Reference Map of Kailahun, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Reference Map of Kailahun, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone

MA002_Kailahun, Eastern Province Biama Gbogboragfeh Sawulla N ' Masundu Gbongbokoro Nongoua 0 3 ° 8 Kanekor Mak o na Tankoro Soa Nimikoro Koindu Mendekoma Nimiyama Gbane Kono Gandorhun GUINEA Reference map Tokpombu Kissi Gorama Kama of Foinba Kono Moimandu Kissi Gandohun li Dia Kangama Penguia Me Kailahun, Eastern Belebu Tolobu Teng Province, Malema Jerihun Moa Kangama Mano Sierra Leone Jerihun Saabendu Bandajuma Kéléma Baiama Sandialu Yawei GUINEA Kangahun Petema Kailahun Buedu Baoma Kissi Buobobu Woroma Tongi NORTHERN Dagbahun Sile Balahun Dodo Keya Malegohun Fobu Freetown Tongo Laoma Bandajuma Kpeje EASTERN West Giehun Talia Nyandehun Lalehun Lower Mende Luawa Panguma Bambara SOUTHERN Giehun Woa Giema Manowa Manowa Junction LIBERIA Dodo Kpeje Bongre e al Kenema M Foindu Belebu Kailahun Settlement Borders Lelehun Bendu Pendembu Capital National EASTERN Upper Bambara Province City un Gbolabu goh Mandulawahun Nia Town District Lago a auw Mano Levuma M village Chiefdom Baima Junction Vaahun Njaluahun Taninahun Bomaru Physical N Benduma Ma ° hi 8 Segbwema mb Komende Daru Mobai Baiwala e Lake Coastline Luyama Nongowa Mandu LIBERIA River Bombohun Transport Railway Jomu Gandohun o Dea Hangha Airport Roads Goma Nekabu Nyandehun ⛡ Port Primary Tikonko Gbaru Secondary Geblama Tertiary Jojoima Jawie 0 2 4 6 8 10 km Tokpombu Gofor Dama Data sources OpenStreetMap, Steward Project, COD-FOD Registry, Logistics Cluster La Malema Mo o gula rr M a Created 21 Oct 2014 / 11:00 UTC±00:00 m a w Map Document MA003_Reference_District a Projection / Datum WGS 1984 UTM Zone 29N Glide Number EP-2014-000039-SLE Joru Gaura Produced by MapAction Supported by www.mapaction.org [email protected] The depiction and use of boundaries, names and associated data shown Nomo here do not imply endorsement or Tunkia ´ acceptance by MapAction. Morro River 11°W 10°30'W.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Eastern Province
SIERRA LEONE EASTERN PROVINCE afi B or B a fi n Guinea Guinea KOINADUGU KAMBIA BOMBALI ! PORT LOKO KONO Fandaa TONKOLILI 5 ! Henekuma WESTERN AREA ! Dunamor ! ! Powma KAILAHUN Fintibaya ! Siakoro MOYAMBA BO ! Konkonia ! Kondewakor Kongowakor !! KENEMA ! ! Saikuya ! M!okeni K! ongoadu Bongema II ! Poteya ! ! ! T o l i ! Komandor T o l i Kombodu ! ! ! ! ! ! Kondeya Fabandu Foakor ! !! BONTHE Thomasidu Yayima Fanema ! Totor ! !! Bendu Leimaradu ! ! ! Foindu ! ! Gbolia PUJEHUN !!Feikaya Sakamadu ! ! Wasaya! Liberia Bayawaindu ! Bawadu Jongadu Sowadu ! Atlantic Ocean Norway Bettydu ! ! Kawamah Sandia! ! ! ! ! ! Kamindo ! !! ! ! Makongodu ! Sam! adu Bondondor ! ! Teiya ! ! ! ! Wonia ! Tombodu n Primary School ! ! e wordu D Wordu C Heremakonoh !! ! !! ! Yendio-Bengu ! d !! Kwafoni n ! !Dandu Bumanja !Kemodu ! ! e ! Yaryah B Yuyah Mor!ikpandidu ! ! S ! ! ! ! ! Kondeya II ! r ! ! ! ! !! Kindia o ! ! Deiyor! II Pengidu a Makadu Fosayma Bumbeh ! ! an Kabaidu ! Chimandu ! ! ! Yaryah A ! Kondeya Kongofinkor Kondeya Primary School ! Sambaia p ! ! ! F!aindu m Budu I !! Fodaydu ! ! Bongema I a !Yondadu !Kocheo ! Kwakoima ! Gbandu P Foimangadu Somoya ! ! Budu II ! ! ! Koyah ! Health Centre Kamba ! ! Kunundu Wasaya ! ! ! ! Teidu ! Seidu Kondeya 1 ! ! Kayima A ! Sandema! ! ! suma II suma I Primary School ! ! ! ! Kayima B Koidundae !!! R.C. Primary School ! ! ! !! Wokoro UMC Primary School !! Sangbandor Tankoro ! ! Mafidu ! Dugbema ! Piyamanday ! Suma I Bendu ! Kayima D ! ! Kwikuma Gbeyeah B ! Farma Bongema ! Koekuma ! Gboadah ! ! ! ! Masaia ! Gbaiima Kombasandidu
