Tibet,is to policyreferredwhenChinese official under hand,other the On fTransnati

- Anand, Dibyesh. "A Contemporary Story of "Diaspora": The Tibetan Version." Diaspora Diaspora: A Journal Journal A Diaspora: Diaspora Version." Tibetan The "Diaspora": of Story Contemporary "A Dibyesh. Anand, 79 Survey: Asian Central Resolution." ofa In Search "Tibet: Amalendu. Misra, ht 2015. 12, May Accessed Administration. Tibetan Central Glance." a at "Tibet a - glance/ s commitments. s commitments. The Tibetan Diaspora Tibetan The In this Isection will discuss the evolution and the creation of the Tibetan Diaspora as a

onal Studies: 21 Studies: onal 19

The Dalai Lama, CTA and all other actors in the Tibetan Diaspora maintain that maintain Diaspora Tibetan the in actors other all and CTA Lama, Dalai The 20

- ute h sget ta te em isoa a taee byn the beyond traveled has Diaspora term the that suggests he Further centered definition to charted and uncharted, familiar as well as strangeas well as uncharted, chartedfamiliar and to definition centered xercised authorityTibetrecent its in subject over is times,

spora attempting to show what makes the Tibetan community outside community Tibetan the makes what show to attempting spora

s Region which includes less than half of what the Tibetans claim.

a came to be used for the Tibetans, the term not only 20

hin the scholarly community scholarlythe hin - 93. tp://tibet.net/about

Pg. 87 Pg.

- tibet/tibet se to se

18 -

CEU eTD Collection 25 98 1997, Perspectives, Contemporary 24 377 Studies: ofTransnational A Journal Diaspora: Diaspora 23 22 21 the debates diaspora intheontheir Tibetan nationalist aspirations, isheavily focused end political national Tibetan their and diaspora Tibetan the of distinguish specific Tibetan issues within the larger contexts of diaspora debate. Furthermore, des studies thepattern“ten of the the Tibetan leadership. Interestingly as within other regional studies and disciplines, in Tibetan here, situation, refugee and exile an as characterized primarily once was displacement in dwelling pinpointing a particular as date ofthe the moment ofexile Tibetan nation. Uprising of 10th March 1959 pl the seminal moment of the 586 BCE exile within the Jewish diaspora consciousness, the Lhasa formation several among as well as fields theoretical several among travel its of traces constitutive also contained thereality Tibetan community exile of the remnants and ofclassical but definitions,

Ibid. 103 pg Ibid. "Shangri Baumann,Martin. 23 Ibid. 23 Ibid.

etrn, tvn "edn Negoti "Reading Steven. Venturino, too, the diaspora term has taken off since the mid the since off taken has term diaspora the too, Also, remarkably, the Tibetan case fits such a definition of Diaspora quite closely. Like

s thathave the label adopted ofDiaspora.

- national independence for some, genuine cultural autonomy for others. for autonomy cultural genuine some, for independence national pite the rapidlygrowing hasdiaspora fielddone been to ofstudies,verypite the little -

La in Exile: Portraying Tibetan Diaspora Studies and Reconsidering Diaspora(s)." Diaspora(s)." StudiesReconsidering and Diaspora Tibetan in Exile:La Portraying -

yeargap. adoption - ays an important role in Tibetan’s aboutdiscourse themselves, 121. Pg. 101 101 Pg. 121. ations in the Tibetan Diaspora." Constructing Tibetan Culture: Culture: Tibetan Constructing Diaspora." Tibetan the in ations

23 -

404. 404.

mgnto i a en t a to means a is imagination Pg. Pg. - 1990s, especially among scholars and scholars among especially 1990s, 389

Whereas Tibetans 24

The identity

particular particular

Thus, CEU eTD Collection Per Contemporary 27 at 26 their shaping start Tibetans that period this during is it as place take to begin people Tibetan all an asrole administration’s his andLama Dalai the that Exile to shifting after was it that mind in Keeping India. to in exile Lama’s Dalai the demands they are articulating thein the time period immediately following and Tibet’s occupation and Tibetans of behavior the analyzing on focused be would chapter This 1959. after pan dir memories immediate Chinese following immediately exiled and these India in1959, withthem to homeland ofthe own memories occupationcarried their were that generation that of Tibetans Exiled it. the of story the only not of point starting the as serve followed that events subsequent the and Lama Dalai the of exodus The a democratically andelectedintime. popularlyat point this leadership Tibet of people bythe elected is that government a for achieved is freedom once dissolve will it rather, but Tibet in power take to in Exile guided by the Charter of Tibetans in Exile it has explicitly stated that it is not designed CTA servesas the the inTibet. While restore happiness freedom and and refugees Tibetan rehabilitate to are CTA the of objectives main The India. Dharamsala, 14 the by 1959 in established was Administration Tibetan Central The 5.1

- "Tibet at a Glance." Central Tibetan Administration. Accessed May 12, 2015. 2015. 12, May Accessed Administration. Tibetan Central Glance." a at "Tibet

a Venturino, Steven. "Reading Negotiations in the Tibetan Diaspora." Constructing Tibetan Culture: Culture: Tibetan Constructing Diaspora." Tibetan the in Negotiations "Reading Steven. Venturino, - - glance/ Tibetan identity that currently exists is ultimately a constructed identity that has formed has that identity constructed a ultimately is exists currently that identity Tibetan Chapter 5 I ntroduction .

spectives, 1997, 98 1997, spectives, : First Period since 1959: Following ected all initial attempts to negotiate a return to Tibet. to return a negotiate to attempts initial all ected

