Cultural Heritage Assessment Report: Built Heritage Resources and Cultural Heritage Landscapes

Existing Conditions – Assessment of Impacts Report

Improvements to Highway 8 - Bond Street to Park Avenue Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Prepared for:

City of Hamilton 320-77 James Street North Hamilton, ON L8R 2K3 Tel: 905-546-2424 Fax: 905-546-4435

ASI File 09EA-293

January 2010 (Revised February 2010, January 2012 & June 2012 & Sept 2012)

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report: Built Heritage Resources and Cultural Heritage Landscapes

Existing Conditions – Assessment of Impacts Report

Improvements to Highway 8 - Bond Street to Park Avenue Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Archaeological Services Inc. was contracted by the City of Hamilton to conduct a cultural heritage resource assessment for the proposed road infrastructure improvements to Highway 8 from Park Avenue to Bond Street in the City of Hamilton, Ontario. In 2003, the City of Hamilton undertook the Hamilton Transportation Master Plan study as part of the GRIDS process under the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment. Recommended improvements identified in this section of Highway 8 include the construction of a two-way left turn lane improvement as well as paved shoulders on Highway 8 from Bond Street in Dundas to Brock Road at Bullock’s Corners, and reconstruction of municipal sidewalks.

The Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study may have a variety of impacts upon built heritage resources and cultural heritage landscapes. Impacts can include: direct impacts that result in the loss of resources through demolition or alteration, or the displacement of resources through relocation; and indirect impacts that result in the disruption of resources by introducing physical, visual, audible or atmospheric elements that are not in keeping with the resources and/or their setting.

Based on the results of background research and data collection, field survey, and analysis of potential impacts of the undertaking, the following recommendations have been developed.

1. Road construction should be suitably planned in a manner that avoids any identified, above ground, cultural heritage resource.

2. Historic roadscapes and landscapes should be maintained through the use of landscaping with historic plant materials for berms or vegetative screens, and hedge rows and stone walls should be preserved where extant.

assumed by the Province. They have the potential to reveal information about early roads and transportation in Ontario and have the potential to evidence broad-based or locally-specific uses and/or features associated with early roads and which are now rare. As such, based on the information available to date, the horse troughs retain associative and contextual value. The study team also confirmed that during project consultation, members of the public noted that these features are an important part of the area’s heritage. As such, they should be conserved in-situ. As part of road improvement activities, the concrete horse troughs should be avoided during construction and preventative measures developed in this regard such as installation of appropriate fencing and/or stabilization strategies.

4. Should road improvements along the escarpment directly impact BHR 29, the railway bridge, a detailed, resource specific HIA should be conducted by a qualified heritage consultant at the earliest stage possible to recommend an appropriate conservation plan. The assessment should follow the City of Hamilton’s Heritage Impact Assessment Guidelines and be submitted for review, comment and approval to heritage planning staff and the municipal heritage committee. The bridge HIA will also need to be submitted to the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport for review and comment.

5. The addition of a left turning lane at the intersection of Highway 8 and Hillcrest Avenue, requiring the acquisition of adjacent land, may result in negative impacts to BHR 28, CHL 6 and CHL 7. If and when these plans are finalized, a qualified heritage consultant should be retained to review the designs and recommend further mitigation recommendations.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES INC. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Corporate Responsibility: Robert Pihl, MA, CAHP Partner and Senior Archaeologist Manager, Environmental Assessment Division

Senior Project Manager: Rebecca Sciarra, MA, CAHP Cultural Heritage Specialist and Manager, Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscape Division

Project Manager: Lindsay Popert, MA, CAHP Cultural Heritage Specialist

Cultural Heritage Specialist: Lindsay Popert

Project Coordinator: Sarah Jagelewski, Hon. BA Research Archaeologist

Project Administrator: Carol Bella, Hon. BA Research Archaeologist

Report Preparation: Annie Veilleux, Hon. BA Cultural Heritage Specialist

Lindsay Popert

Graphics Preparation: Sarina Finlay, Hon. BA GIS/CAD Technician

Annie Veilleux

Report Reviewer: Rebecca Sciarra

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... ii PROJECT PERSONNEL ...... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT CONTEXT...... 2 2.1 Approach and Methodology ...... 2 2.2 Data Collection...... 6 3.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT...... 9 3.1 Introduction ...... 9 3.2 Township Survey and Settlement ...... 9 3.2.1 Town of Dundas...... 10 3.2.2 Bullock’s Corners...... 11 3.2.3 Highway 8 ...... 11 3.3 Review of Historic Mapping...... 14 3.4 Existing Conditions ...... 17 4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 48 5.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 49 6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 49 7.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE LOCATION MAPPING ...... 52 8.0 REFERENCES...... 61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of study corridor in the City of Hamilton, Ontario ...... 1 Figure 2: Highway 8 looking down on Dundas, April 30th, 1923 ...... 13 Figure 3: Dundas Mountain overlooking Dundas, c.1933...... 13 Figure 4: Southern portion of the study corridor shown on 1851 historic map...... 14 Figure 5: Approximate location of the study corridor in the former Township of West Flamborough (right) and the historic Village of Bullock’s Corners (left) 15 Figure 6: Approximate location of the study corridor in the former on 1903 historic mapping ...... 15 Figure 7: Location of the study corridor on 1915 topographic mapping...... 16 Figure 8: Location of the study corridor on 1952topographic mapping...... 16 Figure 9: Key Plan of the Study Corridor...... 52 Figure 10: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 53 Figure 11: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 54 Figure 12: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 55

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 13: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 56 Figure 14: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 57 Figure 15: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 58 Figure 16: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 59 Figure 17: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor...... 60

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Area ...... 18

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) was contracted by the City of Hamilton to conduct a cultural heritage resource assessment for the proposed road infrastructure improvements to Highway 8 from Park Avenue to Bond Street in the City of Hamilton, Ontario (Figure 1). In 2003, the City of Hamilton undertook the Hamilton Transportation Master Plan study as part of the GRIDS process under the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (Oct 2000, as amended in 2007). Recommended improvements identified in this section of Highway 8 include the construction of a two- way left turn lane improvement as well as paved shoulders on Highway 8 from Bond Street in Dundas to Brock Road at Bullock’s Corners, and reconstruction of municipal sidewalks.

The Former Town of Flamborough undertook a study to develop a Heritage Conservation District Study (December 1991) for Bullock’s Corner, located within part of the study corridor. This study provided Recommended Guidelines to preserve the built heritage resources of Bullock’s Corners (Memo 2009).

The purpose of this report is to present the built heritage and cultural landscape inventory of cultural heritage resources in the study corridor. This research was conducted under the project direction of Rebecca A. Sciarra, Heritage Planner.

Figure 1: Location of study corridor in the City of Hamilton, Ontario Source: NTS Map Hamilton-Burlington 30-M-05

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

2.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT CONTEXT

2.1 Approach and Methodology

This cultural heritage assessment considers cultural heritage resources in the context of improvements to specified areas, pursuant to the Environmental Assessment Act. This assessment addresses above ground cultural heritage resources over 40 years old. Use of a 40 year old threshold is a guiding principle when conducting a preliminary identification of cultural heritage resources (Ministry of Transportation 2006; Ministry of Transportation 2007; Ontario Realty Corporation 2007). While identification of a resource that is 40 years old or older does not confer outright heritage significance, this threshold provides a means to collect information about resources that may retain heritage value. Similarly, if a resource is slightly younger than 40 years old, this does not preclude the resource from retaining heritage value.

For the purposes of this assessment, the term cultural heritage resources was used to describe both cultural landscapes and built heritage features. A cultural landscape is perceived as a collection of individual built heritage features and other related features that together form farm complexes, roadscapes and nucleated settlements. Built heritage features are typically individual buildings or structures that may be associated with a variety of human activities, such as historical settlement and patterns of architectural development.