[Show full text]
ISOLATION CAPACITY December 2016
9 Sierra Leone ISOLATION CAPACITY December 2016 n “n” shows the number of isolation bed IPC Focal Person Standby isolation unit in hospital level Physician/CHO Permanent structure Nurse/Midwife/MCHA Standby isolation unit in hospital level Temporary structure Hygienist/Support Staff/Non-clinical staff Standby isolation unit in PHU level Permanent structure Piped water Standby isolation unit in PHU level Temporary structure Bucket with faucet Active Isolation Unit in hospital Level Pipe born water Borehole Active Isolation Unit in PHU Level Incinerator Under construction isolation unit Isolation unit is not equipped yet Isolation unit is not officially handed over to DHMT yet Incinerator is out of order GREEN Over 80% IPC compliance Burn pit AMBER Between 60% – 79% IPC compliance Incinerator is under construction RED Below 60% IPC compliance Inappropriate waste management Inadequate water supply OVERVIEW Green IPC Amber IPC Red IPC Compliance Compliance Compliance (scored 80 - 100 %) (scored 60 - 79 %) (scored below 60%) # of # of # of # of # of # of Isolation Isolation Isolation Isolation Isolation Isolation DISTRICTS Units Beds Units Beds Units Beds Permanent Structure Permanent Structure Temporary Construction/ Under over handedNot officially NumberBeds Isolationof Bo 11 15 9 13 1 1 1 1 Bombali 25 1 60 9 26 15 32 1 2 Bonthe 2 6 2 6 Kailahun 7 10 7 10 Kambia 1 7 12 1 12 Kenema 5 1 15 6 15 Koinadugu 1 5 4 1 4 Kono 1 1 9 10 2 10 Moyamba 1 7 4 1 4 Port Loko 7 9 22 7 22 Pujehun 9 1 30 9 30 Tonkolili 1 2 6 10 3 10 Western Area 3 1 1 98 4 98
[Show full text]
Government of Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - SITUATION REPORT (Sitrep) – 31 May 2014
Government of Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE SITUATION REPORT (SitRep) – 31 May 2014 - Table 1: National Cumulative summary of Ebola Cases 20 – 31 May 2014 District Number of cases on 31 May 2014 Cumulative cases as of 20 - 31 May Cummulative deaths Name of district population Suspected Probable Confirmed Suspected Probable Confirmed Suspected Probable Confirmed CFR Kailahun 465,048 5 0 1 23 3 15 1 3 2 13.3 Kenema 653,013 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Kono 325,003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Kambia 341,690 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Koinadugu 335,471 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Bombali 494,139 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Tonkolili 434,937 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Port Loko 557,978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Pujehun 335,574 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Bo 654,142 2 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Moyamba 278,119 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Bonthe 168,729 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Western area urban 1,040,888 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Western area rural 263,619 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 National 6,348,350 12 0 1 48 3 15 1 3 2 13.3 NB: CFR is based on confirmed cases Main highlights A total of 12 suspected cases were reported from Kailahun, Kenema, Bombali, Bo and Western area urban with only one (1) laboratory confirmed for Ebola.
