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Surveillance Et Évaluation Du Risque De Transmissiondes Maladies Vectorielles Émergentes: Apport De La Capacité Vectorielleex

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Surveillance Et Évaluation Du Risque De Transmissiondes Maladies Vectorielles Émergentes: Apport De La Capacité Vectorielleex Surveillance et évaluation du risque de transmissiondes maladies vectorielles émergentes : apport de la capacité vectorielleExemple de la fièvre catarrhale du mouton Fabienne Biteau-Coroller To cite this version: Fabienne Biteau-Coroller. Surveillance et évaluation du risque de transmissiondes maladies vectorielles émergentes : apport de la capacité vectorielleExemple de la fièvre catarrhale du mouton. Autre [q- bio.OT]. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. Français. tel- 00137450v1 HAL Id: tel-00137450 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137450v1 Submitted on 20 Mar 2007 (v1), last revised 1 Jun 2007 (v2) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Année 2006 N° UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline : Épidémiologie Formation Doctorale : Biologie et Santé Ecole Doctorale : Sciences chimiques et biologiques présentée et soutenue publiquement par Fabienne Coroller Épouse Biteau le 12 décembre 2006 Surveillance et évaluation du risque de transmission des maladies vectorielles émergentes : apport de la capacité vectorielle Exemple de la fièvre catarrhale du mouton JURY M. Emmanuel Camus (directeur de Thèse), Directeur de département, CIRAD, Montpellier M. Jean-Claude Delécolle Ingénieur de recherche, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg M. Christian Ducrot (rapporteur), Directeur de recherche, INRA, Theix-Clermont-ferrand M. Bernard Godelle Professeur, Université de Montpellier II M. Bernard Mondet (rapporteur) Chargé de recherche, Institut français de Pondichéry (Inde) M. François Roger, Chef d’unité de recherche, CIRAD, Montpellier i ii RESUMÉ en français Les maladies animales vectorielles sont devenues depuis 2000 une préoccupation majeure pour la France et certains pays de l’Union Européenne du fait de l’apparition, la persistance et l’expansion de virus pathogènes en provenance de régions du Sud. La fièvre catarrhale du mouton (FCM) est un bon exemple de la progression en zone tempérée d’arboviroses tropicales sous l’effet, semble-t-il, de l’extension de son vecteur principal sur le littoral méditerranéen européen (Corse, îles Baléares, Catalogne, Italie, Sardaigne, Sicile, Var). L’objectif de cette thèse est à la fois d’étudier les outils méthodologiques et diagnostiques disponibles pour évaluer les risques liés à la FCM et d’en développer d’autres afin d’améliorer la surveillance de cette maladie en France. Une première étude a constitué en l’évaluation des performances épidémiologiques du test sérologique (ELISA de compétition) utilisé pour le diagnostic et la surveillance de la FCM en Corse et sur le continent français. Une analyse du plan de surveillance de la circulation virale dans le contexte particulier corse a également été conduite. Elle a permis notamment d’identifier les points critiques de ce dispositif. Suite à la détection de la présence de Culicoides imicola, vecteur biologique impliqué dans la circulation du virus de la FCM (BTV) sur le pourtour méditerranéen, dans la vallée de l’Argens (département du Var), le besoin de développer de nouveaux outils pour surveiller et évaluer le risque de transmission de ce virus dans des zones d’implantation récente est devenu nécessaire. Une étude entomologique a ainsi été mise en place dans la vallée de l’Argens afin i) de confirmer l’installation de C. imicola dans cette zone, ii) de suivre la dynamique de cette population sur une saison d’activité, iii) de collecter des données entomologiques pour estimer le potentiel de transmission de cette population de vecteurs. Un modèle stochastique de capacité vectorielle regroupant des données spécifiques des populations locales de C. imicola et des données publiées dans la littérature est ainsi proposé. Une étude de la compétence de C. imicola vis-à-vis du sérotype 9 de la FCM a, de plus, été initiée. La discussion générale s’attarde sur les points qui semblent importants pour améliorer le dispositif de surveillance et avancer vers la mise en place d’un système d’alerte précoce. Elle ouvre également de nouvelles perspectives pour prolonger l’approche intégrative proposée en incluant notamment des travaux de géomatique initiés sur C. imicola. Elle pose, de plus, la question d’un passage à une échelle d’étude plus large. Les questions de recherche que pose l’épizootie récente de FCM dans le Nord de l’Europe sont finalement examinées. TITRE en anglais Surveillance and risk analysis of vector-borne diseases transmission: vectorial capacity benefit - example of the bluetongue disease RESUMÉ en anglais Since 2000, vector-borne diseases have become a major threat in France and some European countries because of the