Consortium of Social Science Associations ©COSSA lff/S/lllC'fftl" l'PDl'fll Volume XVIlI Number 5 March 22 1999 NIH OFFICIALS APPEAR BEFORE NEW FACES AT NSF APPROPRIATION CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATORS M HEARING IN HOUSE J./5

Congressional Appropriations Committees want With a new Chairman, Representative James to complete their appropriations hearings by April Walsh (R-NY) and a new Ranking Member, 22, 1999, instead of June 11, as happened last year. Representative Alan Mollohan (D-WV), the House Thus, officials from the National Institutes of Health VA, HUD, Independent Agencies Appropriations (NIH) have already appeared before both the House Subcommittee heard new National Science and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Labor, Foundation Director Rita Colwell defend NSF's FY Health and Human Services, chaired by 2000 budget proposal at a hearing on March 4. The Representative John Porter (R-IL) and Senator Arlen proposed budget calls for a 5. 8 percent increase to a Specter (R-PA), respectively. total of $3.954 billion.

On February 23, NIH Director Harold Varmus Unlike hearings in previous years, Chairman and all of the NIH Directors appeared in a single Walsh did not offer an opening statement that praised hearing with Department of Health and Human NSF for its effectiveness as an agency that supports Services Secretary before the Senate the basic research that drives econorrjc advances in Appropriations Subcommittee. According to Senator this country. Rather, Walsh simply announced that Specter, the NIH's professional judgment budget NSF was appearing and turned to Colwell to begin (how much the agency could reasonably spend to her statement. Later in the hearing he appeared still respond to current scientific opportunities) is $19.3 upset over NSF's decision a number of years ago not billion. Varmus quickly noted that the figure was in to renew funding for the Supercomputer Center at response to Specter's specific request and that the Cornell University, saying it still left a "sour taste." agency "could operate effectively under the President's budget" of$15.9 billion. Both Colwell and National Science Board Chairman Eamon Kelly, an economist and former Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA), the ranking President of Tulane University, made a strong case Democrat on the Subcommittee, noted that last year for NSF's proposed budget. The director expressed the Subcommittee was able to provide "a record $2 concern about the imbalance in federal funding billion increase for NIH - setting a course to double created by the "sharp nature of the shift toward the NIH funding in five years." He added that the biomedical fields," in the past 25 years. Both President's request for a 2.1 percent increase does not referred to NSF-supported basic research as "the $4 even keep up with medical inflation, let alone billion fulcrum" around which the U.S. science continue along the path of doubling the NIH budget over 5 years. Inside UPDATE.•. Harkin has not been alone in his disappointment •House Appropriators Wary of Emphasis oo with the President's budget; members from both sides Competitive Agricultural Research of the aisle have voiced their concerns publically. In • Government Reform Committee Approves Seven a March 16 press conference, COSSA joined more Census Bills; Partisan Feuding Continues than 300 organizations - including the leaders of • Budget Request "Zeroes Out" One Source of NU Funds; House CJS Appropriations Chair NIHx2, the Ad Hoc Group for Medical Research Not Pleased Funding, the Campaign for Medical Research, the • Sources of Research Support (Continued on p. S) 2 COSSA WASHINGTON UPDATE March 22 1999 enterprise revolves. Colwell did say that NSF had Representative (D-FL) seemed asked the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) perplexed by the endeavor, wondering how it would for a $4.3 billion budget for FY 2000, an increase of contribute to the "economic good." Colwell 15 percent, and that NSF did deserve parity, in the explained that BE was an extension of Life in Earth's future, with NIH and NASA, whose current budgets Environments, an earlier NSF initiative. The new are three to four times larger than that of NSF. program would spend $50 million more than already allocated funds for enhancing environmental Walsh and other Republican members of the databases and "ecological forecasting." Subcommittee questioned whether the major new Representatives Joe Knollenberg (R-MI) and Anne initiative in the NSF budget, Information Technology Northrup (R-KY) sought to use the BE initiative as a 2 for the Twenty First Century (IT ), scheduled for an way to push their interest in moving the research increase of $146 million, was a politically-driven funds of the Environmental Protection Agency to endeavor by the White House to enhance Vice NSF. EPA's research budget is over $600 million. President Gore's reputation. Colwell responded that IT2 was a natural progression from earlier initiatives Chairman Supports Repeal of to enhance information collection and analysis, based Data Sharing Provision on the rapid acceleration of change in computing and computational power. IT2 would provide computing The issue of the revisions to the Office of power to handle huge data bases that could help Management and Budget's (OMB) Circular A-110 examine the impact of climate on health, the forced by the Congress in last year's Omnibus evolution of