A Limiting Factor
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Rhythms of the Brain
Rhythms of the Brain György Buzsáki OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Rhythms of the Brain This page intentionally left blank Rhythms of the Brain György Buzsáki 1 2006 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Buzsáki, G. Rhythms of the brain / György Buzsáki. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-530106-9 ISBN 0-19-530106-4 1. Brain—Physiology. 2. Oscillations. 3. Biological rhythms. [DNLM: 1. Brain—physiology. 2. Cortical Synchronization. 3. Periodicity. WL 300 B992r 2006] I. Title. QP376.B88 2006 612.8'2—dc22 2006003082 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my loved ones. This page intentionally left blank Prelude If the brain were simple enough for us to understand it, we would be too sim- ple to understand it. -
Partial Flora Survey Rottnest Island Golf Course
PARTIAL FLORA SURVEY ROTTNEST ISLAND GOLF COURSE Prepared by Marion Timms Commencing 1 st Fairway travelling to 2 nd – 11 th left hand side Family Botanical Name Common Name Mimosaceae Acacia rostellifera Summer scented wattle Dasypogonaceae Acanthocarpus preissii Prickle lily Apocynaceae Alyxia Buxifolia Dysentry bush Casuarinacea Casuarina obesa Swamp sheoak Cupressaceae Callitris preissii Rottnest Is. Pine Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia indica supsp. Bidens Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast bonefruit Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Suada australis Seablite Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Poaceae Sporabolis virginicus Marine couch Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phylliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Poaceae Stipa flavescens Tussock grass 2nd – 11 th Fairway Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Cyperaceae Gahnia trifida Coast sword sedge Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phyliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Central drainage wetland commencing at Vietnam sign Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia halecnomoides Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Poaceae Sporobolis virginicus Cyperaceae Gahnia Trifida Coast sword sedge -
3 Limiting Factors and Threats
LOWER COLUMBIA SALMON RECOVERY & SUBBASIN PLAN December 2004 3 Limiting Factors and Threats 3 LIMITING FACTORS AND THREATS........................................................................3-1 3.1 HABITAT –STREAMS .....................................................................................................3-2 3.1.1 Background..........................................................................................................3-2 3.1.2 Limiting Factors...................................................................................................3-3 3.1.3 Threats................................................................................................................3-22 3.2 ESTUARY AND LOWER MAINSTEM HABITAT ..............................................................3-26 3.2.1 Background........................................................................................................3-26 3.2.2 Limiting Factors.................................................................................................3-27 3.2.3 Threats................................................................................................................3-36 3.3 HABITAT – OCEAN ......................................................................................................3-38 3.3.1 Background........................................................................................................3-38 3.3.2 Limiting Factors.................................................................................................3-38 -
La Symbiose Frankia-Casuarina Equisetifolia
Université Paris VII LA SYMBIOSE Franltia - Casuarina Equisetifolia Thése de Doctorat d’Etat soutenue le 514 j/ p4 Par Daniel GAUTMIER pour obtenir le grade de Docteur és-Sciences devant le jury composé de Président J. P. AUBERT Rapporteur P. GADAL Directeur de Thèse Y. DOMMERGUES Examinateurs C. ELMERICH J. TAVLITZKI ASSESSMENT OF N2 FIXATION BY CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA INOCULATED WITH FRANKIA ORS021001 USING 15N METHODS 0. GAUTHIER, H.G. DIEM, Y.R. DOMMERGUES 'CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFICWE OFFICE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE OUTRE MER B.P. 1386, DAKAR, SENEGAL. AND F. GANRY INSTITUT S~N~GALAIS DE RECHERCHES AGRICOLES INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE TROPICALE BAMBEY, SENEGAL. 