[Show full text]
G U I N E a Liberia Sierra Leone
The boundaries and names shown and the designations Mamou used on this map do not imply official endorsement or er acceptance by the United Nations. Nig K o L le n o G UINEA t l e a SIERRA Kindia LEONEFaranah Médina Dula Falaba Tabili ba o s a g Dubréka K n ie c o r M Musaia Gberia a c S Fotombu Coyah Bafodia t a e r G Kabala Banian Konta Fandié Kamakwie Koinadugu Bendugu Forécariah li Kukuna Kamalu Fadugu Se Bagbe r Madina e Bambaya g Jct. i ies NORTHERN N arc Sc Kurubonla e Karina tl it Mateboi Alikalia L Yombiro Kambia M Pendembu Bumbuna Batkanu a Bendugu b Rokupr o l e Binkolo M Mange Gbinti e Kortimaw Is. Kayima l Mambolo Makeni i Bendou Bodou Port Loko Magburaka Tefeya Yomadu Lunsar Koidu-Sefadu li Masingbi Koundou e a Lungi Pepel S n Int'l Airport or a Matotoka Yengema R el p ok m Freetown a Njaiama Ferry Masiaka Mile 91 P Njaiama- Wellington a Yele Sewafe Tongo Gandorhun o Hastings Yonibana Tungie M Koindu WESTERN Songo Bradford EAS T E R N AREA Waterloo Mongeri York Rotifunk Falla Bomi Kailahun Buedu a i Panguma Moyamba a Taiama Manowa Giehun Bauya T Boajibu Njala Dambara Pendembu Yawri Bendu Banana Is. Bay Mano Lago Bo Segbwema Daru Shenge Sembehun SOUTHE R N Gerihun Plantain Is. Sieromco Mokanje Kenema Tikonko Bumpe a Blama Gbangbatok Sew Tokpombu ro Kpetewoma o Sh Koribundu M erb Nitti ro River a o i Turtle Is. o M h Sumbuya a Sherbro I.
[Show full text]
Sierra Leone
Country Operation SIERRA LEONE INITIAL OBJECTIVES tance for refugees in primary health care, edu- cation (scholarships) and micro-credits. The lat- · Provide protection and limited assistance ter project, which aims to increase self- to some 6,000 Liberian refugees residing in sufficiency among refugees (particularly Freetown, Bo and Kenema areas; review women) was launched in Freetown at the be- the protection requirements of Liberians ginning of the year and is currently being ex- who do not wish to repatriate to their panded to the towns of Bo and Kenema. In ad- country of origin; facilitate local integra- dition, extremely vulnerable refugees received tion of those in need of international pro- food, financial assistance, domestic items and tection and identify resettlement opportu- shelter materials on a case-by-case basis. nities as required. UNHCR made a counselling service available to needy refugees and addressed a number of · Assess how the socio-economic, political protection-related problems. As small numbers and security situation in Sierra Leone will of new asylum-seekers continued to arrive from affect the needs of Sierra Leonean return- Liberia and other countries, and given the ab- ees; compile Returnee District Area Pro- sence of refugee status determination proce- files taking into account the security needs dures within national structures, UNHCR con- of potential returnees to those districts; tinued to carry out this function. should the security situation continue to improve, facilitate and later promote the Sierra Leonean Returnees voluntary repatriation of Sierra Leonean The renewal of the conflict in Sierra Leone in refugees and help them reintegrate into May reinforced scepticism about the peace their communities of origin.