- 121. Pg. 104 Pg. 121. Tibetan Diaspora but of the Tibetan Movement as we know know we as Movement Tibetan the of but Diaspora Tibetan Independence . 26

The structure of the CTA is Government is CTA the of structure The

- encompassing a encompassing

nd undisputed leader of the the of leader undisputed nd http://tibet.net/about Government of Tibetans Government

Dalai Lama in in Lama Dalai 27 - like and hasand like

Further the Further - tibet/tibet - CEU eTD Collection 29 211 Studies: ofTransnational 28 whether contemporary or historical, one cannot ignore the role and influence of the Dalai Lama To 5.2 resistancearmy which failed. ultimately guerilla a funding by China against intentions war cold its for proxy a as cause Tibetan the Tibet time, the presence of a strong, stable and lasting external lobby influencing the demands of the this During forming. just is government Central a with effectively negotiated and demands bu coherently demands their shape to beginning just is Exile in leadership Tibetan the is which minority, the stage early Tibetans in Exile and the Chinese state as we know it. From a bargaining of point view, in this Tibetan the for ground the sets period time first This return one and theGovernment day rely on is to the nation of Tibet that is collectively imagined as the homeland that the refugees hope to far fromlocal to contexts a Tibetan national one account. be can leader uncontested an as Exile in Tibetans the by him to devotion the and Lama Dalai the of their local identities and their devotion to specific sects within Buddhism. thelivesoftradition, in the majorit overarching an to belonging of sense a 1959, before though, Even well. as ideals nationalist

Ibid. "D of Story Contemporary "A Dibyesh. Anand, drs ams ay socio any almost address an Diaspora was also missing except for the United States, the CIA to be specific is using The Role of the Dalai Lama the of Dalai Role The

credited largely to Tibetan politics in Exile rather than that of a historical Tibetan Tibetan historical a of that than rather Exile in politics Tibetan to largely credited 29

Therefore among the Tibetans in diaspora, the focus of identification has now shifted -

29.

ter dniy s gop en al t atclt reasonable articulate to able being group a as identity their t

- oiia ise eadn Tbtn bt a hm ad n exile in and home at both Tibetans regarding issue political y what defined ofthe their people, ultimately features were

iaspora": The Tibetan Version." Diaspora Diaspora: A Journal Journal A Diaspora: Diaspora Version." Tibetan The iaspora": - In 23 - Exile torestorefreedom. Exile their -

instead ofindividual instead

movement and negotiations between the the between negotiations and movement localities and regions, it 28

The representation

CEU eTD Collection 31 30 of the Tibetan community. international the on posed community pressure the and Clique” “Dalai the as politics exile Tibetan andactorsand other“separatist” theTGIEin Lama adisplayed labelling as byofthe its Dalai Da the China, For China. with way importance for the Dalai Lama is paid by different actors in involved in the Tibet’s relation the in variation the ignore cannot one discourses, Media and scholarly both analyzing When must Tibetans the of demands or acknowledge promi this behavior the of changes the analyzing follows that survey the Thus, Lama. Dalai the for reverence and sympathy international or level high the acknowledge not only the role he pla issues related Tibet on scholars all Almost (edit) Lama Dalai the of actions and decisions between theChine hand at issues the sovereignty is unvaryingly related to the Dalai Lama and officials appointed by him dealt with decision his and role his dispute to community Tibetan the in least at anyone for difficult it making heart his in Tibetans the of interests best the than other nothing have would he that believed is and people Tibetan the Tibetans. the of realms political and the Avalokiteshwara, religiousmanageboth andperiodicallyrule to is who reborn oneenlightened Bodhisattva,the the Chenrezig, is Lama Dalai the cosmology Buddhist Tibetan In andwhich story complicat inawayofthe Diaspora unique Tibetan the makes Further political decisions and the subsequent ramifications are clearly dependent on the the on dependent clearly are ramifications subsequent the and decisions political Further 79 Survey: Asian Central InSearch Resolution." ofa "Tibet: Amalendu. Misra, Ibid. 82 Ibid.

by the Chinese state to refrain from receiving the Dalai Lama as a representative a as Lama Dalai the receiving from refrain to state Chinese the by se state and the Dalai Lama state andse theDalai himself. 31

ih hs n id utmtl te agiig tutr a ti pit is point this at structure bargaining the ultimately mind, in this With nence ofandLama. theDalai position

lai Lama is a threat to China’s claimed legitimacy over Tibet Tibet over legitimacy claimed China’s to threat a is Lama lai . hrfr, n qeto o Tbtn uooy and autonomy Tibetan on question any Therefore, s. 30 ys as the undisputed leader of the Tibetan people but also

He is the charismati the is He 24

c and all en all and c

- 93. 93. Pg. - compassing leader of leader compassing

in its nature.in its CEU eTD Collection 33 211 Studies: ofTransnational 32 having potentially the has also it background, heterogeneous very a from come who Exile devot and prominence this the Dalai Lama played a key role in its efforts to strengthen a unified Tibetan identity. could be detrimental to the Tibetan nationalist cause. Not only had that, in the TGIE, loyalty to But some scholars have suggested that such a strong depende Universalist discourses. messages on non T violence. been interpreted as a positive and unique feature of the Tibet struggle with an emphasis on non largely has community international the with Tibetans of relationship the turn in and home at the in Lama Dalai the by played role This Lama’s Middle WayApproach” apparent in the CTA’s website for the MWA time and again refers to the strategy as “The Dalai ins Waymovement TibetMiddle eitherhas orindirectlyfor become directly Approach inthat his Tibetan the impact and policies shape to continues still Lama Dalai the TGIE, the of power as much clout as he did a Lama remains though he had officially stepped down from being a political actor yet still holds a democratically elected Prime Minister in Exile. Still, the position and the persona of the Dalai and spiritual undisputed temporal leader of theTibetans exile in until he stepped dow the both as served has Lama Dalai the home, to closer Moving

