Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 142(2), 2008 49

A CONTRIBUTION TO AN INVENTORY OF FROM SOUTH SISTER, NORTHEASTERN TASMANIA

by G. Kantvilas, J. A. Elix and S. J. Jarman

(with five plates and one appendix)

Kantvilas, G., Elix, J.A. & Jarman, S.J. 2008 (28:xi): A contribution to an inventory oflichens fromSouth Sister, northeastern Tasmania. f Papers and Proceedings o the Royal Society of Tasmania 142(2): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.142.2.49 ISSN 0080-4703. Tasmanian Herbarium, Private Bag 4, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (GK*, SJJ); Department of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia (JAE). *Author for correspondence.

A survey at South Sister, northeastern Tasmania, has yielded 234 taxa. The following 16 are recorded from Tasmania forthe firsttime: veronensis A. Massa!., Arthothelium macounii (G. Merr.) W.J. Noble, Austrolecia antarctica Herrel, Bacidia wellingtonii (Stitt.) D.J. Galloway, Buellia griseovirens (Turner & Barrer ex Sm.) Almb., Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Miill. Arg., Hafellia subcrassata Pusswald, H.

xanthonica Elix, Hypocenomycesca laris (Ach.) M. Choisy, Illosporium carneum Fr., Lecidella pruinosula (Miill. Arg.) Kanrvilas & Elix comb. nov., Lecidella sublapicida (Knight) Hertel, Lep rariaeburnea J.R. Laundon, Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedi., Mycoblastus campbellianus (Ny!.) Zahlbr. and Mycoporum anteceflens (Ny!.) R.C. Harris. Ihe survey represents the first of its kind for any dolerite peak in Tasmania, and serves as a benchmark forfuture studies. Aspects oftbe distribution and ecology of the flora, the occurrence of rare, threatened or otherwise unusual species, and significant range extensions are discussed. 'lhe effect of metal-rich run-offfrom galvanised structures is identified as a potential threat to the flora values of the site. Key Words: biodiversity, dolerite, flora, Lecidella, lichenised fungi.

INTRODUCTION relict rainforest (pis 1-2). Thesubsequent lichen survey was structured around this classification. ° South Sister ( 41 °32' S 148 lO'E) is a small dolerite pinnacle Collections were made of all species for identification or about 800 m a.s.l. in northeast Tasmania, overlooking the confirmation of identification in the laboratory. Identifi­ settlement of St Marys. Located within State Forest, the cation involved morphological examination, anatomical peak is a popular vantage point for bushwalkers, rock­ examination using high-power microscopy, chemical climbers and naturalists, as well as being the site for several analyses using standard methods (Orange et al 2001) and telecommunications installations. A proposal (in 2005) to comparison with reliably identified herbarium reference harvest timber froma coupe on its southern slopes generated specimens. Vouchers of all species recorded are housed at intense interest in the area, as well as considerable opposition the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), with some additional frommembers of the local community. Thecampaign against material at the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research in logging led to the compilation of extensive data on various Canberra (CANB). For taxa not identified to species rank, aspects of the area, including its natural history. The history a reference specimen number (e.g., GK 300/06) is provided of the campaign and much of this information is available in parentheses in appendix 1. at http:/ /www.southsister.org. Species nomenclature follows McCarthy (2008). As part of the study of the natural history of South Sister, Nomenclature of ascus types followsHafellner (1984). a survey of lichens was conducted, revealing a diverse and interesting flora, rich in seldom-encountered species. In view of the paucity of sound inventory data for lichens for RESULTS much of Tasmania, we present our results here to serve as a benchmark for future lichen surveys of Tasmania's peaks, Overview of the vegetation and as a permanent record of the many significant species recorded. The upper slopes of South Sister carry open forest dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis R. Baker. The eucalypts become shorter and more widely dispersed towards the pinnacle and METHODS the taller understorey shrubs and trees become increasingly prominent, and dominate where the eucalypts are absent. Fieldwork was conducted by GK and JAE on 10-11 The most common of these species are Bedfordia salicina November 2004, and by GK and SJJ on 31 August 2006 (Labill.) DC., Tasmannia lanceolata (Poirer) A.C. Smith, and 22 November 2007. The proposed logging coupe was Notelaea ligustrina Vent. and Pittosporum bicolor Hook. examined although most effort was concentrated on the Several smaller shrubs, including Cyathodes glauca Labill., pinnacle and its immediate environs. Work was conducted Oxylobium ellipticum (Labill.) R. Br. and Olearia stellulata within a broad band fromthe car park at 750 m a.s.l., along (Labill.) DC., are also common. Ferns, mainly Porystichum the walking track to the pinnacle, on the scree slopes of the proliferum (R. Br.) C. Pres! and Microsorum pustulatum pinnacle itself, and along the small rock-climbers' tracks on (Forst.f.) Copel. on the pinnacle itself, occur below the small the slopes that lead to numerous rocky tors. A preliminary trees and shrubs, or in sheltered spots among the rocks. Grasses overview identifiedthe followingmaj or lichen habitats: wet are locally common in open areas. One very small patch of scrub, rock scree, large cliffsand tors, eucalypt woodland and relict rainforest, dominated by a few trees of Atherosperma 50 G. .1\..u!rttl/i~tUJ, J A. Elix and S. J Jarman

PLATE 1 Vegetation ofSouth Sister. (Aj Dolerite tors emergentfrom wet scrub, with open eucalyptforest on the lower slopes (background). (Bj Dense wet scrub on a scree oflarge dolerite boulders.