[Show full text]
The Perceptions of Stakeholders on Post-War Reconstruction of Secondary Education in Kailahun District, Sierra Leone
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications ISSN (Online): 2581-6187 The Perceptions of Stakeholders on Post-War Reconstruction of Secondary Education in Kailahun District, Sierra Leone Yankuba Felix Moigua, Martha Fanta Mansaray Eastern Polytechnic, Kenema, Sierra Leone Abstract— The study investigated the perceptions of stakeholders on institutions to turn to. It is not surprising that literacy levels the problems and solutions of post war reconstruction of formal remained low due to the country‟s educational system and that secondary education in kailahun district which is located in the fewer than 15 percent of children aged between 5 .11 attended eastern province of sierra Leone, and is comprised of fourteen [14] schools and only 5 percent of children between 12 and 16 chiefdoms. The target group comprised of Inspectors/ Supervisors of years were in secondary schools. the ministry of Education, Science and Technology in kailahun district, NACSA, UNICEF,IRC,NRA, Principals, teachers, pupils, With the advent of the war, substantial portion of the community teachers associations of secondary schools and missions/ population displaced by the war were either in refugee camps proprietors in partnership management of secondary schools in the in Guinea or in Freetown and other bigger towns, the impact kailahun district. The study sample comprised of 97 respondents. The of the war on schooling and literacy level in Sierra Leone was study essentially involved the identification and description of devastating. Majority of the teachers were forced to flee to the stakeholders perceptions of problems and solutions in the postwar capital or out of the country and a lot of schools were either reconstruction of formal secondary education in Kailahun District in totally destroyed or damaged.
[Show full text]
The Future of Work in Urban Liberia & Sierra Leone
The Future of Work in urban Liberia & Sierra Leone Abridged report December 2019 (Updated May 2021) Preface and 2021 update Y Care International (YCI) is at its core a partnership- not in productive full-time employment2 and 75% based organisation, working hand in hand with of young workers classified as ‘vulnerable’ – facing YMCAs and other local youth-focused organisations high levels of job insecurity and lacking access to in some of the world’s poorest countries to create safety nets when they cannot work. These challenges decent work opportunities for disadvantaged are greater for women and disabled young people. young women and men. To continue to meet young In both countries young people with good levels people’s needs we need to adapt what we do to of education are more likely to be in salaried changing contexts and global realities. Whilst there employment3 but levels of literacy remain low; in is significant policy focus on youth employment, the Liberia only 32.8% of women can read and write4 and voices of the most disadvantaged young people are in our research 16% of respondents in Liberia and silent in these debates. Recognising this, in 2019 we 22% in Sierra Leone had never been to school or had worked with young people in Sierra Leone and Liberia dropped out of school. to understand their realities and aspirations and to determine how we could best contribute to Before the global COVID-19 pandemic, the scale of future-proofing their skills and opportunities. youth unemployment and underemployment was already in crisis. Poor and vulnerable young people 85% of the world’s 1.8 billion young people live in faced several barriers to finding and sustaining developing and emerging economies and fragile decent work – including, but not limited to, lack of states1.
[Show full text]
Sierra Leone Unamsil
13o 30' 13o 00' 12o 30' 12o 00' 11o 30' 11o 00' 10o 30' Mamou The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply ger GUINEA official endorsemenNt ior acceptance by the UNAMSIL K L United Nations. o l o e l n a Deployment as of t e AugustKindia 2005 Faranah o o 10 00' Médina 10 00' National capital Dula Provincial capital Tabili s a Falaba ie ab o c K g Dubréka Town, village r n a o c M S Musaia International boundary t Gberia Coyah a Bafodia UNMO TS-11 e Provincial boundary r Fotombu G Kabala Banian Konta Bendugu 9o 30' Fandié Kamakwie Koinadugu 9o 30' Forécariah Kamalu li Kukuna Fadugu Se s ie agbe c B Madina r r a e c SIERRA LEONE g Jct. e S i tl N Bambaya Lit Ribia Karina Alikalia Kurubonla Mateboi HQ UNAMSIL Kambia M Pendembu Yombiro ab Batkanuo Bendugu l e Bumbuna o UNMO TS-1 o UNMO9 00' HQ Rokupr a 9 00' UNMO TS-4 n Mamuka a NIGERIA 19 Gbinti p Binkolo m Kayima KortimawNIGERIA Is. 19 Mange a Mambolo Makeni P RUSSIA Port Baibunda Loko JORDAN Magburaka Bendou Mape Lungi Tefeya UNMO TS-2 Bodou Lol Rogberi Yomadu UNMO TS-5 Lunsar Matotoka Rokel Bridge Masingbi Koundou Lungi Koidu-Sefadu Pepel Yengema li Njaiama- e Freetown M o 8o 30' Masiaka Sewafe Njaiama 8 30' Goderich Wellington a Yonibana Mile 91 Tungie o Magbuntuso Makite Yele Gandorhun M Koindu Hastings Songo Buedu WESTERN Waterloo Mongeri Falla York Bradford UNMO TS-9 AREA Tongo Giehun Kailahun Tolobo ia Boajibu Rotifunk a T GHANA 11 Taiama Panguma Manowa Banana Is.