language, and other important areas of Appropriations Act (See UPDATE, February 8, science. She also noted that $10 million out of 1999 ) also came up during the hearing. The NSF's proposed allotment would support studies of provision would require agencies to share data from the social and economic implications of information grants they support to individuals who request it technology, including human-computer interface under the Freedom of Information Act. Chairman studies. Walsh indicated his concern and announced he was co-sponsoring legislation proposed by Representative Members of the Subcommittee also focused on George Brown (D-CA) to repeal the provision. the other new initiative in the proposed FY 2000 Representative David Price (D-NC) also commented budget; Biocomplexity in the Environment (BE). on the dangers the new law presented to the continuation of the excellent science this nation has produced. On the other side, Northrup appeared to support the new provision complaining about EPA's CONSORTIUM OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATIONS unwillingness to provide "raw data" from research projects that affect public policy. Executive Director: Howard J. Silver Public Affairs: David A Hess Govenunent Affairs: Angela L. Sharpe Administrative Officer: Karen E. Carrion President: Alfred Blwnstein HOUSE APPROPRIATORS WARY OF The Consortiwn of Social Science Associations (COSSA), EMPHASIS ON COMPETITIVE an advocacy organization for federa1 support for the social AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IfJ and behavioral sciences, was fowided in 1981 wid stands alone in Washington in representing the full range of The agricultural research and social and behavioral sciences. UPDATE is published 22 extension network is "the envy ofthe world," times per year. Individual subscriptions arc available from COSSA for $75; institutional subscriptions, $150, overseas according to Representative Joe Skeen (R-NM), mail, $150. ISSN 0749-4394. Address all inquiries to Chainnan of the House Agricultural, Rural COSSA. 1522 K Street, NW, Suite 836, Washington, D.C. Development, Food and Drug Administration and 20005. Phone: 2021842-3525, FAX: 202/842-2788. Related Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee. On http:llmembers.ao/.comlsocscience!COSSAindex.htm March 2 he asked witnesses from the Department of Agriculture's Research, Education, and Economics March 22 1999 COSSA WASHINGTON UPDATE 3 ( (REE) office why the proposed FY 2000 budget expense of fonnula funds in the proposed budget. seeks "to change it [the research and extension Representative Joanne Emerson (R-MO) voiced network] a great deal." concern that the NRI increase could go to support studies of climate change. The budget, the first proposed since the enactment of the Agricultural Research, Exten'iion The proposed budgets of the Economic Research and Education Refonn Act of 1998, includes a Service (ERS) and the National Agricultural significant ($81 million) increase for the National Statistics Service (NASS) were also part ofthe Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive Grants discussion. ERS Administrator Susan Offutt stressed program. However, it also proposes reductions ($27 the increases in the budget for enhancing commodity million) in Hatch Act fonnula grant programs, and market analysis and the infonnation needs of small Special Grants ($54.7 million). REE Undersecretary farmers. She was asked by Emerson about the I. Miley Gonzalez defended this recommendation as a increase for a carbon sequestration initiative that way to balance the research portfolio. He also "will increase the use of production practices that stressed the need for "multi-disciplinary, regional, build organic soil carbon that enhance the quality and multi-state, and multi-institutional strategies" to productivity of affected lands." Emerson was "facilitate both effective and efficient returns on our concerned that ERS was following the guidelines of research, education, and extension dollars." In the Kyoto protocol, even though that had not been justifying the increases in the REE budget proposals, ratified yet. Nethercutt also criticized REE for an Gonzalez quoted the House Science Committee over emphasis on global change research. Report Unlocking Our Future on two occasions. Boyd asked David Bey, Administrator of NASS, Gonzalez also advocated funding the Initiative why his agency should continue to exist given modem for Future Agriculture and Food Systems, which communication systems that can get up-to-date data would provide $120 million for the Cooperative State to farmers quickly. Bey defended NASS by noting Research, Education, and Extension Service that "not only are NASS statistical reports important (CSREES) budget to competitively award research, to assess the current supply and demand of education, and extension grants focused on high agricultural commodities," but they are important "to priority issues. This program was authorized, but farm organizations, commodity groups, and public not funded in FY 1999. The REE also intends, officials who analyze agricultural policy, foreign according to Gonzalez, to make $20 to $40 million trade, construction and environmental programs, available for research, extension, and education under research, rural development, and many other a revived Fund for Rural America. Congress activities." prohibited the Agriculture Department from spending funds on this program in FY 1999.