0000000000000 1 Summclny 1 Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings,uninoculated orwith Frankia strain ORS021001 were grown for 4.5 months in pou- . ches, then transplanted into 1 m3 concrete containers for- ming 1 m2 microplots. Trees were harvested 6.5 months later when they were 11 months old. N2 fixation was mesured using three methods of assessment : the direct isotopic method, the A value method and the difference method. Estimations of N2 fixation during the 6.5 months following transplanta- tion were respectively 3.27, 2.31 and 3.07 g N2 per tree. From these values it was calculated that about 40-60 kg N2 would be fixed per ha in a year at normal densities of 10,000 trees ha -1 . The results of this experiment confirm that Frankia strain ORS021001 can be confidently recommen- ded to inoculate casuarinas in the field. Miens to improve nodulation and subsequently N2 fixation by casuarinas are discussed. -
Family Classification
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Henckelia sect. Loxocarpus Loxocarpus R.Br., a taxon characterised by flowers with two stamens and plagiocarpic (held at an angle of 90–135° with pedicel) capsular fruit that splits dorsally has been treated as a section within Henckelia Spreng. (Weber & Burtt, 1998 [1997]). Loxocarpus as a genus was established based on L. incanus (Brown, 1839). It is principally recognised by its conical, short capsule with a broader base often with a hump-like swelling at the upper side (Banka & Kiew, 2009). It was reduced to sectional level within the genus Didymocarpus (Bentham, 1876; Clarke, 1883; Ridley, 1896) but again raised to generic level several times by different authors (Ridley, 1905; Burtt, 1958). In 1998, Weber & Burtt (1998 ['1997']) re-modelled Didymocarpus. Didymocarpus s.s. was redefined to a natural group, while most of the rest Malesian Didymocarpus s.l. and a few others morphologically close genera including Loxocarpus were transferred to Henckelia within which it was recognised as a section within. See Section 4.1 for its full taxonomic history. Molecular data now suggests that Henckelia sect. Loxocarpus is nested within ‗Twisted-fruited Asian and Malesian genera‘ group and distinct from other didymocarpoid genera (Möller et al. 2009; 2011). 1.2 State of knowledge and problem statements Henckelia sect. Loxocarpus includes 10 species in Peninsular Malaysia (with one species extending into Peninsular Thailand), 12 in Borneo, two in Sumatra and one in Lingga (Banka & Kiew, 2009). The genus Loxocarpus has never been monographed. Peninsular Malaysian taxa are well studied (Ridley, 1923; Banka, 1996; Banka & Kiew, 2009) but the Bornean and Sumatran taxa are poorly known. -
The Pharmacological and Therapeutic Importance of Eucalyptus Species Grown in Iraq
IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org (e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219 Volume 7, Issue 3 Version.1 (March 2017), PP. 72-91 The pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Eucalyptus species grown in Iraq Prof Dr Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq Abstract:- Eucalyptus species grown in Iraq were included Eucalyptus bicolor (Syn: Eucalyptus largiflorens), Eucalyptus griffithsii, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Syn: Eucalyptus rostrata) Eucalyptus incrassate, Eucalyptus torquata and Eucalyptus microtheca (Syn: Eucalyptus coolabahs). Eucalypts contained volatile oils which occurred in many parts of the plant, depending on the species, but in the leaves that oils were most plentiful. The main constituent of the volatile oil derived from fresh leaves of Eucalyptus species was 1,8-cineole. The reported content of 1,8-cineole varies for 54-95%. The most common constituents co-occurring with 1,8- cineole were limonene, α-terpineol, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, globulol and α , β and ϒ-eudesmol, and aromatic constituents. The pharmacological studies revealed that Eucalypts possessed gastrointestinal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, repellent, oral and dental, dermatological, nasal and many other effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological and therapeutic activities of Eucalyptus species grown in Iraq. Keywords: Eucalyptus species, constituents, pharmacological, therapeutic I. INTRODUCTION: In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. It is getting popularized in developing and developed countries owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects. Plants are a valuable source of a wide range of secondary metabolites, which are used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances, colours, biopesticides and food additives [1-50]. -