The analysis throughout the study process addresses cultural heritage resources under various pieces of legislation and their supporting guidelines. Under the Environmental Assessment Act (1990) environment is defined in Subsection 1(c) to include:

• cultural conditions that influence the life of man or a community, and; • any building, structure, machine, or other device or thing made by man.

The Ministry of Culture is charged under Section 2 of the Ontario Heritage Act with the responsibility to determine policies, priorities and programs for the conservation, protection and preservation of the heritage of Ontario and has published two guidelines to assist in assessing cultural heritage resources as part of an environmental assessment: Guideline for Preparing the Cultural Heritage Resource Component of Environmental Assessments (1992), and Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments (1981). Accordingly, both guidelines have been utilized in this assessment process.

The Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments (Section 1.0) states the following:

When speaking of man-made heritage we are concerned with the works of man and the effects of his activities in the environment rather than with

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

movable human artifacts or those environments that are natural and completely undisturbed by man.

In addition, environment may be interpreted to include the combination and interrelationships of human artifacts with all other aspects of the physical environment, as well as with the social, economic and cultural conditions that influence the life of the people and communities in Ontario. The Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments distinguish between two basic ways of visually experiencing this heritage in the environment, namely as cultural landscapes and as cultural features.

Within this document, cultural landscapes are defined as the following (Section 1.0):

The use and physical appearance of the land as we see it now is a result of man’s activities over time in modifying pristine landscapes for his own purposes. A cultural landscape is perceived as a collection of individual man-made features into a whole. Urban cultural landscapes are sometimes given special names such as townscapes or streetscapes that describe various scales of perception from the general scene to the particular view. Cultural landscapes in the countryside are viewed in or adjacent to natural undisturbed landscapes, or waterscapes, and include such land uses as agriculture, mining, forestry, recreation, and transportation. Like urban cultural landscapes, they too may be perceived at various scales: as a large area of homogeneous character; or as an intermediate sized area of homogeneous character or a collection of settings such as a group of farms; or as a discrete example of specific landscape character such as a single farm, or an individual village or hamlet.

A cultural feature is defined as the following (Section 1.0):

…an individual part of a cultural landscape that may be focused upon as part of a broader scene, or viewed independently. The term refers to any man-made or modified object in or on the land or underwater, such as buildings of various types, street furniture, engineering works, plantings and landscaping, archaeological sites, or a collection of such objects seen as a group because of close physical or social relationships.

The Minister of Tourism and Culture has also published Standards and Guidelines for Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties (April 2010; Standards and Guidelines hereafter). These Standards and Guidelines apply to properties the Government of Ontario owns or controls that have cultural heritage value or interest. They are mandatory for ministries and prescribed public bodies and have the authority of a Management Board or Cabinet directive. Prescribed public bodies include:

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

• Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario • Hydro One Inc. • Liquor Control Board of Ontario • McMichael Canadian Art Collection • Metrolinx • The Niagara Parks Commission. • Ontario Heritage Trust • Ontario Infrastructure Projects Corporation • Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation • Ontario Power Generation Inc. • Ontario Realty Corporation • Royal Botanical Gardens • Toronto Area Transit Operating Authority • St. Lawrence Parks Commission

The Standards and Guidelines provide a series of definition considered during the course of the assessment:

A provincial heritage property is defined as the following (14):

Provincial heritage property means real property, including buildings and structures on the property, that has cultural heritage value or interest and that is owned by the Crown in right of Ontario or by a prescribed public body; or that is occupied by a ministry or a prescribed public body if the terms of the occupancy agreement are such that the ministry or public body is entitled to make the alterations to the property that may be required under these heritage standards and guidelines.

A provincial heritage property of provincial significance is defined as the following (14):

Provincial heritage property that has been evaluated using the criteria found in Ontario Heritage Act O. Reg. 10/06 and has been found to have cultural heritage value or interest of provincial significance.

A built heritage resource is defined as the following (13):

…one or more significant buildings (including fixtures or equipment located in or forming part of a building), structures, earthworks, monuments, installations, or remains associated with architectural, cultural, social, political, economic, or military history and identified as being important to a community. For the purposes of these Standards and Guidelines, “structures” does not include roadways in the provincial highway network and in-use electrical or telecommunications transmission towers.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

A cultural heritage landscape is defined as the following (13):

… a defined geographical area that human activity has modified and that has cultural heritage value. Such an area involves one or more groupings of individual heritage features, such as structures, spaces, archaeological sites, and natural elements, which together form a significant type of heritage form distinct from that of its constituent elements or parts. Heritage conservation districts designated under the Ontario Heritage Act, villages, parks, gardens, battlefields, mainstreets and neighbourhoods, cemeteries, trails, and industrial complexes of cultural heritage value are some examples.

Additionally, the Planning Act (1990) and related Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) make a number of provisions relating to heritage conservation. One of the general purposes of the Planning Act is to integrate matters of provincial interest in provincial and municipal planning decisions. In order to inform all those involved in planning activities of the scope of these matters of provincial interest, Section 2 of the Planning Act provides an extensive listing. These matters of provincial interest shall be regarded when certain authorities, including the council of a municipality, carry out their responsibilities under the Act. One of these provincial interests is directly concerned with:

2.0 …protecting cultural heritage and archaeological resources for their economic, environmental, and social benefits.

Part 4.5 of the PPS states that:

Comprehensive, integrated and long-term planning is best achieved through municipal official plans. Municipal official plans shall identify provincial interests and set out appropriate land use designations and policies. Municipal official plans should also coordinate cross-boundary matters to complement the actions of other planning authorities and promote mutually beneficial solutions.

Municipal official plans shall provide clear, reasonable and attainable policies to protect provincial interests and direct development to suitable areas.

In order to protect provincial interests, planning authorities shall keep their official plans up-to-date with this Provincial Policy Statement. The policies of this Provincial Policy Statement continue to apply after adoption and approval of a municipal official plan.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Those policies of particular relevance for the conservation of heritage features are contained in Section 2- Wise Use and Management of Resources, wherein Subsection 2.6 - Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Resources, makes the following provisions:

2.6.1 Significant built heritage resources and cultural heritage landscapes shall be conserved.

A number of definitions that have specific meanings for use in a policy context accompany the policy statement. These definitions include built heritage resources and cultural heritage landscapes.

Built heritage resources mean one or more buildings, structures, monuments, installations or remains associated with architectural, cultural, social, political, economic, or military history, and identified as being important to a community.

Cultural heritage landscapes mean a defined geographical area that human activity has modified and that has cultural heritage value. Such an area involves one or more groupings of individual heritage features, such as structures, spaces, archaeological sites, and natural elements, which together form a significant type of heritage form distinct from that of its constituent elements or parts. Heritage conservation districts designated under the Ontario Heritage Act, villages, parks, gardens, battlefields, mainstreets and neighbourhoods, cemeteries, trails, and industrial complexes of cultural heritage value are some examples. (PPS 2005).

In addition, significance is also more generally defined. It is assigned a specific meaning according to the subject matter or policy context, such as wetlands or ecologically important areas. With regard to cultural heritage and archaeology resources, resources of significance are those that are valued for the important contribution they make to our understanding of the history of a place, an event, or a people (PPS 2005).

Criteria for determining significance for the resources are recommended by the Province, but municipal approaches that achieve or exceed the same objective may also be used. While some significant resources may already be identified and inventoried by official sources, the significance of others can only be determined after evaluation (PPS 2005).

Accordingly, the foregoing guidelines and relevant policy statement were used to guide the scope and methodology of the cultural heritage assessment.

