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Scuola di Dottorato per il Sistema Agro-alimentare Doctoral School on the Agro-Food System Cycle XXVI S.S.D: AGR/13 Sustainable Development in Aquaculture and Fisheries: International Legislation, Technical Aspects, Present situation and Future Perspectives Coordinator: Ch.mo Prof. Antonio Albanese _______________________________________ Candidate: Dr. Monticini Pierluigi Matriculation nr. 3911382 Tutor: Ch.mo Prof. Ettore Capri I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Ettore Capri for accepting me as a PhD student and for supporting me during these months of hard work. I would like to extend my appreciation to Sr. Audum Lem and his staff at Globefish Research Programme, for allowing me to collect precious information regarding the three case studies. I am also very grateful to Mr. Armand Gribling for his help in the literature research at FAO FI-Library and at FAO David Lubin Memorial Library during my fieldwork in Rome. Special thanks to Francesca Pasquini, for her support in and revising my work and to Dario Conti for helping with the final layout. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my family: Silvia, and my children Giovanni Paolo and Marianna. II TRANSPARENCY STATEMENT The present work is a theoretical dissertation on Sustainable Aquaculture on Fisheries, compiled by gathering information, definitions and figures from the major international publications and websites concerned with Sustainability, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Being a Ph.D. part-time student-worker, I elaborated the information and bibliographic research in about two years. The dissertation is structured as follows: Abbreviations and acronyms have been extrapolated from the major reference texts and websites. The glossary containing the main definitions have been extracted from the main texts published by the major International Organizations concerned with Aquaculture and Fisheries. The list of Figures is composed by already existing pictures that I re- elaborated and by photographs I personally and purposely took. Most of the Graphs and Tables are part of FAO Globefish Research Programme Volume 114 I authored. The last three Tables have been specifically elaborated for this work. In any case, all data contained in the Graphs and Tables have been gathered and elaborated by the author. All the texts and references listed in the Bibliography are part of my personal collection or have been kindly made available by FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Library in Rome, or downloaded from the various international organizations’ websites. Signature --------------------- III INTRODUCTION The object of this thesis is to sustain that achieving Sustainable Development in Aquaculture and Fisheries is not only possible, but also strongly recommendable. Fishing and Aquaculture products are a highly valuable source of protein that remarkably contribute to food security at a global level. They also constitute a source of income and employment, but when ill managed, can cause irreversible depletion of natural aquatic resources. In order to support our thesis, we started by providing a Glossary of terms and a list of Acronyms and Abbreviations. Then, in Chapter 1, we illustrated the basic principles and concepts of sustainability that can be achieved only if Social and Economic Development and Environmental Safeguard are harmoniously integrated. Sustainability also includes a series of different approaches that, in their turn, introduce the methodologies and tools applied to analyze the single situations from a sustainable point of view. Subsequently, in Chapter 2, we reviewed the most recognized international agreements on Sustainability in general, those on endangered species in particular, and the adoption of institutional agreements within the ecosystem approach on Fisheries and Aquaculture. The chapter includes a second section dedicated to international regulations aiming to safeguard consumers’ health and food standards. Chapter 3 briefly describes the statistical database utilized in the three Case Studies that are contained in Chapter 4. This chapter is therefore divided in three sections, each dedicated to investigate respectively: Anguilla spp., Market, Production and Trade1; Nile Perch and Lake Victoria: Invasion, Decline, Market Trends and Sustainability; By-catch and Discards: Sustainability in Major FAO Fishing Area 37. From the analysis of all elements contained in the chapters, we can deduce that the first step towards Sustainable Aquaculture and Fisheries could be an effective enforcement of the already existing international agreements and a more precise application of them at all levels: international, national, regional and local. This can happen with a greater involvement of International Bodies, such as FAO, in supporting developing countries in enhancing the role of Aquaculture and Fisheries in their National Development Programmes. Secondly, all along our excursus, we noticed and highlighted how a smaller scale of Fishing and Aquaculture facilities could be extremely helpful to minimize the environmental impact and improve monitoring and control of operational procedures. Although Small-scale Fisheries could provide lower revenues in the short term, they could supply a more equal distribution of the income and secure long-term benefits thanks to their lower environmental impact. 1 This Case Study is a part of FAO Globefish Research Programme, Vol. 114, by the same author of the present work. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS (INDEX) 1. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS ....................................................................................... 1 1.1. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. AQUACULTURE ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................... 2 1.4. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................ 4 1.5. PARTICIPATION FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY ............ 4 1.6. POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER (PRSP) .......................................... 9 1.7. SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE ........................................................................ 12 1.8. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD ....................................................................... 14 1.9. THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH ............................................................................ 17 1.10. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................. 26 1.11. FOOD SECURITY VS FOOD SAFETY ............................................................... 27 1.12. SMALL SCALE/ARTISANAL FISHERIES ......................................................... 28 1.13. CLIMATE CHANGE AND INTERACTION WITH SUSTAINBLE AQUACULTURE. .............................................................................................................. 36 1.14. RISK ANALYSIS IN AQUACULTURE ............................................................... 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 44 2. THE LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE (THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS). .................................................................... 52 2.1. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 52 2.2. LEGALLY AND NON-LEGALLY BINDING LEGISLATION ON SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE ................................................................................... 53 2.3. THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED) .............................................................................................. 53 2.4. AGENDA 21 ............................................................................................................. 55 2.5. UN THE MILLENNIUM DECLARATION (MDGs). ............................................ 60 2.6. CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) ........................................................................ 61 2.7. UN CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD), RIO DE JANEIRO, 1992 64 2.8. FIRST PILLAR: CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES ........ 65 2.9. INSTITUTIONAL AGREEMENTS APPLYING THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IN FISHERIES .................................................................................................................... 71 2.10. UN CONVENTION ON THE LAWS OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) ......................... 72 2.11. UN FISH STOCK AGREEMENT (FSA) .............................................................. 75 2.12. REYKJAVIK DECLARATION ON RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM ...................................................................................................................... 78 2.13. UNCLOS, FSA AND REYKJAVIK AND THE THREE CASE STUDIES ......... 79 2.14. WORLD ORGANIZATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH (OIE) ............................. 79 2.15. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) – AGREEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES (SPS AGREEMENT) ................................................................................................................... 80 2.16. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 82 2.17. SECOND

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