The response of the Subcommittee's members to GOVERNMENT REFORM COMMITTEE these developments was agreement with the APPROVES SEVEN CENSUS BILLS; Chairman and Representative (D-FL) PARTISAN FEUDING CONTINUES [)JI that "research and education is the key to the success of agriculture" in this country. However, as noted by The latest round in partisan battling over the Representative George Nethercutt (R-WA), it is the 2000 Census occurred at a March 17 House prerogative of appropriators to allocate funds through Government Reform Committee. Chairman Dan Special Grants to particular universities to support Burton (R-IN) convened the hearing to "mark-up" projects deemed worthy by Members of Congress. several pieces of legislation designed to improve the The Subcommittee's Ranking Democrat accuracy of the upcoming head count. The hearing Representative Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) questioned the was marked by partisan wrangling over procedure. reduction in Hatch Act funding. CSREES Acting Democrats, including Government Reform Administrator Colien Heferan noted that OMB Committee Ranking Member Henry Waxman (D­ emphru. ized "competitively awarded research," at the CA) and Census Subcommittee Ranking Member 4 COSSA WASHINGTON UPDATE March 22, 1999

Carolyn Maloney (D-NY), argued that Burton a $26 million matching grant program for outreach, convened the mark-up without first holding hearings promotion, partnership, and education activities. on the bills and without the advice of the H.R. 1010 (no title) would increase to $300 million professionals at the Census Bureau - only two of from $100 million the Bureau's funding for census the seven bills were considered in hearings. promotional, outreach, and marketing activities. The bill was approved with an amendment offered by The bills are part of Census Subcommittee Danny Davis (D-IL) that would target the advertising Chairman Dan Miller's (R-FL) America Counts to communities that have historic undercounts. H.R. Today (ACT) initiative. The ACT initiative, 1058, "Census in the Schools Promotion Act," according to Miller and the Republican leadership, is would require the Bureau to send infonnation a series of proposals designed to increase the regarding census education to nearly every teacher in accuracy of the 2000 Census and reduce the historic the country. The Census Bureau h.ld planned on differential undercount. Democrats argued that the sending a letter to every school in the country. proposals would do little to address and, indeed, reduce the differential undercount. The bills, The bills now will be considered by the full according to Democrats, could actually achieve the House with a final vote expected on some of the bills opposite: a reduction in the accuracy and an increase during the week of March 22. in the differential undercount of the upcoming Census. The professionals at the Census Bureau, including Director Kenneth Prewitt, have also expressed concerns with the bills. Bureau officials BUDGET REQUEST "ZEROES OUT" ONE have noted that while some of the bills may be SOURCE OF NIJ FUNDS; HOUSE CJS promising, most do not address the problem of the APPROPRIATIONS CHAIR NOT PLEASEfa7k differential undercount. Nevertheless, the Republicans carried the day and the Committee At a March 16 hearing of the House approved all the bills. Appropriations Committee Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Subcommittee The seven hills considered by the Committee Chairman Harold Rogers (R-KY) criticized the were: H.R. 472, "Local Census Quality Check President's budget for cutting all funds for a popular Act," would reinstitute Post Census Local Review and highly touted block grant program. The Clinton (PCLR) in the 2000 Census. The procedure allows Administration's budget request for Fiscal Year (FY) local government officials to review and dispute 2000 zeroes out funding for the Local Law preliminary housing unit counts and jurisdictional Enforcement Block Grant program (LLEBG). In the boundaries before they are finalized. H.R. 683, past, the National Institute of Justice (NU) has "Decennial Census Improvement Act of 1999," received significant appropriations through the would waive consideration of income earned as a LLEBG. temporary Census Bureau employee in determining eligibility for federal benefits. H.R. 928, "2000 The LLEBG is a block grant program which Census Mail Outreach Improvement Act," would provides funds to local governments and local law require a second mailing ofthe 2000 Census enforcement agencies to reduce crime and enhance questionnaire. H.R. 929, "2000 Census Language public safety. The Bureau of Justice Assistance Barrier Removal Act," would require the Census administers the program, which provides money for, Bureau to print the census questionnaire in 33 among other things: hiring, training, and employing languages (other than English) and Braille. The on a continuing basis new and additional law Bureau has planned to print the fonn in six languages enforcement officers; paying overtime to presently - English, Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean, employed law enforcement officers; procuring and Tagalog-which account for 99 percent of the equipment, technology, and other material directly nation's households. H.R. 1009, "2000 Census related to basic law enforcement functions; and Community Participation Enhancement Act," establishing or supporting drug courts. In FY 1999, would require the Secretary of Commerce to develop as in FY 1998, NU received $20 million from the March 22. 1999 COSSA WASHINGTON UPDATE 5