Ibid. 226 Ibid. "Diaspora of Story Contemporary "A Dibyesh. Anand, titutionalized in the CTA and continues tobe the sole agenda This oftheis Administration.

he popular personality of the Dalai Lama and his strong emphasis on amplifying on emphasis strong his and Lama Dalai the of personality popular he - violence, violence, peace and human rights has managed to link the Tibetan cause with 32 -

nd remains the undisputed spiritual leader. givingDespite up De Jure 29.

ion towards the Dalai Lama has helped in the union of Tibetans in Tibetans of union the in helped has Lama Dalai the towards ion

Pg. 226 Pg.

socio 25 ": The Tibetan Version." Diaspora Diaspora: A Journal Journal A Diaspora: Diaspora Version." Tibetan The ": -

political life of the Tibetan in exile and even and exile in Tibetan the of life political n from political his leadership for nce nce on a singular religious leader 33

Though - CEU eTD Collection 2015. 2, Accessed June 1951. May23, 35 2015. 34 the because void it declared and agreement the of Tibetan’s sovereignty prior to Chinese occupation. At the same time he questioned the validity 17 the citing independence of issue the raised explicitly 17 the of signing the agreement. to leading leadership Chinese the with deal autonomy of Until 1959, the Dalai Lama and his representatives were engaged in negotiations for some sort failedIndi aidrelief togetmore forrefugeesin than Tibetan but resistance, Tibetan the support to countries numerous petitioned Lama Dalai the exile, strategies for the Independencecomplete for Tibet and returning to Tibet. From his position in non through mainly fighting, to committed time the at was him by established Exile governmentLama and in Dalai the The people. Tibetan the plightand theof and Exile TibetansIndia have and toNepal fled during 000 100, over then Since party. small with India to fled Lama Dalai old year 20 the Lama, o rumors following and authority China’s resisted Tibetans that clear 5.3 ain to full TGIE the of development the and views opposing on formulation the on effects discouraging

"Seventeen 10, May Accessed Diasporas." Jewish and Tibetan the Religionizing Homeland: the "Sanctifying Erin. Jenne, http://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/Research/MWG/200910/MWG2009 Negotiations InExile Negotiations made was it Tibet, of capital the in 1959 in Uprising National Tibetan the Following It was during this period that the Dalai Lama was the sole leader of the Tibetans in Tibetans the of leader sole the was Lama Dalai the that period this during was It

even of those within and he was the only one capable of speaking for the demands demands the for speaking of capable one only the was he and within those of even robust democracy thesociety. opposing receptiveand views tochangewithin 35 - Point Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (1951) [p.182]." Legal Materials on Tibet Tibet on Materials Legal [p.182]." (1951) Tibet of Liberation Peaceful the for Plan Point

But after 1959 and as he established governmentthe in exil

Chinese had violated it and because, he he because, and it violated had Chinese th a. on Areet s vdne of evidence as Agreement Point 34

- 11 - iln ad diplo and violent - 09Jenne.pdf f threats to the Dalai Dalai the to threats f e, the Dalai Lama has .

pg. 22 pg. th -

matic China. China. point

CEU eTD Collection 1999. PublicAffairs, 38 98 1997, Perspectives, Contemporary 37 1999. PublicAffairs, 36 in ceased drops arms insufficient and sparse already and dwindled fighters Mustang the over border. ev Tibetans 12,000 Mustang guerrilla units had begun raids along a 250 a base was established in Mustang, Nepal with support from the United States. finders. ( Misra, 195) fact the by authorities the against population the of incitement included 1980s and 1970s late the of trips finding fact government’s exile the similarly, and CIA the by unrest social dissiden political of wave growing a of face the in position its hardened mid government the until position their from budge to reluctant was government 37 identity are deeply felt characteristics of an essential individual, society, and historicalspiritual purpo genuine, stable, a to appeals diaspora, the in Tibetans many to Lama, Dalai the homeland, the "cradle an Tibetan physical the from springing "birthright" a and spirit Tibetan Buddhist necessarily a independence. Further he was is explicit in his appeal to an essential Tibetan identity based on social that the but Chinese and hadgood political reforms, notacted in faith. claimed, it had been signed under duress. He also made clear that he was in favor of economic,

Knaus, John Kenneth. Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival. New York: York: New Survival. for Struggle Tibetan the and America War: Cold the of Orphans Kenneth. John Knaus, etrn, tvn "edn Ngtain i te iea Dapr. Cntutn T Constructing Diaspora." Tibetan the in Negotiations "Reading Steven. Venturino, 38 During this same time period, saw the ris the saw period, time same this During Chinese the yet time the at alive well were negotiations active time the at Also spoke has Lama Dalai time, this During

But as the years passed without any bases established inside Tibet, US enthusiasm US Tibet, inside established bases any without passed years the as But

Pg. 281 Pg.

pg. 177 pg. nuly ond the joined entually

d homeland of Tibetan Buddhism" itself. Echoing these sentiments of

- 121.