2.2 Data Collection

In the course of the cultural heritage assessment, all potentially affected cultural heritage resources are subject to inventory. Short form names are usually applied to each resource type, (e.g. barn, residence). Generally, when conducting a preliminary

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

identification of cultural heritage resources, three stages of research and data collection are undertaken to appropriately establish the potential for and existence of cultural heritage resources in a particular geographic area.

Background historic research, which includes consultation of primary and secondary source research and historic mapping, is undertaken to identify early settlement patterns and broad agents or themes of change in a study area. This stage in the data collection process enables the researcher to determine the presence of sensitive heritage areas that correspond to nineteenth and twentieth century settlement and development patterns. To augment data collected during this stage of the research process, federal, provincial, and municipal databases and/or agencies are consulted to obtain information about specific properties that have been previously identified and/or designated as retaining cultural heritage value. Typically, resources identified during these stages of the research process are reflective of particular architectural styles, associated with an important person, place, or event, and contribute to the contextual facets of a particular place, neighbourhood, or intersection.

A field review is then undertaken to confirm the location and condition of previously identified cultural heritage resources. The field review is also utilized to identify cultural heritage resources that have not been previously identified on federal, provincial, or municipal databases.

Several investigative criteria are utilized during the field review to appropriately identify new cultural heritage resources. These investigative criteria are derived from provincial guidelines, definitions, and past experience. During the course of the environmental assessment, a built structure or landscape is identified as a cultural heritage resource if it is considered to be 40 years or older1, and if the resource satisfies at least one of the following criteria:

Design/Physical Value: • It is a rare, unique, representative or early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method • It displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit • It demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement • The site and/or structure retains original stylistic features and has not been irreversibly altered so as to destroy its integrity

Historical/Associative Value:

1 Use of a 40 year old threshold is a guiding principle when conducting a preliminary identification of cultural heritage resources (Ministry of Transportation 2006; Ministry of Transportation 2007; Ontario Realty Corporation 2007). While identification of a resource that is 40 years old or older does not confer outright heritage significance, this threshold provides a means to collect information about resources that may retain heritage value. Similarly, if a resource is slightly younger than 40 years old, this does not preclude the resource from retaining heritage value.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

• It has a direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to: the City of Hamilton; the Province of Ontario; Canada; or the world heritage list • It yields, or had the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of: the City of Hamilton; the Province of Ontario, Canada; or the world heritage list • It demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an architect, artist builder, designer, or theorist who is significant to: the City of Hamilton; the Province of Ontario; Canada; or the world heritage list

Contextual Value: • It is important in defining, maintaining, or supporting the character of an area • It is physically, functionally, visually, or historically linked to its surroundings • It is a landmark • It illustrates a significant phase in the development of the community or a major change or turning point in the community’s history • The landscape contains a structure other than a building (fencing, culvert, public art, statue, etc.) that is associated with the history or daily life of that area or region • There is evidence of previous historic and/or existing agricultural practices (e.g. terracing, deforestation, complex water canalization, apple orchards, vineyards, etc.)

If a resource meets one or more of the categories, it will be identified as a cultural heritage resource and is subject to further research where appropriate and when feasible. Typically, further historical research and consultation is required to determine the specific significance of the identified cultural heritage resource.

When identifying cultural heritage landscapes, the following categories are typically utilized for the purposes of the classification during the field review:

Farm complexes: comprise two or more buildings, one of which must be a farmhouse or barn, and may include a tree-lined drive, tree windbreaks, fences, domestic gardens and small orchards.

Roadscapes: generally two-lanes in width with absence of shoulders or narrow shoulders only, ditches, tree lines, bridges, culverts and other associated features.

Waterscapes: waterway features that contribute to the overall character of the cultural heritage landscape, usually in relation to their influence on historic development and settlement patterns.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Railscapes: active or inactive railway lines or railway rights-of-way and associated features.

Historical settlements: groupings of two or more structures with a commonly applied name.

Streetscapes: generally consists of a paved road found in a more urban setting, and may include a series of houses that would have been built in the same time period.

Historical agricultural Landscapes: generally comprises a historically rooted settlement and farming pattern that reflects a recognizable arrangement of fields within a lot and may have associated agricultural outbuildings, structures, and vegetative elements such as tree rows; Cemeteries: land used for the burial of human remains.

Results of data collection and field review are contained in Section 3.0; while Sections 4.0 to 6.0 contain impact assessment, conclusions and present appropriate recommendations with respect to the undertaking.

3.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT

3.1 Introduction

This section provides a brief summary of historic research and a description of identified above ground cultural heritage resources that may be affected by the proposed road infrastructure improvements to Highway 8. A review of available primary and secondary source material was undertaken to produce a contextual overview of the study corridor, including a general description of Euro-Canadian settlement and land-use. Archival research was undertaken at the Dundas Public Library, Dundas Museum and Archives, the local history and archives at the Hamilton Public Library main branch, and the Lloyd Reeds Map Collection at McMaster University Library. The Ontario Department of Public Highways Annual Reports and other material were also reviewed at the Archives of Ontario.

3.2 Township Survey and Settlement

The study corridor is located in the City of Hamilton in part of the Township of West Flamborough, County of Wentworth. Historical research revealed that the land which encompasses this part of the City of Hamilton contains a long and well documented

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

history extending to the last decade of the eighteenth century. Historically, the northwest part of the study corridor consists of the road allowance between Concessions I and II in Lot 9. It then proceeds in a south-southeast direction through part of Lots 9, 10, 11 and 12 in Concession I. Portions of the study corridor are located within the historic village of Bullock’s Corners, and the very northwest corner of the historic Town of Dundas.

The area was first surveyed by Augustus Jones in 1793 when he laid out the Governor’s Road (Dundas Street/Highway 5). Named after the Town of Flamborough in East Yorkshire, England, Flamborough Township became part of Halton County in 1816 and was divided into two separate townships, East and West Flamborough, in 1854.

One of the main features of West Flamborough Township was the waterway now known as Spencer Creek, which flows through Bullock’s Corners. The creek’s water flow was strong enough to support a large number of mills. Spencer Creek also provides the water for Webster’s Falls and Tew’s Falls, two of the Hamilton area’s most historic and scenic waterfalls, which are located immediately downstream of Bullock’s Corners, east of the study corridor (Hamilton Public Library […]).

When the Regional Municipality was created, the Townships of West Flamborough, East Flamborough, and Beverly were combined to create the Town of Flamborough. In 2001, the Town of Flamborough was amalgamated with five other municipalities to create the City of Hamilton.

3.2.1 Town of Dundas

The incorporated Town of Dundas is situated on part Lots 52 to 54, Concession 1, in Ancaster Township and on part Lots 12 to 17, Concession 1, in Flamborough West Township, County of Wentworth. The land surrounding the village was first patented by Loyalist families from Niagara named Morden and Showers. It was originally known as “Coote’s Paradise” after Captain Thomas Coote who hunted wild fowl in the nearby marsh. The post office was opened in 1814, and named in honour of the Hon. Henry Dundas who was secretary of state for war and the colonies.