emerging, the spreading and the persistence of pathogen virus coming from tropical and sub-tropical areas. Bluetongue is a good example of the progress of tropical arboviroses towards temperate zones under the effect of the expansion of its main vector in the European Mediterranean coastal (Corsica, Balearics Islands, Catalonia, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, and Var) The objective of this thesis is to both study methodological and diagnostic tools available for bluetongue risk evaluation and develop others in order to improve the surveillance of this disease in France. Further the detection of C. imicola, the main vector involved in the viral circulation of bluetongue in Mediterranean basin, in the Argens Valley, the development of new tools for bluetongue surveillance and risk evaluation in areas where vectors have recently been established, has become absolutely necessary. An entomological study was carried out in the Argens Valley in order to i) confirm the establishment of C. imicola in this area, ii) monitor the dynamics of the vector population during the activity season, iii) collect entomological data to estimate the transmission potential of this established population. A stochastic model of vectorial capacity integrating field data about local C. imicola populations and data from literature is proposed. A study on the competence of C. imicola against the serotype 9 was also initiated. The general discussion dwells on the points that seem to be essential to improve the surveillance system and progress towards the setting up of an early warning system. It also opens new perspectives to continue the integrative approach by including remote sensing results. Moreover, it poses the problem of the transition from a fine scale to a larger one. The research questions that raises the recent bluetongue epizootic in the northern Europe are, in the end, reviewed. DISCIPLINE Épidémiologie MOTS-CLES Capacité vectorielle, Culicoides, Culicoides imicola, fièvre catarrhale du mouton, surveillance, modèle stochastique, évaluation du risque, France INTITULE ET ADRESSE DE L'U.F.R. OU DU LABORATOIRE: CIRAD Unité d'épidémiologie et d'écologie des maladies animales (UR16) TA 30 / E Campus international de Baillarguet 34 398 Montpellier cedex 5 iii iv A mes grands-mères, Christiane et Denise A mon arrière-grand-mère, Lucie v vi Remerciements Comme toute entreprise, il y a eu un commencement. D’une envie naissante est apparue une possibilité puis une opportunité et enfin un projet de recherche qui a été accepté. Si la volonté est essentielle pour mener à bien tout projet, il est parfois facilité par des rencontres bienheureuses. Je tiens à remercier les personnes qui ont contribué à ce que cette idée de thèse devienne réalité : Joseph Domenech, Directeur du Cirad (2002), qui m’a donné l’opportunité de présenter ce projet de thèse ; Jean-François Michel qui a facilité mes prises de contact avec les chercheurs du Cirad, Stéphane de la Rocque et Pascal Hendrickx qui m’ont aidé pour le montage de ce projet de thèse. Et également mon chéri qui a laissé quelques temps son travail pour me suivre… Ce projet n’aura également pas eu lieu si la commission des Formations Complémentaires Par la Recherche (Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche) n’avait pas manifesté son intérêt vis-à-vis de celui-ci en acceptant mon affectation au Cirad pour quatre ans, afin de réaliser un DEA et une thèse sur la thématique de la surveillance des maladies animales vectorielles émergentes en France. Citer toutes les personnes ayant participé, de près ou de loin, à l’aboutissement de ce travail n’est pas chose facile et il est bien arbitraire d’essayer de classer le poids de ces contributions qui ont toutes été nécessaires. Je tiens donc à adresser mes sincères remerciements à l’ensemble des personnes que j’ai eu le plaisir de rencontrer et/ou côtoyer durant ces quatre années de recherche au Cirad. Je remercie particulièrement, François Roger, qui m’a encadré depuis mon arrivée au Cirad fin 2002. Merci de m'avoir fait confiance, de m'avoir guidé et conseillé, tout en me laissant une grande liberté et en me faisant l'honneur de me déléguer plusieurs responsabilités dont j'espère avoir été à la hauteur. Merci pour ta disponibilité et tes qualités humaines qui font qu’il est agréable et stimulant de travailler dans l’UR 16 du Cirad. Je remercie également chaleureusement Emmanuel Camus qui a accepté d’être le directeur de cette thèse. Merci de vos relectures attentives, vos conseils avisés et d’avoir animé mes comités de thèse. Mes sincères remerciements à Bernard Mondet, chercheur à l’Institut français de Pondichéry (Inde) et Christian Ducrot, Directeur de Recherche à l’INRA (unité d'Epidémiologie Animale du centre de recherche de Clermont-Ferrand – Theix), qui ont accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse et pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à mes travaux.
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