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Lands of the Nogoa-Belyando Area, Queensland

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Lands of the Nogoa-Belyando Area, Queensland IMPORTANT NOTICE © Copyright Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (‘CSIRO’) Australia. All rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO Division of Land and Water. The data, results and analyses contained in this publication are based on a number of technical, circumstantial or otherwise specified assumptions and parameters. The user must make its own assessment of the suitability for its use of the information or material contained in or generated from the publication. To the extend permitted by law, CSIRO excludes all liability to any person or organisation for expenses, losses, liability and costs arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in whole or in part) and any information or material contained in it. The publication must not be used as a means of endorsement without the prior written consent of CSIRO. NOTE This report and accompanying maps are scanned and some detail may be illegible or lost. Before acting on this information, readers are strongly advised to ensure that numerals, percentages and details are correct. This digital document is provided as information by the Department of Natural Resources and Water under agreement with CSIRO Division of Land and Water and remains their property. All enquiries regarding the content of this document should be referred to CSIRO Division of Land and Water. The Department of Natural Resources and Water nor its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result in any inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein. LANDS OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA, QUEENSLAND DAND RESEARCH SERIES NO. 18 COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, AUSTRALIA 1967 REGISTERED IN AUSTRALIA FOR TRANSMISSION BY POST AS A PERIODICAL Lands of the Nogoa-Belyando Area, Queensland Comprising papers by R. H. Gunn, R. W. Galloway, L. Pedley, and E. A. Fitzpatrick Land Research Series No. 18 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia Melbourne 1967 Printed by CSIRO, Melbourne The Nogoa-Belyando area comprises eight physical regions each with distinctive relief and broadly related complexes of soil and vegetation. CONTENTS PAGE PART I. INTRODUCTION TO REPORT ON THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By R. H. Gunn .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 I. LOCATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 II. SURVEY METHODS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 III. TOWNS AND COMMUNICATIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 IV. HISTORY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 VI. REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 PART II. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By R. W. Galloway and R. H. Gunn .. .. .. .. .. 13 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 II. MAJOR FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT .. .. .. .. .. 13 (a) Climate .. .. .. .. 13 (6) Geology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..13 (c) Geomorphology .. .. .. .. 14 (d) Soils . .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 0) Vegetation .. .. .. .. .. 15 III. MAJOR TYPES OF COUNTRY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 (a) Mountains . .. 16 (b) Hills with Woodlands and Eastern Mid-height Grass .. .. 17 (c) Hills with Woodlands and Blue Grass .. .. .. .. .. 17 (d) Hills with Softwood Scrub . .. .. .. 17 (e) Hills with Bendee and Lancewood Scrub .. .. .. .. 17 (/) Tablelands and Lowlands with Red and Yellow Earths .. .. 17 (g) Lowlands with Cypress Pine Scrub and Uniform Coarse-textured Soils .. 17 (h) Lowlands with Woodlands and Texture-contrast Soils . .. 18 (0 Lowlands with Softwood Scrub .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 (/) Lowlands with Brigalow, Gidgee, and Blackwood Scrub .. .. .. 18 (k) Lowlands with Grassland .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 (I) Alluvium .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..18 IV. LAND USE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 (a) Natural Pastures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 (b) Improved Pastures .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 (c) Cultivation .. .. .. .. .. 19 (rf) Irrigation .. .. .. .. .. 20 PART III. LAND SYSTEMS OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By R. W. Galloway, R. H. Gunn, and L. Pedley .. .. .. .. .. 21 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 II. CATENARY RELATIONSHIPS .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 PART IV. CLIMATE OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By E. A. Fitzpatrick 68 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 (a) Principal Climatic Features .. .. .. 68 (6) Principal Climatic Controls .. .. .. .. .. 68 6 CONTENTS PAGE II. GENERAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS .. .. .. .. .. 69 (a) Rainfall .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..69 (6) Temperature .. .. .. .. 76 (c) Humidity . .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 {d) Cloudiness, Sunshine, and Radiation . .. .. .. 81 (e) Evaporation .. .. 81 III. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 IV. REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 PART V. GEOLOGY OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By R. W. Galloway 83 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 II. GENERAL GEOLOGY .