During the nineteenth century, a multitude of industries were attracted to Dundas due to the ready supply of water provided by Spencer Creek. Furthermore, the Desjardins Canal provided convenient access for markets in Hamilton and beyond. In 1875, these included Forsyth & Co. Agricultural Works, a tannery, paper mills, the Dundas Works, the Dundas Foundry, the Canada Tool Works, the Canada Screw Company, Mackay’s Mills, the Wentworth Flour and Grist Mills, the Dundas Cotton Works, McKechnie & Bertram, McCallum & Moffat’s Moulding Shop, M. Wright & Co. (brewery), T. Greening’s Wire Works, a machine shop, the Dundas Planing Mill and J. Howrigan’s Axe Factory. Additional manufactured goods included “edge tools, combs, paper, soap and candles, leather, woollen and cotton goods, wooden ware &c” (Crossby 1873:105). Near the escarpment and Spencer Creek was Farquhar’s Lime Kiln.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Registered plans of subdivision for this settlement date from 1837-1862. The town also contained four churches, three cemeteries, three hotels, a “Driving Park,” gas works, a custom house, a town hall, the “Wesleyan Institute,” a drill shed, a Catholic school and a Union High School. It was home to several insurance companies and a bank, a telegraph office, and a printing office which issued a weekly newspaper. The Great Western Railway depot was at the northwest end of town. The population was 3,135 (Crossby 1873:105; Woodhouse 1965-1968; Winearls 1991:657-658; Scott 1997:68-69; Rayburn 1997:98-99).

3.2.2 Bullock’s Corners

As in other historic communities in the area, the first people to settle in Bullock’s Corners were Loyalists from Pennsylvania. Early settlers included Jacob Cochenour, who in 1795 built the first bridge across Spencer Creek, linking Greensville and Bullock’s Corners. The commercial viability of the community increased in the 1830s and an increase in population followed suit. Joseph Webster built the Ashbourne Mills on Spencer Creek as well as a cooper shop and cotton batting mill. In 1833, the village’s namesake William Bullock built a grist mill, a saw mill, as well as a local tavern. When the Ashbourne Mill was destroyed by fire in 1898, it was replaced with the area’s first, and Ontario’s second, electric generating power plant. The power plant burned down a few years later and the property was eventually converted into a park. At one time a busy commercial centre, Bullock’s Corners is now a quiet residential community (ATA 1991).

This village was situated on Brock Road on part Lot 10, Concession 2, in Flamborough West Township. This is near Websters Falls and the present-day Spencer Gorge Wilderness Area. The waterfall is named after Joseph Webster who purchased the land around the falls in 1819 (Fischer & Harris 2003:158).

3.2.3 Highway 8

Highway 8 is one of the oldest provincial highways in Ontario. It was established in 1918, and extended from Goderich to Niagara Falls, passing through Kitchener- Waterloo, Cambridge and Hamilton. In 1997, the section of Highway 8 from Peters Corners to Winona, which encompassed the study corridor, was transferred to the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth (Bevers [....]).

Prior to its assumption by the provincial government in 1918, the Highway 8/King Street West alignment was known as the Dundas-Waterloo Road or the Galt Highway. The road generally followed an old trail or path from Cootes Paradise, and access to Lake Ontario, in the northwesterly direction through Dundas, up the escarpment, through Bullock’s Corners, Christies Corners, and Peters Corners, and on to Galt or present day Cambridge. The road was first graded and laid with gravel in the 1830s, making the

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario road passable to horses and wagons from Dundas to Galt, and encouraged trade, settlement and industry. By the 1840s, this route had been extended to Kitchener (formerly Berlin) and Waterloo (Montague 1985). The study corridor follows this same route, with the exception of the section at the top of the escarpment, from the ridge to the railway bridge. The original road continued directly south past the present day lookout point, then continued easterly along Woodleys Lane. The ‘old road’ appears on early topographic mapping, but was no longer in use by the mid-twentieth century (see Figures 7 & 8).

The road linking Dundas to Guelph, now known as the Brock Road, was finally upgraded by 1851. Up until that point, the road was barely more than a muddy, boggy path. It was considered impassable much of the year, and thus traffic would have to divert through Galt (Montague 1985). Improvements to the Brock Road involved cutting a road down the escarpment. The new road, and present alignment of Highway 8, was in place by 1851, given that it is illustrated in the 1851 Marcus Smith map (see Figure 4). Its construction likely coincided with the construction of the Great Western Railway line through this area in the early 1850s, which probably required the construction of a railway overhead to carry the tracks over the road. A toll gate was built around 1860 where the lookout is located today, and was operated by Mr. John Devan (Jackson 1956).

The stone gate house, known as Devan’s Gate, at the bend where the lookout point overlooks the golf course, was torn down in 1902. The road up the escarpment, from Dundas to Bullock’s Corners, was paved by the provincial government in 1921. A c.1923 photograph of Highway 8, looking down towards Dundas from near the top of the hill, shows that the stone wall along the edge of the road were built sometime after the 1921 improvements, or perhaps as a later phase of those construction activities. A c.1933 postcard shows that the stone wall was present by this time (Figures 2 & 3). In the 1960s, the road was improved by widening, straightening and levelling off much of the highway (Anon. 1959: 7).

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 2: Highway 8 looking down on Dundas, April 30th, 1923 Source: Dundas Museum and Archives P-0822

Figure 3: Dundas Mountain overlooking Dundas, c.1933. Source: Forjan-Freedman

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

3.3 Review of Historic Mapping

Historic mapping from 1851, 18752 and 1903, and a series of topographic maps starting in 1909 through to the 1970s, were reviewed as part of this assessment in order to understand how land use patterns and the overall landscape in the study corridor has changed over time (Figures 2 – 6). The mapping was also used to confirm the age, location and ownership of heritage resources identified in the study corridor.

Figure 4: Southern portion of the study corridor shown on 1851 historic map. Base Map: 1851 Map of the Town of Dundas by Marcus Smith

2 It should be noted that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases, given that they were financed by subscription, and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the Atlas

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 5: Approximate location of the study corridor in the former Township of West Flamborough (right) and the historic Village of Bullock’s Corners (left) Base Map: 1875 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wentworth, Ont.

Figure 6: Approximate location of the study corridor in the former on 1903 historic mapping Base Map: 1903 Imperial Atlas of Wentworth County by J.W. Tyrrell

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 7: Location of the study corridor on 1915 topographic mapping. Base Map: Department of Militia and Defence 1915

Figure 8: Location of the study corridor on 1952topographic mapping. Base Map: Army Survey Establishment

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

3.4 Existing Conditions

A number of resources were consulted in order to make a preliminary identification of cultural heritage resources within the study corridor. The City of Hamilton has created a multi-volume cultural heritage resource inventory which contains information on properties designated under Part IV and V of the Ontario Heritage Act (Volume 1), properties listed under the municipal inventory for buildings and cultural heritage landscapes (Volume 2), and cemeteries and burial grounds (Volume 6).3 As the study corridor intersects the historical community of Bullock’s Corners, the Heritage Conservation District Study for Bullock’s Corners was also consulted (ATA 1991).

A field review was undertaken by Lindsay Popert, ASI, during the week of December 19th 2011 to document existing conditions of the study corridor. Field review confirmed that the study corridor retains elements evocative of its early settlement and continued development over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The study corridor passes through: the historic village of Bullock’s Corners, located at the top of the escarpment just east of Spencer Creek; and areas of more recent residential development. It continues down the escarpment and into the very northwest limits of the historic Town of Dundas. The road through the study corridor has previously been widened and improved in sections from the northwest limits to the top of the escarpment, and again at the bottom of the escarpment to the southeast limits of the study corridor. Improvements include, depending on the section of the study corridor, gravel shoulders, curbs, and sidewalks.

Table 1 lists the built heritage resources and cultural heritage landscapes that were identified in the study corridor during the field review, while Section 7.0 provides location mapping of identified cultural heritage resources.

3 Available online: http://www.hamilton.ca/CityDepartments/PlanningEcDev/Development/HeritagePlanning/ResourcesHerita geVolumes.htm

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 1 This single storey, circa 1960s Ranch-style modern bungalow features a gabled roof, frame construction, brick and stone veneer, concrete foundations, single chimney and windows of various (Prev. sizes. The corner lot features a variety of vegetation and is well treed. The property fits into the mid- CHR 7) twentieth-century expansion of Bullock’s Corners, which saw the construction of a new residential subdivision to the southwest of the historic core of Bullock’s Corners.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o single storey scale; o gabled roof; o Ranch-style influence; o brick and stone veneer; and o wooded lot.