PLATE 2 Dolerite boulders, colonised by a highly diverse lichen flora. (Bj Detail oflichen mosaics on dolerite)' the dominant species shown here belong to the Placopsis. A contribution to an inventory oflichens ftom South Sister, northeastern Tasmania 51 moschatum Labill., occurs in a relatively fire-protected area septa. See Coppins & James (1979) as Arthothelium ilicinum on the south side of the pinnacle. var. reagens (= A. macounii) for further details. Everywhere on and around the pinnacle the land surface The Tasmanian specimens are from sheltered underhangs is rocky, limiting the extent and density of the woody on dolerite in wet scrub. The discovery in Tasmania of this plant layer and ensuring plenty oflight reaches the ground uncommon species, previously known only from western surface. In more sheltered situations, below overhanging Scotland and British Columbia, represents a remarkable rocks or under a sparse vegetation canopy, the surfaces of range extension. Superficially the Tasmanian specimens differ rocks, soil and living stems carry a rich flora of mosses, from typical material by their saxicolous habitat (elsewhere liverworts and lichens, creating an image oflush abundance. this species is an epiphyte) and the rather convex, almost Even in sites, on the brightly lit, sloping or vertical subglobose fruiting bodies (normally these are Rat and rock surfaces where conditions are unfavourable for many adnate); however, the latter feature may be interpreted as bryophytes, the diversity and abundance of lichens remain a function of the habitat. Anatomically, the similarity of high. the Tasmanian specimens to northern hemisphere material is unequivocal. There is another, as yet undescribed Lichen inventory Arthothelium species in Tasmania that also displays an identical K+ magenta reaction in the fruiting bodies, but In all, 234 lichen taxa were recorded (appendix 1). This figure this differs by having larger ascospores (38-43 x 18-20 rm) includes 16 species that are recorded for Tasmaniafor the first that are ellipsoid and muriform throughout. time; diagnoses, notes andlists ofreference specimens for these Specimens examined: TASMANIA: South Sister, 41 °32'S are given below. Two species new to science were discovered 148°10'E, 750 malt., 10.xi.2004, G. Kantvilas431/04 & fA. during the survey and have been published elsewhere: Elix (HO); Hartz Mountains, iii.1963, PW James (HO). Punctelia transtasmanica Elix & Kantvilas, also known from Flinders Island and New Zealand (Elix & Kantvilas 2005), Austrolecia antarctica Hertel, Beih. Nova Hedwigia and Trapelia lilacea Kantvilas & Elix, widespread on dolerite 79: 453 (1984) in the Tasmanian highlands (Kantvilas & Elix 2007); the Thallus crustose, bullate-areolate, white-greyto cream-white; latterhas since been recorded inNewZealand (D.J. Galloway, areoles to 3 mm wide, mostly with a minutely roughened pers. comm.). Additional new species are likely to be present surface; apothecialecideine, black, irregularlyto 1.5 mmwide, amongst the, as yet, not fully identified material, but await broadlyadnate, sometimes nestled deeplyamongst the areoles; future study. epihYfIlenium green, unchanged in K; hypothecium purple­ brown, unchanged in K; asci approximating the Catillaria­ New records type (sensu Hafellner 1984), with a well-developed amyloid tholus lacking discernible internal structures; paraphyses Acarospora veronensis A. Massa!., Ric. Auton. very robust, 3-4 rm wide, simple or occasionally bifurcate Lich. Crost.: 29 (1852) oranastomosing, with apices unpigmentedand not markedly Thallus areolate, reddish brown; areoles plane to convex to expanded; ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid to ± oblong, simple somewhat bullate, dispersed or contiguous, 0.5-1 mm wide, to I-septate, 11-19 x 4-7 rm. Containing atranorin (±), rounded to ± rhomboid; apothecia 1-3 per areole, 0.1-0.5 norstictic andconnorstictic acids; microscope preparations of mm wide, rather sunken and crater-like, with a concave, the thallus produce red, needle-like crystals with the addition reddish or blackish brown disc; hymenium 60-100 rm ofKOH. See Rambold (1989) for further details. thick; ascospores very numerous in the ascus, 3-5 x 1.5-2 This saxicolous species is also known from the Antarctic rm. Containing no substances detectable by t.l.c. See Purvis Peninsula, South Shetland Islands and mainland Australia & James (1922) for more details. (Rambold 1989, 0vstedal & Lewis-Smith 2001). With its At South Sister, this species occurred very abundantly on conspicuous thallus of bullate areoles, it is easily detected dolerite rock plates where zinc-rich run-offfrom galvanised in the field, although there are some, as yet unidentified, sheds and fences has cleared the rock surface of almost superficially similar species growing in identical habitats in all "naturally-occurring" lichens. In this unusual habitat, the Tasmanian flora. Anatomically it is best identified by it is associated with Candelariella vitellina and Lecanora its Catillaria-type asci and 0-1-septate ascospores. It grows polytropa. Elsewhere in Tasmania, it has been found in on exposed boulders and is likely to be more widespread nutrient-enriched sites (from human urine) such as occur in alpine areas but rarely collected. around shelter huts in bushwalking areas. Specimens examined: TASMANIA: South 41 °32'S Specimens examined: TASMANIA: South Sister near 148°10'E, 780 malt., 22.xi.2007, G. Kantvilas 357/07 summit, 41°32'S 148°10'E, 800 malt., 31.viii.2006, G. (HO); The Knuckle, 1400 m 8.iv.1996, G. .l\-UfHLYtl,UJ Kantvilas 339/06 (HO); Rodway Range at Tarn Shelf hut, 4/96 (HO). 42°41'S 146°34'E, 1250 malt., 28.x.2007, G. Kantvilas 324/07 (HO). Bacidia wellingtonii (Stirt.) D.J. Galloway, New Zealand J. Bot. 21: 192 (1983) Arthothelium macounii (G. Merr.) W.J. Noble, Thallus crustose, effuse, whitish or grey; U.1-"JL~Jl"''''J,U. Mycotaxon 28: 91 (1987) basally constricted, superficial, to 0.6 mm with Thallus immersed to absent; fruiting bodies arthonioid, a black, plane disc and pale red-brown margin; epihymenium 0.2-0.5 mm roundish, convex, basally constricted; green, ± unchanged in K, N + vivid lilac; ascospores very hymenium orange-yellow with numerous reddish brown tightly coiled in the ascus, filiform, tapering towards one end, granules, K+ vivid magenta; ascospores broadly ellipsoid, at 50-60 x 3-4 rm, up to 1 See Galloway (1985) for first hyaline, soon becominggrey-brown, 29-32 x 11-15 rm, full description. macrocephalic, with aprominentterminal, undividedcell and The genus Bacidia is well represented in Tasmania but amuriform "tail" having 3-5 transverse and0-2 longitudinal most species remain unidentified pending a detailed study of G. .l\..UirttVj~tUJ, f A. Elix and S. f Jarman

