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CHEMISTRY in FLORENCE from the LAST MEMBER of “MEDICI FAMILY” to the PRESENT DAYS Marco Fontani, Piero Salvi

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CHEMISTRY in FLORENCE from the LAST MEMBER of “MEDICI FAMILY” to the PRESENT DAYS Marco Fontani, Piero Salvi CHEMISTRY IN FLORENCE FROM THE LAST MEMBER OF “MEDICI FAMILY” TO THE PRESENT DAYS Marco Fontani, Piero Salvi INDEX 1 Historical Background 2 Scientists and Naturalists in the period of the Museum of Physics and Natural History (1775 - 1807) 2.1 Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti (1712-1883) 2.2 Felice Fontana (1730-1805) 2.3 Giovanni Fabbroni (1752-1822) 3 Chemists in the period of the Lyceum of Physical and Natural Studies (1807 - 1859) 3.1 Giuseppe Gazzeri (1771-1847) 3.2 Giovacchino Taddei (1792-1860) 3.3 Luigi Guerri (1823-1892) 4 Chemists in the period of the Institute of Specialization and Applied Higher Studies (1859 - 1924) 4.1 Ugo (Hugo) Schiff (1834-1915) 4.2 Augusto Piccini (1854-1905) 4.3 Guido Pellizzari (1858-1938) 4.4 Angelo Angeli (1864-1931) 4.5 Nicola Parravano (1883-1938) 4.6 Luigi Rolla (1882-1960) 5 Chemists in the period of the Royal University of Florence (1924 - 1946) 5.1 Sergio Berlingozzi (1890-1957) 5.2 Mario Torquato Passerini (1891-1962) 5.3 Giovanni Canneri (1897-1964) 5.4 Giorgio Piccardi (1895-1972) 5.5 Vincenzo Caglioti (1902-1998) 5.6 Adolfo Quilico (1902-1982) 5.7 Enzo Ferroni (1921-2007) 1 – Historical Background In 1321, the year of the death of Dante Alighieri, the so-called Studium Generale , the first nucleus of the University of Florence, was founded following a deliberation of the Florentine Republic. Among teaching courses there were Civil and Canonical Law, Literature and Medicine. Since the beginning, however, the life of the Studium Generale was difficult being the Studium opposed by Popes, Emperors and local Authorities. The Studium Generale was then suppressed and refounded several times. Later, during the Medicean rule, the Grand-Dukes owned a collection of Natural History, in addition to a large amount of paintings, statues and archaeological relics. The collection of Natural History, not ordered according to scientific criteria, was considered only as a curiosity to show to renowned guests and princes rather than an ensemble of natural samples collected for people advantage. This situation did not change until the last Medicean Grand-Duke, Gian Gastone (1671-1737), sat on his throne. In 1763 the new Grand-Duke, Francis II of Lorraine (1708-1763) ordered Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti (1712-1783) to classify “the natural things of the Florence Gallery”. After finishing the job Targioni Tozzetti recommended, without success, to use the Medicean collection for public teaching. Only in 1775 the next Grand-Duke, Peter Leopold of Lorraine (1747-1792), inaugurated the Museum of Physics and Natural History and called Felice Fontana (1730-1805) as Director. However, the Museum was never opened to public teaching. In 1807 Charles Ludwig of Bourbon (1799-1883), king of Etruria under the mother supervision, established the Lyceum of Physical and Natural Studies. The University, as it is known today, was organized in 1859, a couple of years before the Italian unification, when the Faculty of Physical and Natural Sciences of the Institute for Specialization and Applied Higher Studies was founded. The Institute was sponsored by public and private organizations. After the First World War, due to economic difficulties related to monetary devaluation it was decided by the fascist administration to stop the Institute in spite of the protests from the last Superintendent, Marquis Filippo Torregiani (1851-1924). As a result, the Institute ended September 30 th , 1924 and the next day, October 1 st , 1924, was the starting day for the University of Florence. 2 Scientists and Naturalists in the period of the Museum of Physics and Natural History (1775-1807) 2.1 Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti was born in Florence in 1712 and there he died in 1783. Doctor and naturalist, he was the forefather of a family of scientists whose works contributed to the scientific and economic progress of Tuscany. After graduation in Medicine he preferred to study Botany owing to the fascination for this discipline inherited from the father. Later, as a consequence of his deep interests in Botany, he became Director of the Florentine Botanical Garden. During his life he was interested in several other disciplines, from Vegetal Pathology to Medicine, from Zoology to Mineralogy, Architecture and Cartography. He drafted a corographic, topographic, and physical map of Tuscany. In 1763 Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti published the Catalogue of the Natural Products conserved in the Royal Gallery. He proposed to dedicate a scientific Museum to this collection. Indeed, the Grand-Duke accepted the proposal, and in 1775, it was created the Museum of Physics and Natural History. He was also the founder of the lito-mineralogical Collection that includes nearly 9000 rocks and mineral samples. This collection is still open to public, due to the collaboration between the Museum of Natural History (University of Florence, Mineralogical Section) and the Museum of the History of Science. 