[Show full text]
U N I T E D N a T I O
U N I T E D N A T I O N S Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs SIERRA LEONE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT SEPTEMBER 2003 KEY EVENTS district. A concern raised in Kono is that none of the Watsan implementing partners had the facilities or machines for testing water • Yellow Fever outbreak samples. This has been reported to the MOHS. • Security Council extends UNAMSIL’s mandate • UN Agencies and GoSL celebrate World Peace Day SECURITY HIGHLIGHTS • Nigerian lawmakers call on UNAMSIL Overall security UNAMSIL (United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone) reports the overall security situation in HUMANITARIAN HIGHLIGHTS the country to be calm. However there have been some concerns about security along the Yellow Fever outbreak border regions, particularly along the Mano The Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MOHS) River Union Bridge in the south. Similarly the has reported a total of 90 cases of Yellow Sierra Leone Police (SLP) are concerned Fever, from eight districts in the country: about the porous nature of the border in the Tonkolili, Bombali, Kenema, Koinadugu, Port Kamakwie, Tambakha and Koinadugu areas, Loko, Kambia and Kono. Of the 90 reported in the Northern Province that have resulted in cases (as of 29 September) four laboratory increased smuggling of goods across the cases were confirmed, all from the Tonkolili borders. The police have also reported hunters District, where majority of the suspected cases from Guinea, coming across, poaching and emanate from. Earlier, the MOHS gave out crossing back into Guinea. 100,000 doses of vaccine in four chiefdoms in the district. They have now finally secured UNAMSIL’s mandate extended funds to carry out mass immunization The UN Security Council has extended campaign in the remaining seven chiefdoms of UNAMSIL’s mandate, which was to expire on the district.
[Show full text]
Baseline for Democracy and Governance Project, Search For
Baseline for Democracy and Governance Project Search for Common Ground Background Over the next three-year period, Sierra Leone must capitalize on the opportunities provided by the end of the civil conflict to ensure a peaceful transition into a long-term development phase. These opportunities include: • the discourse of public participation and dialogue • tolerance for openness and freedom of the press • implementation of a decentralization policy and structural reforms. Media tolerance and diversification is central to a wider and broader range of available public information. A viable and functioning public information network supports deeper analysis on issues and the mobilization of the population for engagement in governance processes, including local and national elections, anti-corruption initiatives, and budgetary monitoring, among others. Search for Common Ground in Sierra Leone (SFCG) with the support of the United States Agency for International Development through cooperative agreement 636-A-00-05-00040 is supporting these transformation processes over the next three to five years. Capitalizing on new entry points created by governance reform and decentralization, SFCG, using its trusted media tools integrated with community outreach, will support the creation of demand for good governance and accountable leadership through participation, engagement and good citizenship. SFCG’s overarching goal for its democracy and governance project is to: Strengthen democratic governance in the districts of Kono, Kailahun, and Koinadugu, and Tongo Fields in Sierra Leone, which supports Special Objective #2 (SO2) under USAID/Sierra Leone’s Transition Strategy Phase 2, (FY 2004-2006). SFCG’s program objective is to: Stimulate an active citizenry. This supports Intermediate Result (IR) 2.2: “Citizens, local government, and CSOs better informed on democratic governance” of SO2.