LLEBG for the Technology Development for State Institutes appearing before the Subcommittee. Porter and Local Law Enforcement Program. In the past, apologiz.ed several times for the condensed schedule NU has used the funds for developing and testing and cited the need to complete all of the standards, investigative and forensic science, officer Subcommittee's hearings by April 22. protection and crime prevention. training and simulation. less-than-lethal weapons, and infonnation With all ofthe Subcommittee members in technologies. attendance, Varmus noted that the "strong support for the NIH is inspired by the importance the public LLEBG, a favorite of most Republicans, has places in the government's role to combat disease." been on the administration's elimination list for the Using the analogy ofa "war against disease," last several years. In FY 1999 the administration cut Varmus told the Subcommittee that "over several all funds for the LLEBG; Congress restored funding, decades of medical research, we have learned that though, to $523 million in FY 1999. Chairman disease is a complex and evolving enemy - one that Rogers wondered aloud why the Clinton draws upon the combined forces of heredity, Administration continually cuts funding for the environmental insults, infectious agents, the aging LLEBG, when it has proven to be a popular and process, personal habits, and other factors, and act effective program. In place of the LLEBG. the upon a variety oftissues and organs." These administration has proposed several new programs. diseases, he continued, "can be fought with medicines Rogers, obviously unhappy with Clinton•s plan. and vaccines, with surgical procedures and medical noted that the move forces appropriators to scrounge devices, with behavioral modification, and for funds for this program. Senator Orrin Hatch (R­ environmental remediation .., UT), chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, has noted recently that the administration's plan to cut Below is a summary of the various Institute funding for the LLEBG is unacceptable. Directors' testimony regarding social and behavioral science.

Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences NIH OFFICIALS APPEAR BEFORE Research. NIH Deputy Director Ruth Kirschstein, CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATORS {cont.) testifying on behalf of the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research (OBSSR) within the Office National Health Council, and Research!America­ ofthe Director, noted that "many of our most serious to call attention to the administration• s lack of health concerns are related to behaviors." Kirschstein commitment to medical research. The groups were highlighted the OBSSR 1 s three trans-Nill initiatives: joined by Sam Donaldson (a cancer survivor). Innovative Approaches to Disease Prevention through Morton Kondracke (executive director of Roll Call Behavior Change; Educational Workshops on newspaper). and several congressional leaders, Interdisciplinary Research; and the Mind/Body including Senators Specter, Harkin. Cormie Mack (R­ Research initiative developed in response to FL), and Representative Nita Lowey (D-NY). Congressional concern regarding the impact of stress Former members of Congress Bob Michel (R-IL) and on numerous medical conditions. (See UPDATE, (D-FL) also joined the groups in support January 25, 1999) of doubling the funding for Nill by the fiscal year 2003 . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse House Appropriations Subcommittee and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Director Enoch Gordis Holds Hearings Early emphasized that "[j)ust as careful, controlled trials are needed for medication development, they are On February 24 the House Appropriations equally necessary for proving the effectiveness of Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services prevention efforts." Gordis noted the Institute has an and Education and Related Agencies Chair Porter extensive prevention portfolio and that one of its began a two-week hearing process with each of the major areas of concern is alcohol use among young 6 COSSA WASHINGTON UPDATE March 22 1999 people. He also noted that the NIAAA's National populations. The resources, said Nathanson, will Advisory Council has formed a subcommittee on support projects to: increase the number of minority college-age drinking. The subcommittee, composed investigators conducting behavioral and clinical of ten college presidents and 12 leading researchers, research; target the links between substance abuse, will advise the Institute on a productive research sexual behaviors, and mv infection; and increase agenda in this area. outreach education programs for minority physicians and at-risk populations. Nathanson said that the OAR National Institute of Child Health and Human is focusing on interventions that address co­ Development. National Institute of Child Health and occurrence of other STDs, drug abuse, mental illness, Human Development Director Duane Alexander as well as those that consider the role of culture, testified that new research challenges are emerging as family, and other social factors in minority we move into the 21"' Century. He noted that "at communities. least 30 percent or 15 million of our nation's children fail to develop adequate reading skills," with poor National Institute on Aging. National Institute and minority children at the greatest risk. Alexander on Aging Director Richard Hodes emphasized that told the Subcommittee that each year, thousands of studies are showing that America's older population children from homes where Spanish is the primary is becoming healthier and more fit. The Institute will language spoken enter school and struggle to read in continue to promote research on the causes and English. He further emphasized that there is a lack of economic consequences ofthe decline in disability sound experimental evidence indicating the most rates with the goal of further accelerating these effective way to teach English skills to Spanish­ improvements, said Hodes. He emphasized that speaking children. "lifestyle changes" can effectively reduce the risk of major disease. National Institute of Nursing Research. National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) National Institute on Drug Abuse. Alan Director Patricia Grady testified that NINR Leshner, Director of the National Institute on Drug "continues to refine interventions that are responsive Abuse. (NIDA), told Subcommittee members that to age, gender, cultural identity, and socioeconomic while there is a "strong scientific base to more environments." Grady cited several studies that systematically approach how we treat people with exemplify the Institutes contributions to improving addictions ... there are a number of other promising health and preventing disease: The Cardiovascular therapies that have not yet been tested on a large Health in Children (CIDC), an eight-week education scale or in diverse populations." Leshner cited this as and exercise intervention study that is being one of many reasons that NIDA is launching the conducted in rural and urban elementary schools National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials across North Carolina; and NINR-supported research Network. (See UPDATE, January 25, 1999) The on coping-skills training for young adults with plan is to establish the necessary infrastructure to diabetes. In FY 2000, said Grady, NINR will enable the field to more rapidly test and bring new increase its emphasis on diabetes research, including science-based treatments to real-life settings. He looking at diabetes self-management strategies that noted that building the Network is a major priority include cultural, ethnic, and age-related factors. for the drug abuse field and was the principal NINR will also identify ways to facilitate adherence recommendation of the Institute of Medicine's report to regimens that require close adjustments in Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research. medication and food intake, said Grady. Regarding prevention research, Leshner noted that NIDA is entering what many would consider the next Office of AIDS Research. Recently appointed generation of drug prevention research. NIDA's Director of the NIB Office of AIDS Research (OAR) agenda will reflect the Institute' s commitment to Neal Nathanson said that the $7 million in additional direct prevention interventions to the specific needs of funding provided to the OAR will fund the Clinton different groups of young people at risk for drug Administration's and the Congressional Black abuse. Caucus' October 1998 initiative to address the disproportionate impact ofIDV/AIDS on minority March 22, 1999 COSSA WASHINGTON UPDATE 7

National Institute of Mental Health. National FIC Director and Nill Associate Director Gerald T. Institute of Mental Health Director Steven Hyman Keusch, told the Subcommittee that he ''hopes to reminded the Subcommittee that according to the foster new partnerships among institutions involved Global Burden of Disease study, sponsored by the in global health, including development agencies and World Health Organiz.ation and the World Bank, four industry." According to Keusch, research ethics are of the ten leading causes of disability are mental one ofthe Center's new initiatives for FY 2000. FIC disorders, including the number one cause, major proposes to develop novel training programs designed depression. In his written testimony, Hyman to increase the number of investigators in developing emphasized that there is a "dearth of qualified nations with expertise in applied research ethics. investigators" in the field of children's mental health Keusch also noted that an initiative planned in research. To address this, NIMH has issued a cooperation with the World Bank will examine the special Request for Applications to create incentives economic implications ofhealth investments. for experienced investigators to move into this field. "Several lines of evidence suggest that health may be a precondition for economic enrichment of a society John E. Fogarty International Center. at the population level and for its lowest income Appearing before the Subcommittee for the first time, groups at the household level," said Keusch.

