Evolução, Hegemonia E Desaparecimento Dos Sirénios Dos Mares Europeus Ao Longo Do Cenozoico

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Evolução, Hegemonia E Desaparecimento Dos Sirénios Dos Mares Europeus Ao Longo Do Cenozoico Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Geologia Evolução, hegemonia e desaparecimento dos sirénios dos mares europeus ao longo do Cenozoico causas endógenas (alterações climáticas globais) ou exógenas (ambiente galáctico)? Gonçalo Abreu Prista Dissertação Mestrado em Ciências do Mar 2012 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Geologia Evolução, hegemonia e desaparecimento dos sirénios dos mares europeus ao longo do Cenozoico causas endógenas (alterações climáticas globais) ou exógenas (ambiente galáctico)? Gonçalo Abreu Prista Dissertação Mestrado em Ciências do Mar Orientadores: Professor Doutor Mário Albino Cachão Professor Doutor Rui Jorge Agostinho 2012 EVOLUÇÃO, HEGEMONIA E DESAPARECIMENTO DOS SIRÉNIOS DOS MARES EUROPEUS AO LONGO DO CENOZOICO causas endógenas (alterações climáticas globais) ou exógenas (ambiente galáctico)? GONÇALO ABREU PRISTA ORIENTAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA: PROF. DOUTOR MÁRIO ALBINO PIO CACHÃO Professor Auxiliar Agregado do Departamento de Geologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Membro do Centro de Geologia da Universidade de Lisboa PROF. DOUTOR RUI JORGE AGOSTINHO Professor Auxiliar Agregado do Departamento de Física da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Membro do Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa Director do Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa iii "Graças aos descobrimentos da Paleontologia, a História Natural é História, no sentido literal da palavra" Albert Gaudry (1827 - 1908). "O azoto no nosso DNA, o cálcio nos nossos dentes, o ferro no nosso sangue, o carbono nas nossas tartes de maçã foram feitos no interior de estrelas em colapso. Nós somos feitos de material estelar" Carl Sagan (1934 - 1996) iv AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiro aos meus pais, pois sem o seu apoio, a todos os níveis, este mestrado e esta dissertação não seriam possíveis. Segundo aos meus orientadores, o Professor Mário Cachão e o Professor Rui Agostinho, por todo o apoio prestado ao desenvolvimento do trabalho e por terem aceite abraçar este desafio multidisciplinar, com todos os riscos envolvidos. Quero dar um agradecimento especial ao Doutor Mário Estevens, pela simpatia e pela a disponibilização da sua bibliografia sobre os sirénios que me permitiu ter acesso a documentos e informação que de outra forma teria sido impossível. Agradeço também à Joana Boavida, Mafalda Resende e Rita Ramos pelos comentários e sugestões que fizeram e que melhoraram a qualidade deste trabalho. À minha irmã Marta pelos bons conselhos e partilha de experiência, à Maria Boavida pela ilustração de um sirénio que permitiu enriquecer o trabalho, ao meu primo Rogério pelo incentivo, força e criação de momentos de descontração, essenciais à produtividade, e à Verónica Felício por me aturar na dura fase final. Sem a ajuda da Ana Silva do Departamento de Geologia provavelmente teria sido uma luta inglória com o ArcGIS, pelo que lhe agradeço profundamente. Agradeço a uma série de investigadores e professores que auxiliaram de forma crucial a realização desta dissertação, dos quais destaco, Brian Tinsley, Paul Hoffman, Ainara Badiola, Enric Pallé, Stefan Immler e Lígia Castro. Ao Professor Daryl Domning, ao Professor Gideon Rosenbaum, ao Doutor Iyad Zalmout e ao Doutor André Moitinho deixo um agradecimento especial pela ajuda, resolução de dúvidas e partilha de informações. Não esqueço o Professor Filipe Rosas pela sua disponibilidade, partilha de artigos e conversas várias e enriquecedoras ao longo deste exercício académico. À minha tradutora de alemão, Simone Santos, estudante de Erasmus e nossa colega. Aos meus colegas de mestrado, em particular Joana Pereira, João Ramajal, Laíse Gomes e Sónia Simões, que tornaram este percurso mais rico, com a partilha de momentos e discussão ideias que moldaram positivamente toda a experiência destes dois anos na FCUL. Por fim, à Irene, por inúmeras razões. v Índice Índice de Figuras .................................................................................................................. ix Índice de Tabelas ................................................................................................................ xiii Resumo ................................................................................................................................ xv Abreviaturas ....................................................................................................................... xvi Unidades ............................................................................................................................ xvii CAPÍTULO 1 ........................................................................................................................ 18 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 18 1.1 Objectivos ................................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Área de Estudo ........................................................................................................... 22 1.3 Organização da Tese .................................................................................................. 22 CAPÍTULO 2 ........................................................................................................................ 25 O clima do Cenozoico .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Introdução .................................................................................................................. 25 2.2 Isótopos e Estudo Climático ...................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Isótopos de Oxigénio ........................................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Relação Mg/Ca ..................................................................................................... 34 2.3 Evolução da Antártida ............................................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Região Este da Antárctica - Baía de Prydz ......................................................... 40 2.3.2 Variações do nível do mar na região Este Antárctica ....................................... 40 2.4 Clima global durante o Cenozoico ........................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Eocénico ................................................................................................................ 45 2.4.2 Transição Eocénico/Oligocénico ......................................................................... 47 2.4.3 Oligocénico ........................................................................................................... 50 2.4.4 Miocénico ............................................................................................................. 51 2.4.5 Transição M/P e Pliocénico ................................................................................. 66 2.4.6 Discussão climática do Pliocénico ...................................................................... 68 CAPÍTULO 3 ........................................................................................................................ 71 O ambiente galáctico e o clima na Terra ............................................................................ 71 3.1 Introdução .................................................................................................................. 71 3.2 Estrutura da Via Láctea ............................................................................................. 75 3.3 Supernovas ................................................................................................................. 80 3.4 Radiação Cósmica e Clima ........................................................................................ 87 3.4.1 A Radiação Cósmica e Radiação Dura ............................................................... 87 3.4.2 A Actividade Solar ............................................................................................... 90 3.4.3 Mecanismos Físicos ............................................................................................. 91 3.4.4 Casos de Estudo ................................................................................................... 96 CAPÍTULO 4 ........................................................................................................................ 99 vi Evolução dos sirénios nas costas europeia e Norte africana ............................................. 99 4.1 Introdução .................................................................................................................. 99 4.2 Ordem Sirenia .......................................................................................................... 100 4.2.1 Filogenia ............................................................................................................. 100 4.2.2 Distribuição temporal e paleobiogeográfica .................................................... 102 4.2.3 Prorastomidae .................................................................................................... 103 4.2.4 Protosirenidae .................................................................................................... 104 4.2.5 Dugongidae ........................................................................................................ 104
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