Population Growth Is a Critical Factor in Specie’S Ability to Maintain Homeostasis Within Its Environment
Chapter 4-B1 Population Ecology Population growth is a critical factor in specie’s ability to maintain homeostasis within its environment. Main themes ~Scientists study population characteristics to better understand growth and distribution of organisms. ~Populations have different distributions and densities depending on the species represented in the population ~Organisms in a population compete for energy sources, such as food and sunlight ~Homeostasis within a population is controlled by density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors ~Human population varies little overall, but can change greatly within small populations. I. Population dynamics A. 1. Population density a. defined- b. eg. deer in Newark deer in 5 mi. sq. area 2. a. defined-organism pattern in area (eg. more deer on Londondale than on Green Wave Drive) b. c. Types p. 93 -UNIFORM dispersion-relatively even distribution of a species. Eg. pine forest -CLUMPED dispersion-organism are clumped near food. Eg. schools of fish, eg. mushrooms on a fallen log -_________________-unpredictable & changing. Eg. deer, large fish, etc. 3. a. area where organisms CAN/ARE living b. Meaning of Distribution -in Science~it is area where something lives and reproduces -in everyday language ~it means distribution (passing out) eg. of report cards. B. 1. Limiting factors-biotic or abiotic factors that keep a population from increasing forever (indefinitely). a. b. amount of space=abiotic c. 2. Density-independent factors a. b. independent=doesn’t rely on the number of organisms, would happen regardless of the number of organisms c. it is usually abiotic (limits population growth) -flood (eg. no matter how many deer in an area) - -blizzard - -fire (Ponderosa pine needs fire to kill undergrowth which takes all the soil nutrients from them. -
Influence of Leaf Chemistry on Dietary Choice and Habitat Quality of Koala (Phascolarctos Cinereus) Populations in Southwest Queensland
Influence of leaf chemistry on dietary choice and habitat quality of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations in southwest Queensland Huiying Wu Master of Science A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2017 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Abstract Protecting high quality habitat is an important wildlife conservation action. Spatial and temporal variation in habitat quality in heterogeneous landscapes influences habitat use and population persistence. Populations living at the margins of species’ geographic ranges are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in habitat quality, especially if species occupy narrow ecological niches. For arboreal folivores, foliar chemical composition is a key factor influencing habitat quality. To understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of foliar chemistry and hence the habitat quality for an arboreal folivore species, I applied theories and methods from chemical ecology, nutritional ecology and landscape ecology to understand foliar chemical/folivore interactions in a seasonally changing environment. I used populations of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in two semi-arid regions of Queensland, Australia, as a case study. Koalas are specialist folivores with complex feeding behaviour from Eucalyptus species. My aim was to identify the influence of foliar chemicals (moisture content, digestible nitrogen (DigN) and a toxin formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPC) concentrations) and associated environmental factors on koala habitat use -
Effect of Casuarina Plantations Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frankia on the Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetati
diversity Article Effect of Casuarina Plantations Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frankia on the Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation in Saline Environments in Senegal Pape Ibrahima Djighaly 1,2,3,4,* , Daouda Ngom 5, Nathalie Diagne 1,3,4,*, Dioumacor Fall 1,3, Mariama Ngom 1,5,6, Diégane Diouf 7, Valerie Hocher 6, Laurent Laplaze 1 , Antony Champion 8, Jill M. Farrant 9 and Sergio Svistoonoff 6,8 1 Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop, (IRD/ISRA/UCAD), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar BP 1386, Senegal; [email protected] (D.F.); [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 Département d’Agroforesterie, Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor BP 523, Senegal 3 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (ISRA/CNRA), Bambey BP 53, Senegal 4 Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar BP 1386, Senegal 5 Département de Biologie Végétale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; [email protected] 6 Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), (IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université de Montpellier/Supagro), IRD TA A-82/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France; [email protected] (V.H.); sergio.svistoonoff@ird.fr (S.S.) 7 UFR Environnement, Biodiversité et Développement Durable, Université du Sine Saloum -