Bacidia. wellingtonii is characterised by the green Hafellia subcrassata Pusswald in Marbach, '-'IJJ·'-JJ\~'-'J'~JJJ and the tightly coiled ascospores. In Tasmania, Biblioth. Lich. 74: 284 (2000) it occurs on smooth bark in shade in wet forest. It is also Thallus crustose, greyish white; apothecia black, lecideine, known from New Zealand. mostly to 1 mm wide, with disc plane to somewhat convex Specimens examined: TASMANIA: South Sister, 41 °32'S and margin persistent; epithecium brown, unchanged 750 malt., 31.viii.2006, G. Kantvilas 313/06 in KOH; hymenium inspersed with oil droplets; asci Simons Road near Ben Nevis, 830 malt., 7.xii.1981, 8-spored; ascospores brown to grey-brown, ellipsoid, G. Kantvilas 1084/81 (BM, HO). I-septate, 28-36 x 12-14 rm, with relatively weak apical, subapical and septal thickenings and a ± minutelyroughened Buellia griseovirens (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) outer wall. Containing norstictic acid with traces of 4, Almb., Bot. Not. 1952: 247 (1952) 5-dichlorolichexanthone; microscope preparations of the Thallus crustose, greyish white, sorediate; soralia discrete and thallus often develop red, needle-like crystals withthe addition roundish, to 0.7 mm wide, sometimes becoming confluent, ofKOH. See Marbach (2000) for further details. concolorous with the thallus or pale to dark greenish grey; The genus Hafellia is well represented but rather poorly apothecia black, lecideine, to 1 mm wide, with disc mostly known in Tasmania, and much of the literature (e.g., plane and margin persistent; hymenium lacking oil droplets; Marbach 2000, Etayo & Marbach 2003) makes scant asci 8-spored; ascospores grey-brown to darkbrown, ellipsoid, reference to Tasmanian collections. The Tasmanian specimen 18-26 x 10-12rm, submuriform, with 1-3 transverse and is epiphytic on the bark ofCyathodes glauca. It grew together 0-1 longitudinal septa. Containing atranorin and norstictic with the related H bahiana (Malme) Sheard, which is far acid; thallus P+ orange, K+ yellow red. See Orange et al. more common and widespread in Tasmania, and has an (1992) and Nordin (2000) for further descriptions. identical thallus chemistry. That species differs from H This is a cosmopolitan temperate species that is relatively subcrassata chiefly by the presence of"sedifolia-grey" pigment common in Tasmania in open woodlands where it occurs Meyer & Printzen 2000) in the epithecium; this pigment on bark or wood. Understorey trees such as Banksia reacts C+, K+ violet (Sheard 1992, Marbach 2000). Cav. are a particularly favoured host. When Specimen examined: TASMANIA: South Sister, 41 °32'S the brown, submuriform ascospores are diagnostic. 148°10'E, 750 malt., 10.xi.2004, G. Kantvilas 367/04 & Sterile specimens can be determined by their chemical fA. Elix (HO). composition. Superficially similar, sorediate species include Trapeliopsis flexuosa (which is C+ and Catillochroma Hafellia xanthonica Elix, Australas. Lichenol. 59: 36 pulverea (which is K-, P+ red). (2006) examined: TASMANIA: E of Lake Leake, Thallus crustose, pale grey to yellowish grey; apothecia 400 m 24.iv.1996, G. Kantvilas black, lecideine, mostly to 1.5 mm wide, with disc plane s.n. South Sister, 41°32'S 148°10'E, 750 malt., to somewhat convex and margin persistent; epithecium 10.xi.2004, G. Kantvilas & fA. Elix (HO); W of brown, unchanged in KOH; hymenium inspersed with oil New Norfolk along Glenora Road, 42°47'S 147°02'E, 90 m droplets; asci 8-spored, butsometimeswith up to six ascopores 19.ii.1997, G. Kantvilas 54/97 (HO); 1 km N of Lake aborted; ascospores brown to grey-brown, ellipsoid, I-septate,

-L.L'-J.L.LU ... '-'.L.L .... , 41°42'S 1190 malt., 20.xi.2005, G. 14-30(-35) x 6-13(-15) rm, with apical and subapical Kantvilas 335/05 (HO); 2 km N of Stonehurst Sugarloaf, thickenings. Containing 4, 5-dichlorolichexanthone. See 42°31 'S 147°48'E, 350 m 17.vi.2003, G. Kantvilas Elix (2006) for further details. 348/03 (HO). Specimen examined: TASMANIA: southern slope of South Sister, 41°32'S 148°10'E, 640 malt., 10.xi.2004, Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) MOil. Arg. emend. R. fA.Elix 28694 & G. Kantvilas (CANB). Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 420 (1952) Thallus foliose, with lobes flabellate, broadly Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy, Bull. 1-5 mm isidia flattened to squamulose, Mens. Soc. Linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 22: 103 (1953) laminal and underside brown, with dense, Thallus squamulose; squamules to 1.5 mmwide, pale beige to to dark brown black, yellowish, discrete, scattered orimbricate, withmargins incised Un(lutate, to 3 mm wide. Arvidsson (1983) for orcrenulate, usuallysomewhat upturned, apothecia mostly to c. 1 mm wide, brown to black, sometimes slightly to subtropical In bluish pruinose, with plane or undulate disc and pel'slstent,

",,-,,,,,rh£:>.-.1-':7 occurrence, it occurs on rocks flexuose margin. Containing lecanoric acid; squamules C+

t"Y'Ir..rnt"lr..I''\£YlT of the isidia readily red. See Timdal (1984) for full description. from two other, superficially This is widespread in temperate areas in both in that is, and has been recorded throughout the and the rare L.\11,C't-f",.~ll",n mainland (McCarthy 2008). Like other members of the genus, it is typically found on eucalypt wood or 0 'np>r'lt"Y'1p>nC' examIned: TASMANIA: Mt 40 59'S bark. The presence of soredia distinguishes it from the 22.iv.1997, G. Kantvilas 126/97& closely related, very common H australis that occurs in Elix Little 41°38'S 148°19'E, 10 m identical habitats. 19.ii.2001, G. Kantvilas 312/01 South 41°32'S examined: TASMANIA: southern slope of 800 malt., G. Kantvilas 308/04 41°32'S 148°10'E, 640 malt., 10.xi.2004, & Elix St Patricks 41°35'S G. Kantvilas 381/04 Elix (HO); E of Lake 7.vii.1973, G.C. Bratt 73/660 c. 1 km NE of Coles 42°01'S 400 malt., 24.iv.1996, G. Kantvilas s.n. 42°07'S 100-110 m 23.iv.2007, G. W of New along Glenora Road, 42°47'S Kantvilas 182/07 90 malt., 19.ii.1997, G. Kantvilas 49/97 (HO); A contribution to an inventory oflichens from South Sister, northeastern Tasmania 53