Pg. 191 191 Pg.

pca Fote Force Frontier Special

e of a Tibetan guerrilla resistance group with group resistance guerrilla Tibetan a of e wl ad la o hs erh f Tibetan of search his of clear and well n - mile mile stretch inside Tibet. In addition, some

ht and h Sino the manned that - 0 we Chinese when 80s 36

By spring 1961, ibetan Culture: Culture: ibetan - ce and ce Indian se. CEU eTD Collection 42 189 (2003): 2 no. 4, AsianEthnicity 41 40 39 enga to desire a that non of one beenalways not has resistanceTibetan the that highlights This shape. taking are that discourses future the and movement independence and ended rather prematurely it plays a signifi Thoughinstitutions. the armed guerilla resistance failed to make any significant developments exile establish further basically to and York New and Geneva in offices open to money exile provi and China with relations of normalization following general in The United States ended all its support for the resistance movement and Tibetan independence t help useful...whatever was help CIA the say can't broken...I were promises those All country. far their territory. that: Gyalo Years later stated Thundrop. has U.S’ cold war intentions of provoking a communist regime rather than helping Tibetans regain supp The with the local aided population Mustang, Nepal in the late 1970s carried out repeated incursions in an attempt to make contact compatriots. from support no had no better luck. Only two were able to operate in Colorado 19 heyI ledtoreprisals. theChinese really [and] provided sorry feel very provoked for this.”

"Gyalo Thondup: Interview Excerpts." Wall Street Journal. February 20, 2009. Accessed May 15, 2 May15, Accessed 2009. 20, Journal. February Street Wall InterviewExcerpts." Thondup: "Gyalo N "A Amalendu. Misra, Ibid. pg. Ibid. 65, leaving an aging and barely armed guerrilla force in dire straits. - sighted policy for Tibet[...]The Americans promised to help make Tibet an independent independent an Tibet make help to promised Americans Tibet[...]The for policy sighted 281 “America didn't w didn't“America - ort of the CIA for the Tibetan Resistance was short was Resistance Tibetan the for CIA the of ort 126 trained Tibetans who were sent into Tibet from 1964 to 1967 on fact – 279

ge in possible violent insurgencies to fight for demands did exist in the in exist did demands for fight to insurgencies violent possible in ge ation in Exile: Tibetan Diaspora and the Dynamics of Long Distance Nationalism 1." 1." Nationalism Distance Long of Dynamics the and Diaspora Tibetan Exile: in ation

ant to help Tibet. It just wanted to make trouble for China. It had no Itno China.forhad trouble make to wantedIt just Tibet. help to ant 40

- 206. Accessed May 12, 2015. EBSCO 2015. Accessed May12, 206. 41

Also at the time the exile guerrilla movement operating out of out operating guerrillamovement exile the time the at Also

28 cant role in understanding history of the Tibetan

- country for mor - violence and peaceful negotiations andnegotiations peaceful and violence

- lived and was motivated by the the by motivated was and lived . 195 .

e e than two months, finding 39 ded the government the ded

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- 42 in

- CEU eTD Collection struggle question. isanother Tibetan the in again surface would solution or desire radical of sort this not or Whether past.

CEU eTD Collection can crediblyrepresent differinginterests. that voices contending strong of lack the and leadership Lama’s Dalai the of presence the to even tomoreinfluence shift radical lobbyactor but moderate more outside from resist only not to able is (CTA) leadership minority the that show to attempt will chapter of the M the need for peaceful dialogues as a means of achieving this cause. By looking at the evolution reiterating autonomy, genuine for demand moderate more much a to government central the keeping the momentum alive, and movement Independence the of strengthening a for advocating are who CTA the beyond groups external of development the despite that demonstrate will chapter This environment. polit and identity their developing still are exile in people the and leadership Tibetan the time, this At Approach. Way Middle when the Dalai Lama publicly outlined his new strategy for the Tibetan movement dubbed the Tibetan for the in support lies chapter concrete this of focus and The Independence. full a near anywhere reaching not cause Tibetan the of aspects cultural and religion rights, human surrounding narratives of level the at remained Tibetan for case far the remained cause, continuously has Tibetan Independence the of awareness and voice considerable raising 6.1 Chapter 6 Introduction: Years following the successful establishment of the Tibetan Government in Exile and Exile in Government Tibetan the of establishment successful the following Years iddle Way and discourses within Tibetan politics since the adoption of the MWA, this : Second Period: Shift Policy in towards

the CTA headed by the Dalai Lama shifted their demands against a Mi cl ois hl etbihn tesle i a new a in themselves establishing while motifs ical ddle Way

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oa spot o Tibet for support ional demands duedemands CEU eTD Collection found. be not from could opinionscame whom the from where and of 47 http://mwa.tibet.net/read/#/periodical 2015. May17, Accessed 46 45 44 http://www.dalailama.com/messages/middle 2015. Accessed May7, ofTibet. Issue the Resolving For Approach 43 letters opinion total the of 64% than more to the Dalai Lama’s website and the TGIE, a preliminary opinion poll was conducted in which decide on the best possible way of realizing the cause of Tibet through a referendum. peopl According Tibetan the that 1997 and 1996 in proposed again Lama Dalai the proposal, the to positively respond not did government Chinese the Yet, outcome. beneficial mutually adopted the unanimously. it endorsed finally of and proposal text the on discussions extensive held They invitees. special and Tibetans arrived loc the of members Kashag the and Deputies People's autonomy thePRC from alter any have not does he that conclusion Norbu has commented on this by stating that DalaiThe Lama, like his people, has come to the Dawa scholar Tibetan Prominent core. its at Tibetans of interest best the with one adopted people. which formed the basis of negotiations as to what kind of autonomy was needed by the Tibetan Middle a pursue to statement a issued 6.2