[Show full text]
Summary of Recovery Requirements (Us$)
National Recovery Strategy Sierra Leone 2002 - 2003 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 4. RESTORATION OF THE ECONOMY 48 INFORMATION SHEET 7 MAPS 8 Agriculture and Food-Security 49 Mining 53 INTRODUCTION 9 Infrastructure 54 Monitoring and Coordination 10 Micro-Finance 57 I. RECOVERY POLICY III. DISTRICT INFORMATION 1. COMPONENTS OF RECOVERY 12 EASTERN REGION 60 Government 12 1. Kailahun 60 Civil Society 12 2. Kenema 63 Economy & Infrastructure 13 3. Kono 66 2. CROSS CUTTING ISSUES 14 NORTHERN REGION 69 HIV/AIDS and Preventive Health 14 4. Bombali 69 Youth 14 5. Kambia 72 Gender 15 6. Koinadugu 75 Environment 16 7. Port Loko 78 8. Tonkolili 81 II. PRIORITY AREAS OF SOUTHERN REGION 84 INTERVENTION 9. Bo 84 10. Bonthe 87 11. Moyamba 90 1. CONSOLIDATION OF STATE AUTHORITY 18 12. Pujehun 93 District Administration 18 District/Local Councils 19 WESTERN AREA 96 Sierra Leone Police 20 Courts 21 Prisons 22 IV. FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS Native Administration 23 2. REBUILDING COMMUNITIES 25 SUMMARY OF RECOVERY REQUIREMENTS Resettlement of IDPs & Refugees 26 CONSOLIDATION OF STATE AUTHORITY Reintegration of Ex-Combatants 38 REBUILDING COMMUNITIES Health 31 Water and Sanitation 34 PEACE-BUILDING AND HUMAN RIGHTS Education 36 RESTORATION OF THE ECONOMY Child Protection & Social Services 40 Shelter 43 V. ANNEXES 3. PEACE-BUILDING AND HUMAN RIGHTS 46 GLOSSARY NATIONAL RECOVERY STRATEGY - 3 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ▪ Deployment of remaining district officials, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY including representatives of line ministries to all With Sierra Leone’s destructive eleven-year conflict districts (by March). formally declared over in January 2002, the country is ▪ Elections of District Councils completed and at last beginning the task of reconstruction, elected District Councils established (by June).
[Show full text]
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES COLLECTIVE ACTION in DIVERSE SIERRA LEONE COMMUNITIES Rachel Glennerster Edward Miguel Alexander Rothe
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES COLLECTIVE ACTION IN DIVERSE SIERRA LEONE COMMUNITIES Rachel Glennerster Edward Miguel Alexander Rothenberg Working Paper 16196 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16196 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 2010 We are grateful to the NBER Africa Group and the Harry F. Guggenheim Foundation for partially funding for this work. Some of the data used in this paper comes from the Sierra Leone Institutional Reform and Capacity Building Project (IRCBP) funded by the World Bank. We are grateful to the IRCBP and in particular the evaluation unit for allowing us to use this data. This work would not have been possible without the assistance, collaboration and input of John Bellows, Kate Whiteside Casey, Elizabeth Foster, Emmanuel Gaima, Peter Kainandeh, Philip Kargbo, Gianmarco Leon, Anastasia Marshak, Tristan Reed, Sarath Sanga, Yongmei Zhou and David Zimmer, as well as colleagues in Statistics Sierra Leone. Daron Acemoglu, Erica Field, David Laitin, Helen Milner, Roger Myerson, Gerard Padro-i-Miquel, Dan Posner and David Stasavage, and seminar participants at the NBER Africa Group, the U.C. Working Group in African Political Economy, the Columbia Initiative for Policy Dialogue, Harvard PIEP meeting, the Pacific Development Conference, and Stanford provided useful comments. All errors remain our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
[Show full text]