The Hazards near Wineglass Bay Lookout, 42°09'5 148°17'E, 42°32'S 147°18'E, 620 malt., 28.x.1987, G. Kantvilas 180 malt., 19.vii.2005, G. Kantvilas 180/05 (HO); W of 143/87 (HO); West of Tahune Bridge in the Warra SST, Tahune Bridge, 43°06'S 146°41'E, 120 malt., 2.v.2006, 43°06'S 146°41 'E, 180 malt., 23.v.2006, G. Kantvilas G. Kantvilas 212/06 (HO). 245/06 (HO); Dee Lagoon, 42°16'5 146°36'E, 690 m alt., 15.xi.1964, G.C. Bratt 1801 & I.A. Cashin (HO); IIlosporium carneum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 259 (1822) Florentine Road, 42°28'5 146°30'E, 240 malt., 10.xi.2005, This is a licheniciolous growing on the thallus of G. Kantvilas 310/05 (HO); Lonnavale, 42°51 'S 146°47'E, 70 Peltigera species, recognised by its bright orange conidiomata malt., 28.vi.1964, G.C. Bratt 1359b &fA. Cashin (HO); to c. 0.5 mm wide. See Hawksworth (1981) for further Sandspit River, 42°42'S 147°50'E, 180 malt., 30.x.1988, data. A. MoscaI 16846(HO); Kangaroo (Lenah) Valley, 9.xi.1899, Specimen examined: TASMANIA: South Sister, 41 °32'S WA. weymouth 952 (HO). Watchorns Hill, Huon Road, 148°10'E, 640 malt., 10.xi.2004, G. Kantvilas 390/04 & 1600 ft alt., 25.i.1899, WA. weymouth 674 (HO). fA. Elix (CANB, GZU, HO). Lecidella sublapicida (Knight) Hertel, Mitt. Bot. Lecidella pruinosula (MOIl. Arg.) Kantvilas & Elix Staatssamml. MOnchen 199: 444-445 (1983) comb. nov. Thallus areolate, whitish to cream-white to olive-grey; Basionym: LecideapruinosulaMull.Arg., Flora 65: 486 (1882). apothecia scattered, basally constricted, black, mostly to Type: Australia: New SouthWales, corticola adTwofold Bay, 0.5 mm wide; hymenium colourless, with epihymenium 1: White (holotype: G!). greenish, unchanged in K, N + red; hypothecium orange­ = Lecidea cerarufa (Shirley) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 3: brown, intensifying orange in K and N; ascopsores ellipsoid, 746 (1925); cerarufa Shirley, Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. 8.5-15 x 5-8 pm. Containingvicanicinandseveralxanthones; Tasmania 1893: 217 (1894). Type: Australia: Tasmania, on thallus C+ orange. See Rambold (1989) and Knoph (1990) bark, Bower Track, Mt Wellington, WA. weymouth 141 for further descriptions. (holotype: BRI!). Although the genus Lecidella remains poorly known Thallus crustose, creamish white, thin, smooth or in Tasmania, this widespread Australasian species is well­ somewhat scurfy, often rather patchy, diffuse; apothecia characterised ~y the presence of vicanicin. It occurs on lecideine, 0.3-1 mm diam., with disc pale pink, orange or a variety of rock types, mostly in lowland, open sites in reddish brown, usually whitish grey-pruinose, at least when heathland and open eucalypt forest. young, typically persistently plane and only rarely becoming Specimens examined: TASMANIA: South Sister, convex with age; margin persistent, typically elevated above lower slope near car park, 41°32'S 148°10'E, 750 malt., the level of the disc, with the rim pale orange to brown 10.xi.2004, G. Kantvilas 419/04 & fA. Elix (HO); near and the sides usually much paler, in section composed of Temma, 41 °13'S 21.xi.2001, G. Kantvilas radiating hyphae inspersed with crystals that fluoresce in 1200/01 (HO); Huon Road, 42°54'5 147°17'E, 240 m polarised light but do not dissolve in KOH; hypothecium alt., 30.xii.2000, G. Kantvilas 570/00 (HO); Couta Rocks, (30-)80-110 pm thick, colourless to pale yellowish; 41°10'5 144°41'E, 9.xii.1993, G. Kantvilas 304/93 & fA. hymenium 80-110 pm thick, colourless, with a red-brown Elix (HO). epitheciallayer composed ofgranules that do not dissolve in KOH; asci 8-spored, 55-70 x 14-24 pm, of the Lecanora­ Lepraria eburnea J.R. Laundon, Lichenologist 24: type but with the masse axiale ± barrel-shaped; paraphyses 331 (1992) 1.5-2 pm thick, wavy, simple to very sparingly branched, Thallus leprose, whitish, greenish to somewhat yellowish, rather coherent in water, not capitate; ascospores hyaline, lacking marginal lobes. Containingalectorialic acid, atranorin broadly ellipsoid, ovate to sometimes almost subglobose, (±) and barbatolic acid thallus K-, KC+ fleeting reddish, 14-18(-20) x (8-)10-14 pm. Chemistry: pannarin (± C-, P+ yellow to orange. See Laundon (1992) for further minor), dechloropannarin (± minor), norpannarin (± trace), data. 3-0-methylthiophanic acid (± major), 2,5,7-trichloro-3-0­ This is a widespread, pan-temperate that occurs methylnorlichexanthone (minor or major), 5,7-dichloro-3­ in shaded underhangs, usually over bryophytes or directly O-methylnorlichexanthone (± minor), thiophanic acid (± on bark or rock. It is characterised unequivocally by its minor), isoarthothelin (± minor), 3-0-methylthiophaninic chemistry. acid (± trace). See also Kantvilas (1988). Specimens examined: TASMANIA: southern slope of This is a common and widespread in wet eucalypt South 41°32'S 148°10'E, 640 malt., 31.viii.2006, forest, rainforest and wet scrub where it occurs on trunks and G. Kantvilas 322/06 & 325/06 (HO); Weindorfers twigs with smooth bark, including the dead canopy twigs 41°38'S 820 malt., 28.iii.1988, G. Kantvilas of eucalypts. The concentration of chemical substances in 61/88 (BM, HO). this lichen is rather variable. For example, the occurrence of pannarin, which is often a diagnostic substance easily Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl., Bih. K. Svenska detected by spot tests reacts P+ orange), is Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. III, 18(3): 78, 89 (1892) and is often best detected in the whitish pruina young Thallus areolate or, more commonly, endoxylic and apothecia. Although relatively infrequently collected, this inapparent; apothecia convex to subglobose, to 0.5 mm species is likely to be widespread in eastern Australia. wide, immarginate, dark grey to black, C+ red in section; Selected examined: TASMANIA: South Sister upper part of hymenium with an olivaceous or C+ near summit, 41 °32'S 148°10'E, 800 malt., 10.xi.2004,fA. violet, K+ violet pigment; ellipsoid, sometimes Elix 28633 & G. Kantvilas HO); Pelion Plains, curved, (0-) 9-16 x pm. See Coppins (1983) 41°50'S 146°03'E, 850 malt., 13.iii.1992, G. Kantvilas for full description.

169/92 (HO); Anthony Road, 41°49'5 480 m This is "c~'C'J1'I--".l.rF...J'-...... rI in the temperate northern alt., 30.iv.1993, G. Kantvilas 221/93 (HO); Yarlington Tier, ht:>1""'1C'1',ht:>rt:> (Coppins and occurs on wood, including G. 1\..Uftll/tU4~J, A. Elix and S. f Jarman

Micarea is very diverse in Tasmania, Banksia marginata, Atherosperma moschatum and Tasmannia undescribed or unrecorded Spore lanceolata) in sclerophyll forest, wet scrub and rainforest. It combination of reactions in C and may well be quite widespread but is small, inconspicuous K this from other superficially similar and therefore easily overlooked.