After searching the websites official of the CTA, The Dalai Lama and that of the noMWA detailed explanation CTA ofthe branch Executive the the Cabinet; to Kashag refers The t with China'sDialogue Norbu: Way Middle HisHoliness's ofTibet." Issue the Resolving For Approach Way Middle Holiness's "His Itouto t te aue Eouin n Aheeet f h Middle the of Achievement and Evolution Nature, the to "Introduction Emergence of the Middle Way Middle of the Emergence 43 Dal the that Strasbourg in Parliament European the at 1988 June 15 on was It The negotiations were participated by the members of the Assembly of Tibetan Tibetan of Assembly the of members the by participated were negotiations The by the TGIE abandoning its prior pursuit of restoring an independent Tibet to reach areach to Tibet independent anrestoring of pursuit prior its abandoning TGIE the by

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Smith, Warren. "ORIGINS OF OF "ORIGINS Smith,Warren. 49 ofTibet." Issue the Resolving For Approach Way Middle Holiness's "His "His "His Holiness's Middle Way Approach For Resolving the Issue of Tibet." His Holiness's Middle Way Approach

"Introduction to the Nature, Evolution and Achievement of the Middle the of Achievement and Evolution Nature, the to "Introduction ssed May 17, 2015. http://mwa.tibet.net/read/#/periodicals/1. 2015. May17, ssed According to the Dalai Lama’s office, the realization of need to shift to such a policy is - beneficial solution. beneficial 49 nimous nimous resolution in favor of the MWA on 18 September 1997 and informed the

To this, the Dalai Lama added that he continues to believe that his "Middle - Tibetan rapprochement began.

THE MIDDLE WAY POLICY." Tibetan Political Review. March 24, 2015. 24, March Review. Political Tibetan WAYPOLICY." MIDDLE THE

The Dalai Lama and his administ his and Lama Dalai The arge. - way 48 -

approach. Thus, the referendum that was proposed by the Dalai 32 rs, this realization for the need to shift demands

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CEU eTD Collection 2015. 56 55 54 53 http://tibet.net/2013/11/tibets 2015. May4, 52 Chin the conflict, the resolve to negotiations further Tibetans toeven opposingsuch consider criticizing a policy. or propo was it that fact the and emanates term the that spirituality the ideals; Buddhist of line the in policy the branding for reason diasporas tend to offer greater assistance to their co diasporic the home the to closely “religionizing” more them binding of effectively means a as community others, over identity religious their a elevate and cultural geographical variants. linguistic, religious, ethnic, includes which nationalism Tibetan in element Way. in home at both population Tibetan the of majority that account to in taking act” sacrilegious a even perhaps dishonest, deeply a also was It genius. of stroke a was Way” “Middle the China Communist Gandruk enlightenment. mid a pursuing 6.3

Je Inofsearchresolution http://www.rangzen.net/2011/02/01/not Tibetan in Chushi Gandruk as known army isresistance guerrilla Tibetan The No Administration. Central Tibetan Way." Middle "Tibet's Wangchuk. Tsering, nne, Erin. "Sanctifying the Homeland: Religionizing the Tibetan and Jewish Diasporas." Accessed May 10, 10, May Accessed Diasporas." Jewish and Tibetan the Religionizing Homeland: the "Sanctifying Erin. nne, http://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/Research/MWG/200910/ 54 Reactions to the Middle Way Approach Way the Middle to Reactions

Despite the adoption of the policy to make progress in the Sino the in progress make to policy the of adoption the Despite The policy of the MWA and its d The dilution of the “spiritual” in the “political” has made religious symbolism a potent 53

has expressed that the nam the that expressed has Further, Jenne suggests that political agents within a diaspora may choose to choose may diaspora a within agents political that suggests Jenne Further, 52

- exile a devoted Buddhists who have grown up accepting Buddha’s Middle Middle Buddha’s accepting up grown have who Buddhists devoted a exile rmnn Tbtn lge, ciit n a omr ebr f h Chushi the of member former a and activist blogger, Tibetan Prominent on bten xrmte; h mto Bdh hs sd o achieve to used has Buddha method the extremities; between point

- the - middle ing of the policy of surrendering Tibetan sovereignty to sovereignty Tibetan surrendering of policy the of ing - buddhas emands are framed in the spiritual Buddhist beliefs of e b te aa Lm mks t ifcl fr most for difficult it makes Lama Dalai the by sed - way/. - 33 middle

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Whatsoever the . Pg 2 Pg .

CEU eTD Collection 63 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama 62 way/article7106400.ece. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/white 2015. 61 60 http://www.chinaembassy 2015. 59 http://www.cctv.com/english/special/C14619/20050830/101565 2015. 14, Accessed May 2005. 30, August 58 57 doubted the policybeginning. inthe who many for MWA the of wisdom the confirmed and image international Lama’s Dalai prop focus on mutual benefit and peaceful conciliation. In fact, the pacifying nature of Dalai Lama’s and pragmaticnature its to seeminglydue proposal of welcoming were general in community the Dalai Lama’s address in Str nothing different pro from the pro a as it labeling giving different signals at different time. and affairs international of tide changing the with attitude his changing of Lama Dalai the to return to attempt and Independence seeking of efforts attempting to improve relations with China, the “Dalai Clique” the70sandIndiaof the in United States 80sduringwere internationaland the which situation further make to concessions fornegotiations order in take to place. leadership Tibetan the proposed but negotiations in engage to reluctant

https://sites.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/articles/originsofthemiddlewaypolicy May9, Accessed 2015. April 15, Hindu. The Way'" 'middle Denounces Tibet on Paper Atul. "White Aneja, "What Is Dalai Lama's 'Middle Way'" Embassy of the People's Republic of China CCTV Policy." Government´s the Central and Activities Clique´sSeparatist Dalai "The progress Negotiation A udit doae o Pae n Fre and Peace for Advocate Buddhist "A Ibid. osal was cited in the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989

