Safety of Amusement Devices: Design Safety of Amusement Devices: Design

Amusement Device Safety Council Developed in partnership with the Health and Safety executive Safety of Amusement Devices: Design Safety of Amusement Devices: Design - 1 - © ADSC 2006 Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: ADIPS, Business & Innovation Centre, Enterprise Park East, SUNDERLAND, SR5 2TA. First edition published 2003 Second edition published 2006 ISBN 0-9554117-1-8 ISBN (2007) 978-0-9554117-1-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. This guidance is issued by ADSC on behalf of the industry associations listed in the Foreword. It is endorsed by the Health and Safety Executive. Following the guidance is not compulsory and you are free to take other action. But if you do follow the guidance you will normally be doing enough to comply with the law. Health and safety inspectors seek to secure compliance with the law and may refer to this guidance as illustrating good practice. - 2 - Safety of Amusement Devices: Design Contents Foreword 5 Chapter 1: Design risk assessment 7 Chapter 2: Principles of dynamic analysis 19 Chapter 3: Calculating loadings 23 Chapter 4: Assessment of fatigue 29 Chapter 5: Specifying materials 35 Chapter 6: Designing foundations, supports and structures 39 Chapter 7: Mechanical systems 43 Chapter 8: Controls: general requirements 47 Chapter 9: Safety related control systems 49 Chapter 10: Passenger units and containment 71 Chapter 11: Physical guards, barriers, fencing, etc. 85 Chapter 12: Electrical systems 87 Chapter 13: Information to be provided by Designers 97 Appendix 1: Common amusement device hazards 103 Appendix 2: Electrical safety of dodgem rides 107 Appendix 3: Variations from EN 13814 115 Index - 3 - LEAVE BLANK - 4 - Foreword This guidance sets out what the Joint Advisory Committee on Fairgrounds and Amusement Parks considers are appropriate measures for those involved in design, and others in the industry, to work safely and comply with the law. The following industry associations, in alphabetical order, together with the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) are represented on the Committee: The Amusement Catering Equipment Society (ACES) 1 Delamere Road, Turf Hill, ROCHDALE, 01-16 4XD. Tel: 01706 869841 The Association of Independent Showmen (AIS) 53 Lowick Gardens, Westwood, Peterborough, PE3 7HD The Association of Leisure Equipment Suppliers of the United Kingdom (ALES) 1st Floor, 74 Kilbury Drive, WORCESTER, WR5 2NG. Tel. 01905 360169 Fax. 01905 360172 The British Amusement Catering Trade Association (BACTA) Alders House, Aldergate LONDON, EC1A 4JA Tel: 020 7726 9826 Fax: 020 7726 9822 The British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers and Attractions (BALPPA) 57 - 61 Newington Causeway, LONDON, SE1 6613. Tel: 0207 7403 4455 Fax: 0207 7403 4022 www.balppa.org Health & Safety Executive (HSE) 375 West George Street, GLASGOW, G2 41-W. Tel: 0141 275 3000 Fax: 0141 275 3015 www.hse.gov.uk The National Association for Leisure Industry Certification (NAFLIC) PO Box 752, SUNDERLAND, SR3 1XX. Tel: 0191 5239498 Fax: 0191 5239498 www.naflic.org.uk The Showmen's Guild of Great Britain (SGGB) 41 Clarence Street, STAINES, TW18 4SY. Tel: 01784 461805 Fax: 01784 461732 The Society of Independent Roundabout Proprietors (SIRPS) 66 Carolgate, RETFORD, DN22 6EF. Tel: 01777 702872 This publication has been written taking into account the contents of the European Standard EN 13814: 2004, modified where necessary to conform to British legislation and the amusement industry's agreed and accepted practices (see Appendix 3). - 5 - LEAVE BLANK - 6 - Chapter 1 Design risk assessment General 1. Design Risk Assessment (DRA) is the process of assessing the hazards that the design of a piece of fairground equipment1 may pose, the likelihood of those hazards causing a risk and the control measures that are necessary to adequately control those risks2. Designers should assess the significant risks that arise from its subsequent assembly/disassembly, transport, inspection, maintenance and operation. This Chapter has been prepared as guidance for designers and others, such as persons importing or supplying amusement devices, on what information a DRA should contain. 2. Effective safety management emphasizes the need to assess and control risk. In Great Britain this principle is laid out in the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and in the accompanying Approved Code of Practice and Guidance. 3. The Regulations require employers and self-employed persons to carry out assessments of risks to the health and safety of themselves (in the case of self-employed), their employees, and others. 