Location: 45 Park Avenue Feature Type: House Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. View of the house from the northwest. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”. BHR 2 This one-and-a-half storey frame structure with gabled roof and board-and-batten siding was likely constructed in the late nineteenth century. The house features a three-bay, symmetrical front façade (Prev. with central entrance, which faces north and fronts on to Highway 8. A partially interior chimney with CHR 8) brick stack is located on the east elevation. All windows and doors appear to be modern, and the house is currently undergoing renovations (as of December 2011). The foundations of the structure were not visible during field review.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof; o frame structure with board-and-batten siding; o original fenestration; o three-bay, symmetrical front façade; and o minimal setback from the road.

Location: 87 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View of the house from the northeast. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Lesser landmarks and superior anchors requiring listing”.

18 Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 3 This two storey, red brick structure was built circa 1840, and originally functioned as a tavern. It now functions as a residence, and holds two households. The frame structure with modern brick veneer (Prev. features a rear accretion, brick sills, modern windows and doors, and a gently pitched gable roof with CHR 9) returned eaves. Given the brick veneer, it is difficult to determine if the fenestration and position of entrances are original. A partially interior/exterior chimney with brick stack is located on the east elevation. The structure faces north, and fronts on to Highway 8. The foundations of the structure are undetermined given that they are concealed by parged concrete.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o gently pitched gable roof with return eaves; o two storey scale; o frame construction; o multiple entrances; and o minimal setback from the road.

Location: 83/85 Highway 8 View from the north. Feature Type: House Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 4 This two storey frame structure with stucco exterior features a gently pitched gable roof, a rear two storey accretion with hipped roof, a front verandah, and modern windows and doors. A chimney is (Prev. located on the west elevation. The foundations were not visible during field review. CHR 10) According to an article in The Spectator4, this house was built in circa 1818 by Jacob Cochenour, one of the first settlers to the area. In the 1860s, the house was licensed as a hotel. In the late twentieth century, the house underwent extensive renovations.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof; o window openings in various arrangements; o two storey scale; and o minimal setback from the road.

Location: 81 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the north. Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest.

4 Article by Jennifer Gray-Grant and found in the local history collection at the Dundas Public Library. The date o f the article was not recorded.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 5 This one-and-a-half storey vernacular frame structure with front-facing, steeply pitched gable roof, vertical board siding, wrap-around verandah, modern windows and doors, and modern attached (Prev. garage was likely constructed in the late nineteenth century. The fenestration, and location of the off- CHR 6) centre main entrance, are likely original. The house faces east, and fronts on to the Brock Road. The foundations were not visible during field review.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o steeply pitched gable roof; o one-and-a-half storey scale; and o fenestration and off-centre entrance.

Location: 277 Brock Road Feature Type: House View from the east. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Lesser landmarks and superior anchors requiring listing”. BHR 6 This two-and-a-half storey frame structure with both brick veneer and board-and-batten siding, features a gable roof, front verandah, enclosed side porch, original fenestration and entranceways, (Prev. and modern windows with arched openings. The house rests on stone foundations. The Italianate- CHR 5) influenced structure was built circa 1875 and is known as the Baxter House.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o association with the Baxter family; o cross-gabled roof; o arched window openings, and original fenestration; o original entrances with transoms; o two-and-a-half storey scale; o front verandah with decorative detailing; and o frame construction with brick veneer, and board-and-batten siding.

Location: 279 Brock Road Feature Type: House View from the east. Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. The Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District describes the building as worthy of designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 7 This small, brick structure with stone foundations and gabled roof with cedar shingles is known as the Baxter Shop, associated with the nearby Baxter House (BHR 6), and was once used as a saddler (Prev. and harness maker’s shop. The structure is currently used by a roofing company, and features a CHR 5) modern storefront, one window with an arched opening on the south elevation, and a rear extension sheathed in board-and-batten siding which may not be part of the original structure. There are remnants of three arched openings on the front façade, the middle opening likely served as the original entrance. These have since been filled in with brick. The structure faces east and fronts on to Brock Road. It has a very minimal setback from the road.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the structure include, but are not limited to:

o hipped roof with wide projecting eaves; o window openings in various arrangements; o stucco cladding; o irregular floor plan; o scale and massing; and o minimal setback from the road. View from the southeast.

Location: 281 Brock Road Feature Type: Commercial Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. The Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District describes the buildings as worthy of designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 8 The West Flamborough Township Hall, an Italianate influenced structure, was built in 1875 on land purchased from one of the first families to settle the area, Mr. Jacob Cochenour Jr. The building (Prev. features: a gabled roof and wide eaves overhang with paired, decorative brackets; locally-quarried CHR 3) stone construction; round-headed window openings with wooden frames and multi-paned windows; exterior brick chimney stack on the north elevation; and symmetrical front façade with paneled entrance surround and multi-paned transom above. The municipal building featured a front verandah until 1925. In 1938, the basement was expanded and retrofitted. In 1944, a kitchen tail was added to the north elevation. In 1976, municipal activity was centralized and transferred to a new municipal building in Waterdown. The hall continues to be used for public meetings and other activities.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the structure include, but are not limited to:

o the original large five-panel single-leaf door in the doorway; o boxed cornices; o gable roof with projecting eaves supported by decorative brackets; o original round-headed window openings with wooden frames; o cut stone construction; View from the northeast. o rectangular floor plan; o scale and massing; and o symmetrical front façade with central entrance flanked by wooden paneled surround and transom above. Location: 283 Brock Road Feature Type: Town hall Recognition: Designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (By-law 79-65). BHR 9 The stone foundation ruins located just east of Brock Road, and below the grade of the current roadway, are the remains of an old storage shed that was first built in the nineteenth century. (Prev. According to the interpretive sign set up next to the ruins, the former structure formed part of the CHR 4) mercantile block at Bullock’s Corners, built by William Bullock in the 1840s. Many of the original buildings came down in a fire in 1873, after which the site and storage shed were used as part of a lumber yard/coal storage facility until the 1920s. The storage shed was last used as a garage by Wilbert Rice in the 1940s.

The cultural heritage resource mapping (see Section 7.0, Figure 9) shows the approximate location of this structure.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the resource include, but are not limited to:

o rectangular floor plan; o stone construction; and o proximity and relationship to Brock Road. View from the east.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) Location: 284 Brock Road Feature Type: Stone ruins Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Lesser landmarks and superior anchors requiring listing”. BHR 10 This Neo-Classical structure was constructed in 1849 by Hugh Fraser. It was built as a residence, small hotel and store. The structure features: two storey scale; cut stone and rubble construction; (Prev. cross-gabled roof with return cornices; interior chimneys at the north elevation, east elevation, and CHR south end of the west elevation; a small brick and concrete addition at the rear; and asymmetrical 11) front façade with three smaller gables, and one larger gable at the south end. The structure fronts on to Highway 8 and faces west. It is considered a landmark structure in Bullock’s Corners given its prominent location at the intersection of Highway 8 and Brock Road. Some of the windows have been replaced with modern materials, while others retain their original multi-paned arrangement.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the structure include, but are not limited to:

o cross-gabled roof with return eaves and multiple stone chimney stacks; o three interior chimneys; o original fenestration; o stone and rubble construction; o L-shaped floor plan; o two storey scale; View from the northwest. o multiple gable dormers on front façade; and o minimal setback from the road.

Location: 78 Highway 8 Feature Type: Commercial Recognition: Designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (By-law 87-150).