Tasmanian taxa. 'nJ'::>rlt"y\pt,c examined: TASMANIA: Meetus Falls, 41 °57'S examined: TASMANIA: southern slope of 510 malt., 16.v.1989, G. Kantvilas 188/89 41°32'S 148°10'E, 640 m 10.xi.2004, G. (HO); E of Lake Leake, 42°01 'S 400 malt., Kantvilas 389/04 Elix (E, H 0); Daley at the 24.iv.1996, G. Kantvilas s.n. (HO); Savage River Pipeline ,42°21'S 210 malt., 1004, at 11.5 mile peg, 41 °20'S, 145°16'E, 440 malt., 9.xii.1993,

l\..Ufl/;Vll,UJ 248/04 G. Kantvilas 287/93 &fA. Elix (HO); South Sister, 41 °32'S 148°10'E, 800 malt., 10.xi.2004, G. Kantvilas 395/04 &

V\JlYflUU'&.UU campbellianus (Ny!.) Zahlbr., Cata/. Elix (HO). Univ. 4: 3 (1926) Thallus crustose, whitish, cream or greyish, sorediate; soralia .2) mm wide, initially discrete, speck­ DISCUSSION like or sometimes tuberculate, soon becoming diffuse or confluentandspreadingunevenlyacross the thallus; apothecia Diversity and flora values mm diam., ± superficial, basally strongly convex and top-shaped when well The lichen floras ofTasmania's mountains have been sampled "'L"LUII"__ "'. glossy black to blue-black, rarely dark reddish and studied in a cursory and opportunistic way, especially in brown or piebald, in section with bright the past 25 years, leading to the discovery and description rlnpt"p·r\t"11r"J._o-t",""pn pigment & Printzen 2000), of many species new to science, and the identification of unCn~lnf2~ed in KOH, N+ crimson, in the excipulum and many new records for Tasmania (for example, see various upper part of hymenium; asci 2(-4)-spored; ascospores publications by the authors, cited by McCarthy (2008)). ovate to broadly ellipsoid, 27-51(-56) x 17-29(-32) rm, However, very few locations have been subjected to rigorous Containing perlatolic acid, virensic acid, study and analysis. Exceptions include an account of the h'{Tlh>pl"r;prl"'rrd'lr acid and protocetraric acid (±); medulla and alpine flora ofsouthwest Tasmania (Kantvilas 1995), and a P+ UV+white. See Galloway survey of Mount Sprent, a Precambrian peak in southwest Tasmania, byKantvilas &Jarman (1991). No inventory data in the southern hemisphere exist for any dolerite peaks in Tasmania, nor for any area in revision and will be treated in detail northeast Tasmania, and thus the results presented here are

...... AA • ../ ...... 'A. I' Mycoblastus campbellianus very much a pioneering benchmark. distinctive species, characterised by the With 234 taxa, in comparison to 141 at Mount Sprent a sorediate thallus containing virensic (Kantvilas & Jarman 1991) and 981 in the whole ofTasmania acid (P+ orange-red), and apothecia with blue-green, (McCarthy 2008), the diversity of lichens at South Sister It is widespread in cool to is undeniably impressive. The significant numbers of new the hemisphere, including New records for Tasmania also suggest the area is "special".

~..... ,u...Lu..jl.L~, Tasmania, Campbell Island, Staten Island, Tierra However, these findings need to be considered against the and southern Chile, usually as an epiphyte in backdrop of only limited information from elsewhere, that wet or forest. many ofthe new records are ofhighly cryptic taxa not easily Selected specimens examined: TASMANIA: South detected without very thorough searching, or represent 41°32'S 148°10'E, 760 malt., 22.xi.2007, G. Kantvilas species that were already known to the authors from other 369/07 Little Fisher 41 °45'5 146°20'E, 880 sites but not formally recorded in the literature for various G. Kantvilas 437/84 & PWJames (BM, HO); Lake reasons. Nevertheless, these considerations should not

-'L/'U'LJ'u'-JA..... 42°41'S 1030 malt., 13.viii.1981, G. detract from the fact the site supports several very unusual, Kantvilas 652/81 & PW (BM, HO); Blue Peaks, uncommon and highly restricted lichens. 41°43'S 1290 malt., 20.xi.2006, G. Kantvilas Noteworthy components of the lichen flora fall into two 416/06 41°47'S 146°21'E, 1270 malt., broad Firstly, there are that constitute