4. In addition to this general duty to assess risk, there is also an explicit duty placed upon those who design fairground rides to ensure that they are safe3. Safe in this context means safe for the operators, attendants and those who inspect and maintain an amusement device as well as the members of the public who ride them. Bearing in mind that risks are typically heavily dependent on decisions made at the design stage, the process of design risk assessment is crucial to confirming the safety integrity of the ride. 5. The Health and Safety Executive and fairground industry associations in Great Britain have produced guidance “Fairgrounds and Amusement Parks–Guidance on Safe Practice (HSG175)”. This introduced the idea of “Design Review” for amusement devices. This is the process where an inspection body registered with ADIPS, and independent of the original design, reviews the safety critical aspects to ensure the integrity of the design 1 An “article of fairground equipment' means any fairground equipment or any article designed for use as a component in any such equipment. 2 A “Hazard” means anything that can causeharm (e.g. chemicals, electricity, working at height, machinery, etc). The “Risk” is the chance, high or low, that somebody will be harmed by the hazard. 3 The legal duty to ensure that the design of a fairground ride is safe is contained within The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (as amended by the Consumer Protection Act 1987), and associated Regulations which apply in Great Britain. In particular in Section 6(1A) & 2 of the Act, which states: (1A) It shall be the duty of any person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies any article of fairground equipment' — a. to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the article is so designed and constructed that it will be safe and without risks to health at all times when it is being used for or in connection with the entertainment of members of the public; b. to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such testing and examination as may be necessary for the performance of the duty imposed on him by the preceding paragraph; c. ………. d. ………. (2) It shall be the duty of any person who undertakes the design or manufacture of an article for use at work or of any article of fairground equipment to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of any necessary research with a view to the discovery and, so far as is reasonably practicable, the elimination or minimisation of any risks to health or safety to which the design or article may give rise." - 7 - assumptions (see Chapter 13). 6. If a designer does not directly arrange for "Design Review” to be done, the industry agreed guidance HSG 175 makes it clear that it will be necessary for him to provide adequate data to the manufacturer, importer or supplier as appropriate so that they can have it done. The designer's risk assessment is a crucial element of this data. 7. Fairground equipment is largely excluded from European Directives and is specifically excluded from the Machinery Directive. There are however a number of helpful European and International Standards dealing with issues of hazard and risk which have been used as source material in the following paragraphs of this Chapter. The principle of making use of such sources is to maintain some consistency with other types of machinery and structures, where this is justifiable. 8. The advice in this publication is based in part on the (British and) European Standard EN 10504 - Safety of machinery. Principles for risk assessment. This is a Standard which many European designers of fairground equipment consider to be appropriate when designing amusement devices. Risk assessment principles for machinery are also developed in ISO 1412145. Much of the content of these Standards can also be satisfactorily applied to other equipment such as structures, although it is recognized that some variations are necessary in the application of machinery standards to amusement devices. 9. For international terminology relating to hazard, risk and related matters, ISO/IEC Guide 7356 provides definitions. More than one Designer - Responsibilities 10. It is normal for an amusement device design to combine a number of different technical disciplines (e.g. structural, mechanical, hydraulics, electrical, lighting, and control systems) which may involve input from different designers. Even within one discipline there may be good reason for more than one designer to be used (e.g. some work may be subcontracted). There may even be more than one designer associated with each single component - for instance, one designer may prepare a passenger containment layout, another may do the structural calculations, and yet another may carry out the ergonomic assessment of it. 11. Where multiple designers are used effective assessment of all relevant risks will need effective management to ensure completeness. 12. Responsibilities are determined, at least in part, by allocation down the contractual chain or chain of command. For instance, where subcontracts (which are often verbal) are placed to carry out parts of the design or modifications to an amusement device, each person in the chain needs to consider what risks relate to his specific undertaking and what needs to be done to control them.

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