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 11 This Neo-Classical vernacular house with gothic features was reportedly built by William Bullock Jr. for his daughter as a wedding gift in about 1870. The brick house follows an L-shaped floor plan, and (Prev. features: a one-and-a-half storey scale; round headed windows; polychromatic brickwork; CHR symmetrical, three-bay front façade featuring three gabled dormers and central, slightly projecting 12) bay that contains the main entrance; side bay windows; and front verandah with chamfered posts and decorative brackets. The stone walls /gate are a recent addition.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof with gabled dormers; o L-shaped footprint; o front verandah with chamfered posts and decorative brackets; o polychrome brickwork; o brick construction; o one-and-a-half storey scale; o round-headed window openings and original fenestration; and o symmetrical front façade with central, projecting bay. View from the east.

Location: 75 Highway 8 Feature Type: House Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. The Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District describes the building as worthy of designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act. BHR 12 This Neo-Classical vernacular structure features an estimated construction date of 1840. The duplex features: a one-and-a-half storey scale; gable roof; stucco exterior; centrally-located internal chimney (Prev. at the rear; stone foundations; and modern windows and doors. It likely retains its original CHR fenestration, and maintains a minimal setback from the road right-of-way. 13) Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the structure include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof; o rectangular footprint; o stucco exterior; o stone foundations; o minimal setback from the road; and o original fenestration.

Location: 72/74 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the west.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 13 This one-and-a-half storey Late Ontario Cottage was built in the early twentieth century. It features: a hipped roof; shed dormer on the front and rear façades; screened-in front verandah; larger shed (Prev. dormer addition on the south elevation; synthetic siding; and rear deck/addition. The foundations CHR were not visible during field review. The house maintains a similar setback from the road as other 14) residences along this part of Highway 8.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o hipped roof with shed dormers; and o one-and-a-half storey scale.

Location: 71 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the east. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Lesser landmarks and superior anchors requiring listing”. BHR 14 This one-and-a-half storey, Craftsman/Bungalow-inspired dwelling was likely built in the 1910s. The brick residence features: a clipped gable roof with wide eaves overhang; a dormer on the front (Prev. elevation; stone foundations; a front porch featuring a large brick pillar and low brick wall capped in CHR concrete; a side porch featuring a hipped roof supported by two wooden pedestals resting on brick 15) piers, bounded by a wooden balustrade; and varied fenestration, including single windows and windows grouped in three, and a diamond shaped window on the south elevation.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o clipped gable roof with large front dormer; o brick construction with stone foundations; o front and side porches; and o varied fenestration.

Location: 68 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the southwest. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Lesser landmarks and superior anchors requiring listing”.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 15 This two-and-a-half storey Queen Anne Revival structure was likely built in the 1910s or 1920s. The house features: a wrap-around verandah with chamfered posts, wooden balustrade and round (Prev. columns resting on brick piers; a gable roof with third-storey window recessed into the gable end; CHR synthetic siding; an exterior chimney stack; modern windows; and a rear one storey addition. The 16) foundations of the house were not visible during field review. The house maintains a similar setback from the road as other residences along this part of Highway 8.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o front-facing gable roof; o two-and-a-half storey scale; o paired window recessed under the gable on front (east) elevation; and o wrap around verandah.

Location: 69 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the northeast. Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 16 This two-and-a-half storey Edwardian house was built in c.1912. The frame house clad in wide horizontal siding features: a hipped roof with wide eaves overhang; a dormer on the front elevation (Prev. with a hipped roof and three small windows; a centrally-located internal chimney at the rear of the CHR house; a rear addition to the house; a small porch on the front façade featuring round wooden 17) columns resting on cobblestone piers, bounded by a low wooden balustrade; and modern windows. Fenestration is varied, with window openings featuring single, paired and triple window frames. Interestingly, the cobblestone piers supporting the porch match the cobblestone pillars found along the eastern limits of the property. While the lattice fencing between pillars is modern, the pillars most likely define the former gate and driveway entrance into the property. The foundations of this house were not visible during field review.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o two-and-a-half storey scale; o hipped roof with dormer; o internal chimney with brick stack; o front porch; and View from the east. o matching cobblestone piers and pillars found on the front porch and the front fence line.

Location: 67 Highway 8 Feature Type: House

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 17 Described as an American Domestic structure, this two storey dwelling with gable roof, wooden siding, and one storey rear tail was built in the early twentieth century. The three bay, symmetrical (Prev. front façade features a central entrance, complete with sidelights, flanked by windows to either side. CHR All windows appear to be modern with fake muntins, and are bounded by decorative shutters. There 18) are no chimneys. The foundations appear to be concrete. The house is set further back from the road than surrounding residences.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof; o three bay, symmetrical front façade with central entrance; o main doorway with sidelights; o clapboarding; and o setback from the road.

Location: 66 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the southwest. Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 18 This two storey frame house with synthetic siding is estimated to have been constructed in the 1930s. The tall, gable roof, large gabled dormer, closed gable ends, and varied fenestration is typical (Prev. of the Craftsman/Bungalow architectural style popular in the early twentieth century. The house rests CHR on concrete foundations and features an exterior brick chimney stack and oriel windows are found on 19) the two side elevations. The front porch is enclosed.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof with large gabled dormer on the front elevation; o gable ends are enclosed; o oriel windows located on the side elevations; o concrete foundations; o enclosed verandah; and o varied fenestration.

Location: 64 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the northwest. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 19 This residence is described as a neo-Colonial and neo-Italianate structure constructed in circa 1935. Given that the property is heavily treed, it was difficult to view the house from the road right-of-way. (Prev. However, during field review it was determined that the two storey house features: a gable roof with CHR metal roofing material; large eaves overhang supported by decorative brackets; an interior chimney 20) with concrete stack located at the north elevation; and a rock-faced exterior on the front elevation, which faces southwest. The property is bounded by wooden fence lines and mature trees.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o two storey scale; o gable roof; o wide eaves overhang with decorative brackets; and o stone faced front façade.

Location: 1 Websters Falls Road Feature Type: House View from the south. Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 20 This two-and-a-half storey house was built about 1920 and features: a front-facing gable roof with a large gabled dormer on the south elevation; rusticated concrete block construction; large window (Prev. openings; partially interior chimney with concrete block stack; polychromatic concrete block work, CHR where blocks of a lighter shade of gray are used to accent the windows and for quoining; varied 21) fenestration, with windows grouped into pairs on the main floor; and a large verandah across the width of the front elevation, which features a hipped roof supported by columns resting on concrete piers, bounded by a low decorative concrete block wall. Concrete block pillars are located to either side of the driveway, and appear to use the same blocks used to construct the house.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o two-and-a-half storey scale; o front-facing gable roof; o partially interior chimney on north elevation with concrete stack; o rusticated concrete block construction and polychromatic concrete block work; o large window openings; o large verandah with concrete piers supporting round columns; and View from the east. o concrete pillars located at either side of the driveway, utilizing same materials used to construct the house.

Location: 63 Highway 8 Feature Type: House

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. BHR 21 This large, one-and-a-half storey frame dwelling with vertical board-and-batten siding was constructed in circa 1946 and is described as a Canadian Domestic structure. The house features a (Prev. gable roof punctured by three hipped dormers, an attached two-car garage, varied fenestration, and CHR irregular footprint. The property is bounded by a post-and-rail fence. 22) Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o large gabled roof with hipped dormers; o one-and-a-half storey scale; o attached garage; o varied fenestration; and o wood fence line along Highway 8.