SOURCES OF RESEARCH SUPPORT

COSSA provides this information as a service and encourages readers to contact the agency for further information of application materials. Additional applications guidelines and restrictions may apply.

INTERAGENCY EDUCATION RESEARCH FUNDS AVAILABLE

The National Science Foundation (NSF) in partnership with the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is sponsoring a competition to make awards for education research.

For this new lnteragency Educational Research Initiative (JERI) approximately $30 million will be available in FY 1999, $22 million from NSF and $8 million from OERI. The proposed FY 2000 budget asks for $50 million for this program in FY 2000. This initiative emerged from a report from the President's Committee of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST), Report to the President on the Use ofTechnology to Strengthen K-12 Education in the United States, published in March 1997, which called for massive expansion of funding for this kind of research.

Optional letters of intent are due April 1. Full proposals are due May 14, 1999. NSF is acting as the administrator of the program and standard NSF applications procedures will be used.

The Initiative hopes to build a knowledge base for improving educational practice by: fostering innovative research on basic learning, teaching, and organizational mechanisms; and developing sustainable and scalable interventions in education. A particular area of interest is the use of information and computer technologies for teaching and learning and how these technologies are used in homes, schools, and other learning environments.

The focus area for FY 1999 proposals will be research directed toward understanding how to make substantial improvements in: school readiness for learning reading and mathematics; K-3 learning in reading, mathematics, and science; and education of preK-12 mathematics, reading, and science teachers in content knowledge and science underlying cognitive development and learning.

For background information see http://www.ehr.nsfgovleri-ed-nsf For more information about the competition go to http://www.nsfgovlcgi-binlgetpub?nsj9984 or call John Chemiavsky at 703/306-1650 or email [email protected]. MEMBERS

American Anthropological Allociation American Society of Criminology Allociation ofAmerican Law Schools American &xinomic Association American Sociological Auociation Law and Society Aaaociation American Historical Association American Statistical Asaociation Linguiltic Society of America American Political Science Association Auociation of American Geographers Society for Research in Child Developmn American Psychological Association AFFILIATES

AACSB - The lntcmational Allociation for Managemem Eastern Sociological Society Population Association of America Education History ofScience Society Rural Sociological Society American Agricultural &xinomica Allociation Institute For Operations Research Society for Research on Adolacence American Association for Public Opinion Research and the Management Sciences Society for the Advancement of American Association for Agricultural Education Midwest Sociological Society Socio-&xinomica American Council on Consumer Interests National Association of School& of Public Affairs Society for the Scientific Study of Religion American Educational Research Association and Administration Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Association for Asian Studies National Conununication Association SociologiSI& for Women in Society Association for Public Policy National Council on Funily Relations Southern Sociological Society Analysis and Management North American Regional Science Council Southwestern Social Science Association Association of Research Libraries North Central Sociological Auociation Urban Affairs Association

CONTRIBlITORS

American Council of Learned Societies Duke University National Opinion Research Center American Institutes for Research Emory University New York University Univenity of Arizona University ofGeorgia University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill Bowling Green State University George Mason University North Carolina State University Brookings Institution Harvard University Northwestern University Brown University Indiana University Ohio St.ate University University of California, Berkeley Institute for Social Research, University of University ofOregon University of California, Davia Michigan University of Pennsylvania University of California, Los Angeles Institute for the Advancemenl of Pennsylvania State Univenity University of California, San Diego Social Work Research Princdon University University of California, Sanla Barbara Institute for Women's Policy Rescan:h Purdue University University ofCalifornia, Sanla Cruz University oflowa Social Science Research Council Carnegie-Mellon University Sohns Hopkins University Stanford University Case Westem R.esave University Kansas State University State University of New York, Binghamton Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences University of Maryland St.ate University of New York, Stony Brook Univcnity of Chicago University ofMassachuactls University ofTex.u, Austin Clarie University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Texas A & M University University of Colorado Maxwell School ofCitiz.enlhip and Public Tulane University Columbia University Affairs, Syracuse University U~vcnity ofWashington Comell lmtitute for Social and &xinomic Research University of Michigan University of Wisconsin, Madison Cornell University Michigan St.ate University University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Department ofCriminology & Criminal Justice, Univmity ofMiMcsota Yale University University of Maryland Nationaf Bureau of Economic Research

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