Vegetation Patterns of Eastern South Australia : Edaphic Control and Effects of Herbivory
ì ,>3.tr .qF VEGETATION PATTERNS OF EASTERN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: EDAPHIC CONTROL &. EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY by Fleur Tiver Department of Botany The University of Adelaide A thesis submitted to the University of Adelaide for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ar. The University of Adelaide (Faculty of Science) March 1994 dlq f 5 þø,.^roÅe*l *' -f; ri:.f.1 Frontispiece The Otary Ranges in eastern und is near the Grampus Range, and the the torvn of Yunta. The Pho TABLE OF CONTENTS Page: Title & Frontispiece i Table of Contents 11 List of Figures vll List of Tables ix Abstract x Declaration xüi Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations & Acronyms xvü CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & SCOPE OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION 1 VEGETATION AS NATURAL HERITAGE 1 ARID VEGETATION ) RANGELANDS 3 TTTE STUDY AREA 4 A FRAMEWORK FOR THIS STUDY 4 CONCLUSION 5 CHAPTER 2: THE THEORY OF VEGETATION SCIENCE INTRODUCTION 6 INDUCTTVE, HOLIS TIC, OB S ERVATIONAL & S YNECOLOGICAL VERSUS DEDU CTIVE, EXPERIMENTAL, REDUCTIONI S T & AUTECOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS 7 TT{E ORGANISMIC (ECOSYSTEM) AND INDIVIDUALISTIC (CONTINUUM) CONCEPTS OF VEGETATION 9 EQUILIBRruM & NON-EQUILIBRruM CONTROL OF VEGETATON PATTERNS T3 EQUILIBRruM VS STATE-AND-TRANSITON MODELS OF VEGETATON DYNAMICS 15 CONCLUSIONS 16 11 CHAPTER 3: METHODS IN VEGETATION SCIENCE INTRODUCTION t7 ASPECT & SCALE OF VEGETATION STUDIES t7 AUTECOT-OGY Crr-rE STUDY OF POPULATTONS) & SYNEC:OLOGY (TI{E STUDY OF CTfMML'NTTTES) - A QUESTION OF SCALE l8 AGE-CLASS & STAGE-CLASS DISTRIBUTIONS IN POPULATION STUDIES t9 NUMERICAL (OBJECTIVE) VS DES CRIPTIVE (SUBJECTTVE) TECHNIQUES 20 PHYSIOGNOMIC & FLORISTIC METHODS OF VEGETATION CLASSIFICATON 22 SCALE OF CLASSIFICATION 24 TYPES OF ORDINATON 26 CIOMBINATION OF CLASSIFICATION & ORDINATION (COMPLEMENTARY ANALY SIS ) 27 CONCLUSIONS 28 CHAPTER 4: STUDY AREA . -
South West Queensland QLD Page 1 of 89 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region South West Queensland, Queensland
Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations. -
Cunninghamia : a Journal of Plant Ecology for Eastern Australia
Westbrooke et al., Vegetation of Peery Lake area, western NSW 111 The vegetation of Peery Lake area, Paroo-Darling National Park, western New South Wales M. Westbrooke, J. Leversha, M. Gibson, M. O’Keefe, R. Milne, S. Gowans, C. Harding and K. Callister Centre for Environmental Management, University of Ballarat, PO Box 663 Ballarat, Victoria 3353, AUSTRALIA Abstract: The vegetation of Peery Lake area, Paroo-Darling National Park (32°18’–32°40’S, 142°10’–142°25’E) in north western New South Wales was assessed using intensive quadrat sampling and mapped using extensive ground truthing and interpretation of aerial photograph and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. 378 species of vascular plants were recorded from this survey from 66 families. Species recorded from previous studies but not noted in the present study have been added to give a total of 424 vascular plant species for the Park including 55 (13%) exotic species. Twenty vegetation communities were identified and mapped, the most widespread being Acacia aneura tall shrubland/tall open-shrubland, Eremophila/Dodonaea/Acacia open shrubland and Maireana pyramidata low open shrubland. One hundred and fifty years of pastoral use has impacted on many of these communities. Cunninghamia (2003) 8(1): 111–128 Introduction Elder and Waite held the Momba pastoral lease from early 1870 (Heathcote 1965). In 1889 it was reported that Momba Peery Lake area of Paroo–Darling National Park (32°18’– was overrun by kangaroos (Heathcote 1965). About this time 32°40’S, 142°10’–142°25’E) is located in north western New a party of shooters found opal in the sandstone hills and by South Wales (NSW) 110 km north east of Broken Hill the 1890s White Cliffs township was established (Hardy (Figure 1).