In the international arena, the Dalai Lama’s MWA was met with strong support after support strong with met was MWA Lama’s Dalai the arena, international the In Statements coming from the Chinese government stated that due to the changin - separatist s separatist

- org.be/eng/zt/zgxz/t265177.htm. -

asbourg. Independence previously. policythat existed trategy in disguise and has continued to refuse the proposal as proposal the refuse to continued has and disguise in trategy 63

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60 Many foreign supporters of Tibet and the international

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g nature CEU eTD Collection 66 189 (2003): 2 no. 4, AsianEthnicity 65 64 founded on. onl not is it that suggest to history on drawing to confined are Tibetans contemporary that ideals Buddhist and peace of message the towards frustration shown even have they addition, In inception. its since independence complete for demands greater Tibetan autonomy and the TGIE is conciliatory towards Beijing, the TYC of disenchantment with the TGIE’s nationalist policies. moral the Tsering Shakya points out that as time progressed, the lack of concrete political outcomes from many times contradicting the activities of the government in distinctiveness ideas of Tibetan iden promoting and sustaining creating, in role crucial a play to began slowly have who on so and Association Women’s Tibetan the Congress, Youth Tibetan the as such emerge to began

Ibid, pg.191 pg.191 Ibid, Ama Misra, (Lopez, 219) (Lopez, act institutionalized period time this During

position of the Dalai Lama and his popularity in the West has led to growing sense sense growing to led has West the in popularity his and Lama Dalai the of position lendu. "A Nation in Exile: Tibetan Diaspora and the Dynamics of Long Distance Nationalism 1." 1." Nationalism Distance Long of Dynamics the and Diaspora Tibetan Exile: in Nation "A lendu. 66

- 206. Accessed May 12, 2015. EBSCO. 2015. Accessed May12, 206. tity and nationalism 35

ivists groups within the Tibetan Diaspora Tibetan the within groups ivists 65 -

sometimes sometimes complementing but often While While the Dalai Lama has called for - exile. y on Buddhism that Tibet was was Tibet that Buddhism on y

Pg. 191 191 Pg. 64 Prominent Tibetan scholar

has expressed CEU eTD Collection 67 up the idea of stepping the Dalai Lama has continuously called on Tibetans to adhere to non government still remained reluctant to engage in any meaningful dialogues. During these times, effectivenes the on criticism Tibet, Free a for youthamong moreactivists and other radicalofthe factions diaspora. ne brand a incited This travelling. its occupation of Tibet, turning sometimes to violence to stop the Olympic torch from smoothly and Olympics the of hosting China’s against protest to gathered world the around supporters torch famous Beijing’s Throughout worldwide. Tibetans the of plight the to attention international draw and China against grievances their express to 2008 Beijing Olympics brought about opportunity for Tibetans both inside and outside of Tibet inTibetan areas.subsequent thea CCP from back these crackdown as events With 10 sepa 10 March the of commemoration annual Leading up to the Beijing Olympics, violent protests and riots broke out inside Tibet during an even landmark Several 2008. 7.1

The Tibet protest of spring 2008 ofspring protest 2008 Tibet The th

rate protests took place in Tibetan areas within China in the three and a half weeks deom deom weeks half a and three the in China within areas Tibetan in place took protests rate resistance against the effects of outside lobby ac t 5 to March Introduction Following these events which drew global attention to the Tibetan cause and the call the and cause Tibetan the to attention global drew which events these Following since Diaspora Tibetan the of behavior the analyzing in lies chapter this of focus The Chapter 7 th

pi 2008. April down from his political leadership of the TGIE which finally took shape

: Third period: ts took place in the exile Tibetan socio Tibetan exile the in place took ts

67 hs ed o ute poet ad oe ilne u t a to due violence more and protests further to lead This w momentum in the Tibetan movement for independence for movement Tibetan the in momentum w th actor

Uprisings of 1959. During this time at least 95 95 least at time this During 1959. of Uprisings 36 s of the MWA began to grow and the Chinese the and grow to began MWA the of s

continued relay around the world, Pro world, the around relay - - violence and also brought political field since then. then. since field political

minority ground, the - Tibet CEU eTD Collection http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/03/dalai_lama_resigns. 68 prime past had than politics Tibetan in role prominent more much a play would who minister prime elected session. parliament Tibetan the when authority formal his devolve to Exile in Tibe the as 7.2 the homeland. and CTA su the radicalize to failed has grievances their voice to opportunity more gaining and the background behind both to analyze why the external lobby at this point in time despite groups within the diasp leadership the from resistance stronger and further with met are they rather but (CTA) leadership minority the radicalize th of radicalizing the predict, to seems diaspora on towards alternative and possibly more radical approac channel attempting influence and Tibetto of future the for demandsarticulating lobby” thatis pro for mobilizing groups and approach CTA’s the of newlyredone Waygovernment haspushed Middle its and more agenda further even strongly. th conflict, Tibetan the to solutions alternative seeking groups of momentum increasing the in 2011 followed by a democratic election for a Prime

"So Long, Farewell." The E Long,The Farewell." "So bsequently has been unsuccessful at this point in time in shifting the nature of conflict within Devolution of the Dalai Lama’s Political Power Political Lama’s Dalai of the Devolution It was in March 2011 that the Dalai Lama has announced his resignation from his role his from resignation his announced hasLama Dalai the that 2011 March in was It critics the thesis, this in earlier presented framework bargaining ethnic the Following 68

This was then followed by elections in the exile community for a democr a for community exile the in elections by followed then was This tan community’s political leader and proposed amending the Charter for Tibetans Tibetans for Charter the amending proposed and leader political community’s tan

- ministers and suggested a complete devolution of the Dalai Lama’s political Lama’s Dalai the of devolution complete a suggested and ministers ora this chapter focuses on understanding the framing of the arguments

conomist. March 14, 2011. Accessed June 2, 2015. 2015. Accessed June2, 2011. 14, March conomist.