C'1n-1nfMr., ..,t- range extensions of otherwise not uncommon These include Sagenidium molle, which is almost exclusively a ofclosed rainforest and occurs mainly on old Nothofagus trees; its presence at South in sheltered rock crevices, is highly unusual. There are also three primarily lln'IIAf~lll',r with wall present: Arthroraphis citrinella var. citrinella, • .-.ra'-'C"f1-rT·'.-.n- " ...... '''''A/_ ••'-'.'A/., in KOH; ostiole central; CJc,l1roILec,l1za androgyna and Pertusariaflavoexpansa. Although branched and these lichens are common in alpine areas ofTasmania, their 27-40 x 8-14 occurrence at South Sister a considerable extension but turning brownish of range. Like S. molle, species probably represent Arthopyrenia) for further relicts from a time when the vegetation and microclimate were considerably moister and cooler. wl~jespn~adon smooth bark in the temperate The second category of noteworthy records comprises and North A.merica genuinely rare Three Coccocarpia erythroxyli, has also been recorded from New Guinea et C. pellita canobolasensis, were nominated al. In it has been recorded from trees with for inclusion on register of rare and threatened flora smooth bark (Nothofagus Pittosporum bicolor, under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 A contribution to an inventory oflichens from South northeastern Tasmania 55 and, although meeting all the criteria set down under the guidelines, were not listed http://www.southsister. org). Coccocarpia erythroxyli: This species is widespread in tropical areas of the world (Arvidsson 1983) and Tasmania represents its southernmost geographical penetration. It is found mostly in remnant wet scrubby forest dominated by Notelaea ligustrina, usually surrounded by dry sclerophyll vegetation, and as such is typically at high risk from fire. At most sites, it is represented by only a few tiny, scattered thalli, sometimes confined to a single host tree. It is locally very abundant at South Sister (pI. 3). Coccocarpia pellita: This species is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Arvidsson 1983) and, like the preceding species, its discovery in Tasmania represents the most southerly occurrence of this species in the world. It grows on rocks in sclerophyll forests but is never common, being represented at best by a few isolated thalli. Lecanactis sp.: This is almost certainly a new species, closely related to the common rainforest epiphyte, L. abietina (Ach.) Korber, but differing by its yellowish leprose thallus containing schizopeltic, lecanoric and porphyrilic acids. It grows on rocks in sheltered crevices and underhangs, and has also been collected at Den Hill, southeastern Tasmania. It is clearly a very rare species, not treated in the revision PLATE 3 of the genus for Tasmania by Kantvilas (2004). Coccocarpia erythroxyli, an epiphytic species locally Pertusaria barbatica: This is a very distinctive, epiphytic, abundant in wet scrub. isidiate, crustose lichen, known from only one other locality in Tasmania (in a remnant Melaleuca ericifolia swamp in the North-West). It also occurs on the southeastern Australian "virgin". However, localised parts ofthe site, such as the rock mainland (Archer 1997). scree, tors and pockets ofwet scrub, where no useable forest Pertusaria subdactylina: This bipolar species is known in products occur andwhere fire protection is greatest, are for all Australasia only from Tasmania, where it has been recorded intents and purposes "pristine". These are the microhabitats previously only twice: from Cape Barren Island and Mt where mostofthe lichens ofgreatest scientific orconservation Cameron (Kantvilas & Elix 2008). Both of these records interest are to be found. are from granite; the South Sister collection is the first from One noteworthy but previously undocumented threat in living bark (of Cyathodes glauca). the naturalTasmanian landscape, and one that is dramatically Punctelia transtasmanica: This very uncommon species evident at South Sister, is the impact oftoxic metals leaching was not recorded during a statewide survey of the family from galvanised structures. This effect was first brought to (Kantvilas et al. 2002) and is known elsewhere only from our attention byTim Rudman (pers. comm.) who observed Flinders Island (where it is locally common) and a single it at Devils Gullet (northern Tasmania). The impact on locality in New Zealand. the lichen flora can be dramatic, not least at South Sister. Xanthoparmelia canobolasensis: This species is very rare At the smallest scale, such as under pipes and fences, the on the Australian mainland, being known only from the result can be the total elimination of all lichens (pI. 4). On Orange area of New South Wales. It was the focus of a a larger such as around buildings, there is a wholesale conservation study there (D. Eldridge, unpubl.) and has replacement of the natural lichen associations, dominated been listed under the NSW Threatened Conservation by species of the Parmeliaceae and crustose lichens such as Act 1995. In Tasmania, it has also recorded near Ramboldiapetraeoides and Lecanorafa rinacea, by associations Falmouth. searches for further populations have generally connected with pollution and nutrient enrichment. not been successful. Here the dominant species are Acarospora veronensis and Lecanora polytropa. Given the patchy occurrence of m~ny Threats of the more interesting and rarer lichen the impact of galvanised structures and the resultant metal pollution Threats to lichens in aTasmanian contexthave been discussed on the flora values of the site could be critical. by Brown et al. (1994) and Kantvilas (2000), highlighting habitat destruction (through and other changes in Epilogue: the bushfire of December 2006 land management) and fire as being ofgreatest importance in the natural environment. For non-vascular plants, The South Sister area was burnt by a severe and extensive fragmentation of continuous tracts of natural vegetation bushfire in early December2006 (see http://www.southsister. is also an important factor that has been widely recognised org/articles7/fire3.htm for images and details). The studysite and quantified, particularly in Europe (Coppins & Coppins was revisited in November 2007 to ascertain the impact of 2002). The broad-scale environmentofSouthSister, although the fire on the lichen flora. natural, has been subjected to human and fire for a In fires affect the lichen flora either causing considerable period oftime, and so can hardly considered loss or damage to lichen macrohabitat G. J Elix and S. J

PLATE 4 impact ofgalvanised steel on lichens. (A) Band oflichen death in the drip zone and run-offbeneath a cable (right) and even beneath a small bolt (left). (B) Detail ofthe band oflichen death beneath a galvanised pipe.

PLATE 5 (right) and unburnt (left) scrub on rock scree. Mosaic ofburnt multi-stemmed tree. 1he intense black on the stems are charcoal residues. A contribution to an 11171JP1I7ffH"'1I oflichens from South Sister, northeastern Tasmania 57

causing loss or damage to lichen substrates '-""U'VV..L...... :lI' B.J. 1992a: Micarea Fr. (1825). In O.W Purvis, B.J. particular trees and or by direct incineration Coppins, D.L. Hawksworth, rw James & D.M. Moore lichens themselves. The South Sister fire, at least in (eds): The Lichen Flora ofGreat Britain andIreland. Natural the environs of the pinnacle itself, appears to have been History Museum Publications, London: 371-384. Coppins, B.J. 1992b: Arthopyrenia Massa!. (1852). In O.W patchy. The eucalypt forest on the lower slopes Purvis, B.]. D.L. Hawksworth, rw James & has been burnt, but this vegetation probably D.M. Moore The Lichen Flora ofGreat Britain and supported the least number oflichens. Damage to the rock Ireland. Natural History Museum Publications, London: scree and tors has been minimal, and the flames seemingly 88-92. "trickled" through the scrub patches, burning some and & E~ 1979: New or British scorching but also leaving areas untouched (pI. 5). lichens III. Lichenologist 11: 27-45. The effect on this scrub, which supported a EIix, J.A. 2006: A new ofHafellia (Physciaceae, lichenized

C't"...,.,ntnr'"1l'""'\r nr"r,,,rrt,,n of the lichen flora, is that it will ASlcornv<:::otaJ from Australia. Australasian Lichenology 59:

rr'"1,rrn-l,Pnrpr1 than before, more prone to 36-38. EIix, J.A. & Kantvilas, G. 2005: A new species of Punctelia rht:>rp...."t·p also more vulnerable to future fires. t'ar'mc~llalceae, lichenized ) from Tasmania and of the on the lichens become evident over a New Zealand. Australasian Lichenology 57: 12-14. longer period of time. Our experience elsewhere indicates Etayo, J. & Marbach, B. 2003: Hafellia alisioae and H gomerana that following even a patchy fire, attrition of some lichen (lichenized Physciaceae), two new species species continues as they gradually respond to increased from the Canary with a to all known exposure to light and dryness, to smoke or heat damage, corticolous species. Lichenologist 35: or to damage to their host. given that extensive Galloway, D.J. 1985: Flora of New Zealand Lichens. P.D. unburnt lichen habitat remains at South and that all Hasselberg, Government Printer, Wellington: 662 pp. the main habitat types are still well represented, it is highly Hafellner, J. 1984: Studien in Richtung einer natiirlicheren likely that the composition of the lichen flora, as recorded Gliederung der Sammelfamilien und before the remains unaltered, and that the special flora Lecideaceae. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79: 241-371. Hawksworth, 0.1,. 1981: The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin values conveyed the lichens are intact, albeit in a more ofthe British Museum (Natural History), Botany 9: 1-98. fragmentary and vulnerable state. Kantvilas, G. 1988: A re-examination ofJohn Shirley's collection Two of the rarest Coccocarpia pellita and ofTasmanian lichens. and Proceedings ofthe Royal Xanthoparmelia canobolasensis, were not located after the Society ofTasmania 59-67. fire. These species had been recorded on the more Kantvilas, G. 1995: Alpine lichens of Tasmania's south-west exposed northern slopes of the peak where the fire was wilderness. Lichenologist 27: 433-449. most severe. Kantvilas, G. 2000: Conservation of Tasmanian lichens. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 75: 357-367. Kantvilas, G. 2004: A contribution to the Roccellaceae in Tasmania: new species and notes on Lecanactis and allied