2.2 Felice Fontana was born in the small town of Pomarolo (Trento, Italy) in 1730. Anatomist, physiologist, chemist and naturalist, he was one of the most famous Italian scientists of the eighteenth century. He firstly studied Histology and Physiology at the Universities of Padua and Bologna where he moved in 1755 as an assistant to physiologist Caldani (1725-1813). He understood basic properties of the nervous fibers and muscles, such as the electrical nature of the nervous stimulus. After being nominated Professor of Logic at the University of Pisa in 1765, he was called in Florence by the Grand-Duke Peter Leopold as court physicist. Then, he took the Direction of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History until 1805. During this period he collaborated with Susini (1754-1814), a famous wax modeler, and prepared anatomical waxes still conserved in the Museo della Specola (University of Florence). He was also interested in several natural phenomena such as the iris motions, the viper poison effects on humans and the macroscopic observations of the red globules. Ten years after his nomination, he undertook a five years voyage to France and England to establish scientific relationships with the most important chemists, such as A. Lavoisier and J. Priestley. In these years he published chemical studies on gaseous fluids in the field of the so-called pneumatic chemistry, the most advanced field of research in Europe at that time. In 1775 he wrote “Physical Researches on the fixed air”, a treaty on carbon dioxide. Four years later he wrote two other treaties, published by the London Royal Society: “Experiments and observations on the inflammable air breathed by various animals” and “Account of the airs extracted from different kinds of water”. In 1783 he proposed in the “General Principles of the Solid and Fluid Bodies” that matter should be subjected to two Newtonian forces, attraction and expansion. Felice Fontana died in Florence in 1805. 2.3 Giovanni Fabbroni was born in Florence in 1752 and there he died in 1822; he was a polyhedral man, i.e., naturalist, economist, agronomist, chemist and politician. He first collaborated with Fontana in the formation of the Museum of Physics and Natural History. In the years 1777- 1778 he wrote the essay “Considerations on the actual conditions of Agriculture”. He was then involved in different problems relative to wine making and fertilizers; moreover he favored the diffusion of new plants and arboreal cultivations. He published an essay of mineralogical character, “About charcoal or mine carbon commonly known as fossil fuel”. He made Giovanni Fabbroni also electrochemical studies by means of the Volta electrochemical cell. During the kingdom of Ferdinand III of Tuscany (1769-1824) he became member of the International Committee of Weights and Measures and in 1800 was nominated Director of the Florence Mint. He entered also the Committee for the introduction of the metric system in Tuscany and during the Restoration he was responsible of the Tuscan mines. Following the death of Fontana, he was nominated Director of the Museum. A dark-side moon crater bears his name. 3 Chemists in the period of the Lyceum of Physical and Natural Studies (1807 - 1859) 3.1 Giuseppe Gazzeri was born in Florence in 1771. Although he graduated in law in 1795, he was particularly Indigo dye is an organic attracted by the researches of compound with a distinctive blue color. Historically, French chemists. He obtained the indigo was a natural dye professorship in Chemistry at the extracted from plants, and this process was important Lyceum and was member of the Accademia dei Georgofili and of the Accademia della Crusca. He studied indigo and boric acid (H 3BO 3) found in minerals nearby Larderello and was also active in the field of Agricultural Chemistry. After Restoration and the suppression of the Florentine Lyceum, Gazzeri moved, as Superintendent of the Pharmacy School, to Santa Maria Nova Hospital where he taught for longtime Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Giuseppe Gazzeri died in Florence in 1847. In appreciation to his efforts invested in chemistry, which have shown exceptional commitment, professionalism and openmindedness, a commemorative marble plaque was set in Carmine square (Florence). 3.2 Gioacchino Taddei (1792-1860) was the successor of Gazzeri as Superintendent and teacher of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. He was involved in several researches: corn gluten, quality of the city water in Florence, and mercury poisoning. He also published a notable book entitled “General Pharmacopoeia”. In late 1848 he was suspended from teaching due to the role of head of the Tuscan Parliament following the 1848 revolution. He was Commemorative plague of Giacchino reintegrated in his teaching duties only in 1859, Taddei attached to his home-wall in San following the collapse of the Grand-Ducky of Miniato, Pisa. Tuscany and after the Italian unification was nominated senator of the Italian Kingdom. 3.3 Luigi Guerri (1823-1892) was a pioneer in the researches on disinfectant substances.
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