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 (a) The Anakie Inlier .. .. .. .. 83 (b) The Drummond Basin . .. .. .. 84 (c) The Bulgonunna Block .. .. .. 86 (d) The Bowen Basin . .. 87 (e) The Springsure Shelf .. .. .. .. 87 (/) The Great Artesian Basin .. .. .. 87 (?) Tertiary Volcanics .. .. .. .. .. 88 (h) Tertiary Sediments .. .. .. .. 88 (0 Post-Tertiary Alluvium .. .. .. .. .. 89 III. GEOLOGIC HISTORY .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 IV. LlTHOLOGY AND THE LAND SYSTEMS . 90 (a) Pre-Tertiary Rocks (Little Weathered) . .. .. .. 91 (b) Pre-Tertiary Rocks (Weathered) .. .. .. .. 94 (c) Tertiary Basalt (Little Weathered) .. .. .. .. 94 (d) Tertiary Basalt (Weathered) .. .. .. .. .. 94 (e) Tertiary Sandstone (Weathered) .. .. .. .. 94 (/) Tertiary Clay . .. .. .. 95 (g) Post-Tertiary Alluvium . .. .. .. .. 95 V. STRUCTURE AND THE LAND SYSTEMS .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 VI. REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 PART VI. GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By R. W. Galloway . .. .. .. .. .. 97 I. PHYSICAL REGIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 (a) Western Plains and Tablelands .. .. .. 97 (6) Northern Hills .. .. .. .. .. .. ..97 (c) North-central Clay Plain .. .. .. 98 (d) Basalt Lowland .. .. .. 99 (e) Central Highlands . .. .. .. 99 (/) Eastern Lowland .. .. .. .. 99 (g) Western Lowland .. .. .. .. .. 99 (h) Southern Scarpland . .. .. .. 100 II. DRAINAGE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 III. GEOMORPHIC HISTORY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 (a) Pre-basalt Erosion .. .. .. .. .. 100 (b) Basalt Flows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 (c) Post-basalt Erosion .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 CONTENTS 7 PAGE (d) Post-basalt Deposition . .. .. .. .. .. 101 (e) Tertiary Deep Weathering .. .. .. .. .. 102 (/) Late Tertiary Erosion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 104 (g) Late Tertiary Deposition .. .. .. .. .. 106 (ft) Post-Tertiary Alluviation .. .. .. .. .. 107 IV. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND THE LAND SYSTEMS .. .. .. .. 109 (a) Land Systems on Stable or Moderately Stripped Tertiary Land Surface and Tertiary Sandstone . .. .. .. .. .. 110 (6) Erosional Land Systems within the Tertiary Weathered Zone .. .. Ill (c) Depositional Land Systems within the Tertiary Weathered Zone .. .. 112 (d) Erosional Land Systems largely below the Tertiary Weathered Zone .. .. 112 (e) Post-Tertiary Alluvial Land Systems .. .. .. .. ..114 PART VII. SOILS OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By R. H. Gunn .. 115 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 115 II. SOIL GROUPS AND FAMILIES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 115 III. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SOIL GROUPS AND FAMILIES .. .. .. 118 (a) Alluvial Soils .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..118 (6) Cracking Clay Soils .. .. .. .. .. .. ..119 (c) Texture-contrast Soils . .. .. .. 124 (d) Red and Yellow Earths . .. .. .. 127 (e) Dark Brown and Grey-brown Soils . .. .. .. 128 (/) Uniform Coarse-textured Soils .. .. .. .. 129 (g) Shallow, Rocky Soils .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 130 (ft) Miscellaneous Land .. .. .. 130 IV. ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE OF THE SOILS .. .. .. .. 130 (a) Occurrence of the Soils .. .. .. .. 130 (b) Past Climatic and Geomorphic Influences .. .. .. .. ..131 (c) Lithology and Relief . .. .. .. .. .. .. 131 (d) Halomorphic Influences .. .. .. .. .. ..136 (e) Climatic Influences .. .. .. .. • •. 137 V. REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 137 PART VIII. VEGETATION OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By L. Pedley 138 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..138 (a) Environmental Influences .. .. .. .. .. ..138 (b) Major Formations .. .. .. .. • • . • 138 (c) Plant Geography .. .. .. .. .. 139 (d) Classification of Vegetation .. .. .. .. .. 139 (e) Distribution of Vegetation .. .. .. .. 143 II. GRASS COMMUNITIES .. .. .. • • • • • • • 148 (a) Eastern Mid-height Grass .. .. .. .. 148 (6) Scrub Grass .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 149 (c) Eastern Spinifex .. .. .. .. .. .. 149 (d) Blue Grass .. .. .. .. .. 150 (e) Arid Scrub Grass .. .. .. 151 (/) Sandstone Spinifex .. .. .. .. .. .. ..151 (?) Tripogon loliiformis Community .. .. .. 152 (h) Frontage Grass .. .. .. .. .. .. ..152 (0 Samphire .. .. .. .. .. .. ..152 0) Sporobolus virginicus Community .. .. .. 152 8 CONTENTS PAGE III. TREE COMMUNITIES OF V/OODLANDS .. .. .. .. .. 153 (a) Upper Stratum .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15J (6) Midstorey Communities .. .. .. .. .. 1591 IV. TREE COMMUNITIES OF SCRUBS .. .. .. .. .. .. 162 (a) Upper Stratum .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 162 (b) Midstorey Communities . .. .. .. .. 166- (c) Emergents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 168. V. REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16<* PART IX. PASTURE LANDS OF THE NOGOA-BELYANDO AREA. By L. Pedley 170 I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. • •. 170 II. PASTURE LANDS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • • 170 (a) Scrub Country .. .. .. .. .. " .. 170 (b) Eastern Mid-height Grass Country .. .. .. .. .. 172 (c) Eastern Spinifex Country .. .. .. .. 172 id) Mixed Eastern Spinifex-Eastern Mid-height Grass Country .. 17J (e) Blue Grass
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