VV""VL'''U-'- Botanicae Upsalienses 34(1): 183-203. J.A. 2007: Additions to the lichen family We thank Drs Helmut /\/I'"1 ... Trt-... " ....,pr '1lnr1 A l'nTrt '11 rpr,p Corda from Tasmania. Bibliotheca Lichenologica for identifying Illosporium carneum) Dr Brian for confirming the identity of Micarea denigrata, the Kantvilas, G. & EIix, J.A. 2008: Additions to the lichen genus curators of the Queensland Herbarium and other herbaria Pertusaria in Tasmania. Sauteria 15: 249-263. cited for the loan of type and critical We also Kantvilas, G., Elix, J.A. & Jarman, S.J. 2002: Tasmanian thank]uliaWeston for her during our first visit to Lichens: Identification) Distribution and Conservation

South Sister, and to other local r"1'Y"lrr"lntr"'T Status. I Parmeliaceae. Australian Biological Resources through whose encouragement this survey has been Canberra, and the Tasmanian Herbarium, Hobart: to publication.

.l.JLVII...J..U'U'''-, A., Diederich, E, Serusiaux, E. & 1997: Lichens and lichenicolous from New Guinea. Bibliotheca 64: lLe:calloracc~ae, Le(~anlorales) unter ..LJ~JL U-'-'.L"-C'"'_''-'.L.LL.Lj::"UL.L.Lj::" Archer, A.~ 1997: The au~;ser'eu]:opals~:::he:nProben exklusive Amerika. lJzt7Lzo,thelr;a Bibliotheca Lichenologica Lichenologica 36: 1-183. Arvidsson, L. 1983. A mClnogr8Lph Laundon, J.R. 1992: in the British Isles. Lichenologist Botanica 24: 315-350. Brown, Kantvilas, G. & 1994: Conservation ...... ''-I...... y, EM. 2008. Checklist ofthe Lichens and reservation of non-vascular in Tasmania, with Territories. Australian l)l()loiglcal n,,,"-,0\..JUJ.,,"-,,,"-,0 reference to lichens. JjU7aZjl)er:r;ztv and Conservation Canberra. Version 31 3: 263-278.

'-I...... 'I-'JULJLUO' A.M. & Arten der "11'r..." ...... "'.1'\ und Ufttl/tU1~J, G. 1 .... A. Elix and S. J Jarman

Nordin,A.2000: lax:onOillLY with Purvis, O.~ & James, E~ 1992: Acarospora Massa!. (1852). pluriseptate spores ,Lecarlor;lles;, Asco,m}Tco1tln~1). Symbolae In O.W Purvis, B.]. Coppins, D.L. Hawksworth, ~W Botanicae Upsalienses 33 (1): 1-117. James & D.M. Moore (eds): The Lichen Flora of Great ~, ...... 4JL...... ,.L ,.... , ...... ''U'IIJ'IV...... B.J. & Scheidegger, C. 1992: Buellia de Not. Britain andIreland. Natural History Museum Publications, O.W Purvis, B.]. Coppins, D.L. Hawksworth, London: 59-63. ~W & D.M. Moore (eds): The Lichen Flora ofGreat Rambold, G. 1989: A monograph of the saxicolous lecideoid Britain andIreland. Natural History Museum Publications, lichens of Australia (excl. Tasmania). Bibliotheca London: 129-137. Lichenologica 34: 1-345. A., ~~ & White, Sheard, J.~ 1992: The lichenized ascomycete genus Hafellia in the Identification North America. Bryologist 95: 79-87. Society, 101 pp. Timdal, E. 1984: The genus Hypocenomyce (, 0vstedal, D.O. & Lewis-Smith, R.I. 2001: Lichens ofAntarctica Le(:ldc~ac(~ae) with special emphasis on the Norwegian and and South A Guide to their Identification and Swedish species. Nordic Journal ofBotany 4: 83-108. Press, Cambridge: 411 pp. (accepted 24 May 2008)

APPENDIX 1

I n-';TPnt"f"'-t"'{T oflichens from South Sister (numbers in parentheses refer to the unique collection number ofa reference specimen

* indicates a new record indicates a lichenicolous fungus.

l-It:'tlrO."1Jn1'1'a sp. C. gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. tenerrima Ahti *A. veronensis A. Massal. C. c£ macilenta Hoffm. Arthonia ilicina C. merochlorophaea Asahina Arthothelium amVtltltu;m & Mitten) Mull. C. ochrochlora Florke C. pleurota (Florke) Schaer. *A. macounii Noble C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. Arthroraphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt var. citrinella C. ramulosa (With.) ].R. Laundon *Austrolecia antarctica Hertel C. rigida (Hook.f. & Taylor) Hampe var. rigida Bacidia sp. C. sarmentosa (Hook.£ & Taylor) C.W Dodge *B. wellingtonii (Stirt.) D.]. Galloway C. scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. naeOfJltlvces heteromorphus ex C. Bab. & Mitten C subsubulata Nyl. Belonia uncinata ~M. & Kantvilas C. sulcata A.W Archer var. wilsonii (A.W Archer) A.W Buellia sp. 354/07) Archer *B. & Borrer ex Sm.) Almb. C. verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer. Brusse Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog Wedin *C. pellita (Ach.) Mull. Arg. Wedin Coccotrema cucurbitula (Mont.) Mull. australe Tibell C. porinopsis (Nyl.) Imshaug ex Yoshimura Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lucking Collema durietzii Degel. Mull. C. fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. var. microcarpum (Mull. Arg.) Degel. C. flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. C. glaucophthalmum Nyl. var. glaucophthalmum C. leucocarpum Hook.£ & Taylor C. quadriloculare F. Wilson var. tasmaniae F. Wilson C. subconveniens Nyl. Cresponea plurilocularis (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites Degelia gayana (Mont.) Arv. & D.]. Galloway SCfJZ~601Jora (Nyl.) arcuata (Stirt.) Kalb & GierI Cladonia chlorophaea Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berk. C. R. Santo Diploschistes scruposus Norman C. corniculata Ahti & Kashiw. Flavoparmelia haysomii Dodge) Hale A contribution to an inventory oflichens from South Sister, northeastern Tasmania 59