Location: 2 Websters Falls Road Feature Type: House View from the northwest. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”. BHR 22 This Ranch-style modern bungalow was likely built in the 1960s or 1970s, based on a review of twentieth century topographic mapping. The one storey dwelling features a hipped roof, internal (Prev. chimney at the rear with a brick stack, synthetic siding, oriel window on the front elevation, varied CHR fenestration, asymmetrical front façade, concrete foundations and a slightly skewed orientation 23) towards Highway 8. The house is concealed behind a berm and heavy vegetation.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o hipped roof with internal chimney; o synthetic siding; o one storey scale; o concrete foundations; o oriel window; o varied fenestration; and o asymmetrical front façade.

Location: 52 Highway 8 View from the west. Feature Type: House Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 23 This house is situated on elevated land and is well concealed by vegetation from the road. As a result, a description of the structure during field review was limited. In addition, a description of the (Prev. house from a secondary source was not found. The entrance drive is bounded by large stone pillars CHR and walls. The structure appears to have a gabled roof, is clad in horizontal siding, and follows a L- 24) shaped footprint. Based on a review of topographic mapping, the structure was built in the 1950s.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof; o L-shaped footprint; o property characterized by informal plantings, woodlot and mature vegetation; and o stone pillars and walls, utilizing large stone blocks, marking the entrance drive.

Location: 46 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from northwest. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”. BHR 24 This Colonial Revival dwelling is a circa 1950s structure, according to a review of twentieth century topographic mapping. The one-and-a-half storey frame house features a gable roof, centrally located (Prev. internal chimney with brick stack, two gabled dormers on the front façade, bay windows on the north CHR elevation, and synthetic siding. The three-bay, symmetrical front façade features a central entrance 25) with decorative door surrounds. The middle bay of the front elevation features a stone veneer. The foundations were not visible during the field assessment. The lower storey windows are bounded by decorative shutters.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gable roof with two gabled dormers; o one-and-a-half storey scale; o centrally-located internal chimney with brick stack; o symmetrical front façade with central entrance; and o main entrance with decorative surrounds.

Location: 41 Highway 8 View from the east. Feature Type: House Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 25 This circa 1950s, one storey bungalow features an attached garage, cross-gabled roof, interior chimney, asymmetrical front façade, and varied fenestration. The surrounding landscape features (Prev. mature trees and informal plantings. The foundations are likely concrete, although they were not CHR visible during field assessment. A wooden post-and-rail fence marks the property boundary along 26) Highway 8.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o cross-gabled roof; o one storey scale; o internal chimney with brick stack, centrally-located at the rear; o asymmetrical front façade; o varied fenestration; and o attached two-door garage.

Location: 40 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the west. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”. BHR 26 This circa 1950s dwelling, described as a Canadian Domestic structure, is located on the west side of Highway 8. The one-and-a-half storey frame dwelling clad in synthetic siding features a gabled (Prev. roof, varied fenestration, an attached two-car garage, and a large front verandah covered by a CHR gabled roof and supported by wooden posts. The house rests on concrete foundations. The 27) surrounding property is formally landscaped.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gabled roof; o one-and-a-half storey scale; o concrete foundations; o attached garage; and o large verandah with gabled roof.

View from the east.

Location: 39 Highway 8 Feature Type: House

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”. BHR 27 This circa 1950s, one storey bungalow features a U-shaped footprint, a cross-gabled roof with return cornices, an attached one-car garage, varied fenestration, a small decorative belvedere on top of (Prev. the garage, and is clad in horizontal siding on the upper part of the exterior, and stone facing on the CHR lower portion. The house rests on concrete foundations, and is located on a corner lot. 28) Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o cross-gabled roof with return cornices; o one storey scale; o attached garage; o combination of stone facing and horizontal siding exterior; and o varied fenestration.

Location: 37 Highway 8 Feature Type: House View from the northeast. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”. BHR 28 This house is described by the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study as being constructed in the late nineteenth century. However, a review of twentieth century mapping (Prev. confirmed that this structure was built in the 1930s or 1940s. The one-and-a-half storey frame house CHR features a gable roof with return cornices, horizontal siding, exterior chimney, varied fenestration, 29) gabled dormers, and a rectangular footprint. The property features informal plantings and is located on a corner lot.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the house include, but are not limited to:

o gabled roof with return cornices; o rectangular footprint; o horizontal siding; o varied fenestration; and o gabled dormers.

Location: 100 Hillcrest Avenue Feature Type: House View from the southeast. Recognition: Identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Building of architectural merit, age, characteristic of Bullock’s Corners”.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 29 The single span railway bridge carrying two tracks of the Canadian National railway over Highway 8, about mid-way up the escarpment, features plate girders supported by stone abutments. A small plate located at the northeast corner indicates that the bridge was refurbished in 1998. The stone abutments may date to the 1850s, when the railway was first established. The substructure likely underwent expansion in the early 1900s when the line was expanded from one to two tracks. A topographic map from 1909 confirms that this was an overhead crossing by this time.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the structure include, but are not limited to:

o plate girder construction; and o stone abutments and wingwalls.

Location: CN railway at Highway 8 Feature Type: Bridge View from the southeast. Recognition: N/A BHR 30 This small utility/storage structure is likely associated with the adjacent reservoir. The structure and adjacent reservoir are present on the 1909 topographic map, and were likely established in the early 1900s. The structure features: a gable roof with metal roofing material; brick construction resting on concrete foundations; entrances on the north and west elevations; and multiple boarded up windows on the east elevation. Window and door openings are capped by segmentally arched brick voussoirs.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the structure include, but are not limited to:

o gabled roof; o brick and concrete construction; o brick voussoirs above window and door openings; o multiple window openings (blocked in) on east elevation; o association with the adjacent reservoir; and o close proximity to the road right-of-way.

Location: Southwest corner of Woodleys Lane and Highway 8 intersection. Feature Type: Utility Structure. View from the northwest. Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 31 This two storey rubble stone structure features a hipped roof, internal chimneys at the east and west elevations with brick stacks, a verandah on the east elevation, and three-bay front façade with a covered central entrance, which is concealed behind a fence. The six-over-six pane sash windows feature stone lintels and wooden sills. The side porch features a hipped roof supported by round columns resting on stone pedestals, a style typical of the early twentieth century, and is bounded by a wooden balustrade. Located east of the house is a small gabled storage shed. The property features informal plantings of young and mature trees, a recently landscaped front yard, and modern fence. The property maintains a scenic, panoramic view of the Dundas Valley to the south. A review of historic mapping confirmed that this house appears on the 1851 map, and was part of the John Gamble property, who was also proprietor of the “Turning Factory” located at the foot of the escarpment below this house.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o two storey scale; o hipped roof; o rubble stone construction; View of the house from the northeast o internal chimneys located at the east and west elevations; o six-over-six pane sash windows with stone lintels and wooden sills; o early twentieth century verandah on east elevation; o associated nineteenth century frame shed with gabled roof; and o minimal setback from the road.

Location: 400 King Street West Feature Type: House Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) BHR 32 The Dundas District High School was built in 1928 on the former John Fisher Paper Mill site. The mill was closed following Fishers’ death in 1923, and the property was willed to the Town of Dundas for the purposes of building a secondary school. The three storey brick school was designed by noted Hamilton architect William J. Walsh in the Collegiate Gothic style. Stone ornamentation adorns the separate girls and boys entrances found on the west elevation, and includes decorative pinnacles, gargoyles, crests and door lintels. The school closed in 2007 and was subsequently purchased by a developer. The site is currently being retrofitted into 44 loft-style condominiums (Grimaldi 2010).

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the school include, but are not limited to:

o three storey scale; o association with noted Hamilton architect, William J. Walsh; o brick veneer; o Collegiate Gothic style; o separate entrances for girls and boys; and o stone ornamentation. View of the school from the west.