. Following the Following . 37 discourses both of the CTA and that of external of that and CTA the of both discourses

e external lobby is, at this time is failing tofailing is time this at is, lobby external e - h. Minister. Amidst growing criticism and -

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CEU eTD Collection http://tibet.net/2013/07/cta 2015. 2, 73 updates/investigatingthecandidate https://sites.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/project 2015. April 16, Accessed 2011. 72 71 http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703453804576191542646350586. 2015. 70 2 Accessed June 1951. May23, 69 Lama. Dalai the by proposed repressi between Way Middle seeking of policy its pursuing with the Chinese government. could CTA the change. of waythe in stand could Tripa Kalon any change it. Holiness His including everyone, if policy, that of review a to open also is he However, Independence. Complete or Way Middle the activist group and throughout his campaign trail have remained ambiguous about his stance on Con Youth Tibetan the of member a as youth his during active being of history previous a has Sikyong The TGIE. the of Sikyong the as CTA the a Harvard law graduate won with a sweeping majority of 55% of the vote f a LobsangSangay Dr. election. the in participated countries 30 over in world, the around Tibetans and politics exile Tibetan in before seen been never as candidates seennewas by turn theTibetans a intheir s community” international the deceive to “tricks as denounced Beijing that Lama Dalai exile. in politics to modernization of sense a to adding elections previous candi secular all saw followed that elections subsequent The role.

"CTA Committed "CTA to Committed Pursue Middle 15, Review.Political March Tibetan WAY." MIDDLE THE ON CANDIDATES THE "INVESTIGATING Atla The ofTibet." Prime Minister Accidental "The Khazan,Olga. May13, Accessed 2011. March 11, WSJ. Role." Leader Political Over Hand to Lama Jeremy. "Dalai Page, "Seventeen Once in power, the Prime Minister had made it very clear that the CTA is committed to the by efforts campaigning strong saw year same the in followed that Elections

Of course, if all those people decide to change the Middle Way Policy, it is doubtful - Point Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (1951) [p.182]." Legal Materials on Tibet Tibet on Materials Legal [p.182]." (1951) Tibet of Liberation Peaceful the for Plan Point possibly rethink its policies regarding the future of and its negotiation tactics negotiation its and of future the regarding policies its rethink possibly

, 2015. , sonthemiddleway. 73 -

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CEU eTD Collection P7 TA //EP//TEXT http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef= 2015. May13, Accessed 2012. 20, March Parliament. 75 74 MWA the of proposal initial its basedhasLama Dalaipower.The to come has administration de and policies its 7.3 the within devotion tohim majority Tibetans. of Lama dis inshaping the Dalai the role of mentioning the Dalai Lama in justifying ones actions and beliefs. This suggests the very strong to adherence strong a has field social the and political the in both discourses affairs, political not. If one has spent a good amount of time in the Tibetan community or ha de the remains officially withthe representativesdiscussion thefuture of theCTAon ofTibet. Way new democratically elected the Tibetan political leadership to continue its efforts to pursue of the Middle decision the commending resolution a passes Parliament European the 2012, leaders who he has spok world many that elaborated has he Further world. the to proposal the and position CTA’s enough explainingwell in group inabilityhis the of to due be couldheadway China little with b explained be could This views. opposing of resistance tougher much with alongstronger grown policyhas the promoting for campaign

"European Parliament Resolution of 14 June 2012 on the Human Rights Situation in Tibet." European Tibet." in Situation Rights theon Human June2012 of14 Resolution Parliament "European

Policy of the Dalai Lama and calling on Chinese authorities to engage in a meaningful meaningful a in engage to authorities Chinese on calling and Lama Dalai the of Policy New Prime Minister and Continued Resistance Continued Prime Ministerand New In the Tibetan case the hope for the external lobby to influence the CTA in rethinking in CTA the influence to lobby external the for hope the case Tibetan the In had Lama Dalai the that fact the despite that notice can one affairs, these Throughout

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Middle Way Approach." Middle Way Approach. Accessed June 1, 2015. 1, AccessedJune Way Approach. Middle Approach." Way Middle the usage of the Dalai Lama’s name to somehow legitimize its actions whether actions its legitimize somehow to name Lama’s Dalai the of usage the

days of Deng and with no concrete progress in sight; the current Chinese policy tan scholar Dawa Norbu has shone the light on this issue early on when he when on early issue this on light the shone has Norbu Dawa scholar tan - Way and those who denigrate and misconstrue His Holiness the Dalai the Holiness His misconstrue and denigrate who those and Way

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to CEU eTD Collection 2010. Press, University Duke 79 1997, Perspectives, Contemporary 78 the Chinese government. seek armed guerrilla resistance but other means not just limited to trying to have dialogues with sa to not is This movement. Tibetan the to CTA’s contribute to methods other for the look youth the while for diminishing slowly are strategies patience there that highlighting resistance Tibetan the of narratives their reconciliation with China. peaceful seeking of position official current the with also and globally projecting is it that early history of the Tibetan resistance resistance armed the of existence the even and role the ignored and downplayed the that in apparent are elite “gives popularpolicy wayparticipation in making.(112) tobroad

McGranahan, Carole. Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a Forgotten War. Durham [NC: [NC: Durham War. Forgotten a of Memories and CIA, the Tibet, Histories: Arrested Carole. McGranahan,

etrn, tvn "edn Ngtain i te iea Dapr. Constructing Diaspora." Tibetan the in Negotiations "Reading Steven. Venturino, This resistance and the varying discourses between the CTA and the external groups external the and CTA the between discourses varying the and resistance This