Fuscidea australis Kantvilas var. australis Opegrapha viridis Pers. ex Ach. F australis var. montana Kantvilas Pannaria sp. (GK 379/04) F lightfootii (Sm.) Coppins & James p elixii ~M. J0rg. & D.J. Galloway Hafellia bahiana (Malme) Sheard Pannaria farinosa Elvebakk & J. Fritt. Rasm. *H subcrassata Pusswald P microphyllizans (Nyl.) ~M. J0rg. *H xanthonica Elix Pannoparmelia wilsonii (Rasanen) D.J. Galloway Hertelidea eucalypti Kantvilas & Printzen F/1V'/1ilf.llI'il1fl1/1 leptocarpa (C. Bab. & Mitt.) Rambold & H pseudobotryosa R.C. Harris, Ladd & Printzen Hypocenomyce australis Timdal Parmelia cunninghamii Crombie H foveata Timdal P protosignifera Elix & J. Johnst. *H scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy P protosulcata Hale Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Krog P signifera Nyl. H mundata (Nyl.) Oxner ex Rass. P tenuirima Hook.f. & Taylor H pulverata (Nyl.) Elix Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Mull. Arg. H subphysodes (Kremp.) Filson var. subphysodes P thysanota (Stirt.) Zahlbr. tasmanica Elix Parmelina labrosa (Zahlbr.) Elix & J. Johnst. Hypotrachyna revoluta (Florke) Hale P pseudorelicina (Jatta) Kantvilas & Elix H sinuosa (Sm.) Hale Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) Elix & ?Icmadophila sp. (GK 261/04) Hale *+Illosporium carneum Fr. P subfatiscens (Kurok.) Elix & Hale Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.P. Meyer Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy Lecanactis sp. (GK 324/06) P reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy Lecanora farinacea Fee Peltigera dolichorrhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. L. lugubris (C.W Dodge) D.J. Galloway P polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. L. polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh. Pertusaria barbatica A.W Archer & Elix Lecidella sp. A (GK 283/04) P flavoexpansa Kantvilas & Elix Lecidella sp. B (GK 376/07) P lophocarpa Korber *L. pruinosula (Mull. Arg.) Kantvilas & Elix P novaezelandiae Szatala *L. sublapicida (Knight) Hertel P pertractata Stirt. Leifidium tenerum (Laurer) Wedin P subdactylina Nyl. Leioderma pycnophorum Phaeographis mucronata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Lepraria coriensis (Hue) Sipman Phlyctis subuncinata Stirt. *L. eburnea J.R. Laundon Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Rasanen L. lobificans Nyl. P parellina (Nyl.) LM. Lamb Leptogium tasmanicum P. Wilson P perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl. L. victorianum P. Wilson Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & ~ James Loxospora solenospora (Mull. Arg.) Kantvilas Poeltiaria coromandelica (Zahlbr.) Hertel & Rambold Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp Polychidium contortum Henssen Megalaria sp. (GK 377/04A) Porina constrictospora ~M. McCarthy & Kantvilas M grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Hafellner P decrescens ~M. McCarthy & Kantvilas Megaloblastenia marginif/exa (Hook.f. & Taylor) Sipman Porpidia s.lat. sp. (GK 417/04) Melanelia subglabra (Rasanen) Esslinger Pseudocyphellaria billardierei (Delise) Rasanen Menegazzia aeneofusca (Mull. Arg.) R. Santo P crocata (L.) Vain. M confusa ~ James P gilva (Ach.) Malme M. myriotrema (Mull. Arg.) ~ James P glabra (Hook.r & Taylor) C.W Dodge M nothofagi (Zahlbr.) ~ James & D.J. Galloway P multifida (Nyl.) D.J. Galloway & ~ James M. pertransita (Stirt.) R. Sant. P neglecta (Mull. H. Magn. M. subpertusa ~ James & D.J. '-~LL.L.l.'J"VLLV P rubella (Hook.f. & Taylor) D.J. Galloway & ~ Micarea sp. A (GK 316/06) Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) S.P. Micarea sp. B (GK 361/07) P pholidotoides (Nyl.) Trevis. *M. denigrata (Fr.) Hedl. P soccatum R. Br. ex Cromb. M. intersociella (Stirt.) Coppins Psoromidium aleuroides (Stirt.) D.J. Galloway M. micrococca (Korb.) Gams ex Coppins Punctelia borreri (Sm.) M. mutabilis & Kantvilas P subrudecta (Nyl.) Mycoblastus sp. 356/04) P transtasmanica Elix & Mycoblastus sp. B (GK 334/06) Pyrenula occulta Knight) Mull. Arg. *M campbellianus (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Racodium rupestre Pers. *Mycoporum antecellens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Ramboldia blastidiata Kantvilas & Elix Neophyllis melacarpa Wilson) P. Wilson R. brunneocarpa Kantvilas & Elix Nephroma australe Richard R. laeta (Stirton) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix N cellulosum (Sm. Ach.) Ach. R. petraeoides (Nyl.) Kantvilas & Elix N rufum (C. Bab.) ~ James R. plicatula (Mull. Arg.) Kantvilas & Elix Ochrolechia sp. (GK R. stuartii (Hampe) Kantvilas & Elix O. androgyna (Hoffm.) Arn. Rhizocarpon sp. (GK 416/04) Opegrapha sp. 394/04) R. geographicum DC. G. J A. Elix and S. J Jarman

Rinodina subcrustacea Zahlbr. U torulosa (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. R. thiomela (Nyl.) Mull. Xanthoparmelia amplexula (Stirt.) Elix & J. Johnst. Sagenidium molle Stirt. X australasica D.J. Galloway Siphula fastigiata (Nyl.) X canobolasensis Elix Stereocaulon corticatulum X congesta (Kurok. & Filson) Elix & Hale S. ramulosum (Sw.) X dichotoma (Mull. Arg.) Hale Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. X digitiformis (Elix & l? Armstr.) Filson Msmidella variabilis Hafellner & Elix var. X epheboides (Zahlbr.) o. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. variabilis Hawksw. & Lumbsch I ph.hrnmp,111 atra (Huds.) Hafellner X isidiotegeta Elix & Karrtvilas sorediata Kalb & Elix X loxodella (Esslinger) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. Hawksw. & Lumbsch Thysanothecium scutellatum (Fr.) D.J. Galloway X microcephala Elix & Kantvilas Topeliopsis sp. X mougeotina (Nyl.) D.J. Galloway T muscigena Kalb X neotinctina (Elix) Elix & Johnst. Trapelia coarctata (Sm.) M. Choisy X notata (Kurok.) Hale T involuta (Taylor) Hertel X scabrosa (Taylor) Hale T lilacea Kantvilas & Elix X segregata Elix & J. Johnst. Trapeliopsis colensoi (C. Bab.) G. Schneid. X subprolixa (Nyl. ex Kremp.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, T flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & l? James Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch Usnea inermis Motyka X tasmanica (Hook.£ & Taylor) Hale U oncodes Stirt. X tegeta Elix & J. Johnst. U rubrotincta Stirt.