Tibetan Government in Exile has continuously and purposely purposely and continuously has Exile in Government Tibetan

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group in t in group he he CEU eTD Collection independence for activism grassroots of forms other and protests to resorting groups activist bargaining offer that seems legitimate. With the CTA stron any reach to difficult it makes diaspora Tibetan the within disunity This government. Chinese the with effectively more bargain to possibly together work actors outside the of interests the c to CTA the for time be finally might it Lama, Dalai aging the with along policies in mobilization and dissatisfaction among the Tibetan youth and other groups suggesting a change future. coming within the Tibetan diaspora to change its policies the but tides might have begun to shift in the leadership. demand the with confirm necessarily not might who actors lobby outside of influence the resist successfully to able is population minority the in exists devotion strong a which for ideals religious of that around demands or arguments their or leader religious charismatic a has that group minority a that suggests This diaspora. the from influence radicalizing ignoring in successful been has leadership minority wide the minority, majority and the external lobby; the emphasis on the CTA as the minority leader and the of traid the to in fit directly not does case this Though bargaining. ethnic of dynamics dependence on the Dalai Lama alon the and of existence the case, Tibetan the In diaspora. the within actors outside of influence the resisting successfully is behavior its how understand to framework bargaining ethnic Till Till now, the CTA has successfully been able to resist the influences of radicalizing groups This thesis has sought to situate the role of the of role the situate to sought has thesis This r diaspora as the external lobby has allowed us to shed a light on cases where the where cases on light a shed to us allowed has lobby external the as diaspora r

With self With - immolations continuously taking place in Tibet and the increasing increasing the and Tibet in place taking continuously immolations Chapter 8 g with the of lack a strong collective lobby actor bucks the : Conclusion 42

ad h srtge o te minority the of strategies the and s

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is able to frame to able is onsider CEU eTD Collection stance&id=36079. Rangzen affirms Accessed May 30 80 byLama. theDalai youth do not see a contradiction in sta the generation, older the unlike that out pointed observer an Further independence. for stance re to gather world the around leaders community and activists, students, Tibetan campaign. An International Rangzen Conference was recently ho their strengthen further to discussions begun have and that realized already have to seem rule Chinese from separate nation a or motherland the regaining for fight their is diaspora Tibetan of goal main the that suggesting and independence promoting groups These influence. its resist to CTA the for difficult it make to group collective one to in uniting by stronger seeking disguise. in separatism allows theChinese ashas government it always done as todebunkthe MWA a farce policy of

Yangchen, Phuntsok. "International Rangzen Conference Re Conference Rangzen "International Phuntsok. Yangchen, Change

s need to come not only for the CTA but the outside actors also could mobilize could also actors outside the but CTA the for only not come to need s , 2015. http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=International , Rangzen 2015. http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=International Conference re 80

nding for policies that are different from the one proposed 43

- affir ms Rangzen Stance." Phayu Stance." Rangzen ms sted in New Delhi which saw l. May 26, 2015. 26, May l. - affirm their their affirm

the - CEU eTD Collection 2,2015. June March 10,2011.Accessed MADHUKAR, ABH DukeDurham University [NC: Press, 2010. McGranahan,a ArrestedCIA, and Forgotten Carole. Histories: of Tibet,Memories the War. Survival. New York: PublicAffairs, 1999. Knaus, John Accessed 8,2015. June Khazan,"The Olga. PrimeMinisterofTibet." Accidental Atlantic. May The15, 2013. Ithaca: CornellUniversityPress, 2007.288. Erin.Jenne, Bargaining: Ethnic ofMinority The ed. Vol. Paradox Empowerment. 1st 1. http://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/Research/MWG/200910/MWG2009 Accessed May 10,2015. Erin.Jenne, "Sanctifying theHomeland: Diasporas." theTibetan Religionizing and Jewish Www.mwa.tibet.net. Accessed May 17,2015. "Introduction tothe Nature,andAchievement Evolution of theMiddle updates/investigatingthecandidatesonthemiddleway https://site AccessedReview. April March 15,2011. 16,2015. "INVESTIGATING CANDIDATESMIDDLE Political THE THE Tibetan WAY." ON http://www.dalailama.com/messages/middle WayMiddle ResolvingFor Issue Tibet. 2,2015. Accessed Approach of the June Way"His Holiness's Middle App May 15,2015. "GyaloInterview February Excerpts." Journal. Street Accessed Thondup: Wall 20,2009. 0 DOC XMLV0//EN. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef= European March Parliament. 20,2012. 2012 "European of14June on theHuman Parliament inTibet." Rights Resolution Situation in http://www.forbes.com/sites/brahmachellaney/2014/11/27/why November 2,2015. June 27,2014. Accessed Chelleney,Issue"WhyBrahma.In Core Tibet RemainsThe China middle Accessed 2,2015. Administration. June "CTA t Committed 404. Reconsidering ofTransnational377 A Journal Studies: Diaspora(s)." Diaspora Diaspora: Baumann, "Shangri Martin. denounces Accessed May 9, 2015. Aneja, A Diaspora: ofTransnational211 AJournal Studies: Anand,"A"Diaspora": Dibyesh. Contemporaryof Story The Tibetan Diaspora Version." 12, 2015. "ABuddhist Peace Advocatefor andLama Freedom." 14thDalai The - china

- way - india 'middle "WhiteonTibettul. Paper Denounces 15,2015. Way'" Hindu. April The http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama s.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/project - middle -

approach Kenneth. America ofthe Orphans War: Cold andStruggle theTibetan for -

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