Location: 397 King Street West Feature Type: School Recognition: Under consideration for designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act. CHL 1 Located at the northwest terminus of the study corridor is the Christ Anglican Church and the West Flamborough Municipal Cemetery, also known as Old Township Cemetery, and Tunis and Morden (Prev. Burial Grounds. It now falls under the responsibility of the Christ Anglican Church Cemetery Board. CHR 1 The present Gothic Revival stone church was built in 1865. The Bullock’s Corners Heritage & 2) Conservation District describes the church as worthy of designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act

The church is an example of Gothic Revival architecture, featuring a multi-gabled roof, gothic windows, rock-faced cut stone laid in a regular course, and stained glass windows. This site was used for religious services as early as 1805, and it is reported that a small wooden structure located on this property was used as a meeting place in the early nineteenth century.

Located east of the church, on a hill overlooking the town and which slopes down to Highway 8, is Christ Anglican Church, from the southeast. Cemetery located on a slope north of Highway 8, looking east.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) the West Flamborough Municipal Cemetery. The cemetery opened in 1805 and is now closed for burials.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the property include, but are not limited to:

o gabled roof; o gothic windows, some with stained glass; o stone-faced construction; o association with cemetery; and o prominent location of the site on a hill overlooking the village.

Location: 90 Highway 8 Feature Type: Church and Cemetery Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest and Inventory of Cemeteries and Burial Grounds.

CHL 2 The area located just east of the Brock Road and Highway 8 intersection is a former mill site first constructed on Spencer Creek in 1841 by William Bullock. The only visible remains of this site are the ruins of the stone dam, and bridge piers of a former bridge built to span Spencer Creek, which linked the villages of Bullock’s Corners and Greenville. A modern pedestrian bridge now spans the creek, and utilizes the old stone piers.

In 1841, William Bullock built a grist mill and sawmill, and later constructed a steam plant. In 1866, William Bullock’s sons moved the large steam engines to another site and the property was leased to Clark and Langley, who established a woolen factory. Following a fire in about 1867, a new stone building was constructed by the Bullock brothers. The three storey stone structure first operated as a cloth and blanket factory, known as the Clark Blanket Company. The company remained within the Clark family, and continued until the 1930s. In 1938, a flood destroyed most of the mill and the machinery was moved to Dundas. Further remnants of the mill were removed in the 1950s. Mill dam, looking north. Looking east across bridge over Spencer Creek, Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: view of old bridge piers. o stone piers carrying modern pedestrian bridge over Spencer Creek; o Spencer Creek; o former road alignment, currently utilized as a pathway leading from Highway 8/Brock Road to the bridge crossing; and o stone dam ruins.

Location: Just east of Brock Road and Highway 8 intersection. Feature Type: Former mill site Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 3 This waterway is associated with a number of industries, including two former mill sites and historic settlements that are located within the study corridor. At the top of the escarpment, and north end of the study area, is Bullock’s Corners. At the bottom of the escarpment, and south end of the study area, is Dundas. As such, it is recognized for its role in early development and settlement activities in the area, and general growth of the area through the establishment of successful industrial ventures in the nineteenth century.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the waterscape include, but are not limited to: o winding alignment of the creek; o dam ruins and remnant stone bridge piers; and o associated floodplain and vegetation.

Location: Running generally in a north-south alignment at the top of the escarpment, travelling Spencer Creek, looking north, top of the Spencer Creek, looking east, bottom of the roughly parallel to Highway 8 and east of the study corridor, and traverses the study corridor at the escarpment, at former Bullock’s Mill site. escarpment where it passes underneath bottom of the escarpment, from east to west Highway 8/King Street West Feature Type: Waterscape Recognition: N/A CHL 4 Websters Falls Road is a private driveway for a small residential subdivision. The road features a narrow right-of-way, partially paved surface, no shoulders and is bounded by fences and a variety of vegetation, including hedges. The road currently terminates at the conservation area; however, it previously continued all the way to Spencer Creek, spanned the waterway, and continued on the other side. According to twentieth-century topographic maps, houses first appeared along this road in the 1940s. The road is a remnant of early settlement and road networks in the Bullock’s Corners area.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the road include, but are not limited to: o narrow right-of-way; o partially paved surface; o lack of shoulders; and o bounded by fences and vegetation, including hedges.

Location: Continues easterly from Highway 8. Feature Type: Roadscape Recognition: N/A Former road alignment, looking east from Highway 8.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 5 A small tributary to Spencer Creek flows under Highway 8, in a west-east alignment, just south of Websters Falls Road. The waterway is bounded by flood plain overgrown with young vegetation, (Prev. similar on both sides of the roadway. It passes underneath Highway 8 by way of a culvert. The CHR waterscape is an important landscape feature, associated with early settlement and development of 35) the area.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the waterscape include, but are not limited to: o winding alignment of the tributary; and o associated floodplain and vegetation.

Location: Traverses Highway 8 in an east-west alignment, just south of Websters Falls Road Feature Type: Waterscape Recognition: N/A Spencer Creek Tributary, looking east from Spencer Creek Tributary, looking west from Highway 8. Highway 8.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 6 The large residential estate known as “Springhill” is located on the edge of the escarpment, overlooking the Dundas Valley, located north of Highway 8, and is comprised of a large stone and (Prev. brick residence, a second dwelling, a coach house, and a nineteenth-century barn. A gated entrance, CHR flanked by stone walls, is located at the southwest end of the property, where Highway 8 reaches the 30) top of the escarpment. A secondary driveway leading in to the property, now known as Springhill Street, is located further north on Highway 8. The property is well veiled by mature trees on all sides.

Construction on the house at Springhill was first begun in about 1823, by newly wedded Dr. James Hamilton and Ann Draper Hatt The land was formerly part of the Richard Hatt estate. The house was then a one-and-a-half storey frame Regency structure with a verandah on three sides. Dr Hamilton was one of the best known medical practitioners in the Hamilton area. After his death in 1877, the property was purchased by John and Catherine Fisher. By 1880, the verandah was removed and a large stone addition was made to the rear. In the 1890s, the tower on the front façade was added, Entrance Gates, looking north Main house, south elevation. along with the addition of other Romanesque Revival features (Green & Ray 2003: 10-13). Source: http://www.sothebysrealty.ca

The stone walls and gate were built around portions of the property in the late nineteenth century. Mr. Fisher commissioned the work and it is recorded that the stones were recovered and reused from an unidentified stone church.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: o stone walls and gate at southwest limits of property, along north side of Highway 8; o large residence first built in early nineteenth century, enlargened/remodelled in the late nineteenth century; o location and arrangement of structures on the property, including the main residence, coach house, secondary residence and barn; o mature vegetation; o scenic views to and from the property; and o circulation routes, including the driveways leading to the main road, and paths between the buildings and within the property limits.

Location: 28 – 30 Highway 8; 1 Springhill St Feature Type: Residential Estate Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest. Also identified through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study. Categorized as “Buildings worthy of designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act”.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 7 Known as the Flatt House, located at the top of the escarpment and on the south side of Highway 8, the property has an expansive view over the Dundas Valley. The property features low stone walls (Prev. along its eastern limits, along Highway 8, and a large, sprawling residence. CHR 31) According to historic mapping, a road formerly continued south along the eastern limits of the property, across the tracts and joined with present day Woodleys Lane. It was removed in the mid- twentieth century, when the Dundas Golf Course was established at the base of the escarpment. The house appears on historic mapping from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The two storey house features a hipped roof with wide overhang and brackets, several chimneys with tall stacks, stucco exterior, one storey projecting bay on the south elevation, and one storey addition/verandah on the east elevation with massive, round columns. The foundations were not visible.

A review of this property on the Ontario Architecture website indicates that the first house at this Stone walls, pillars, iron gate and Stone pillar and walls to the north of the location was built in about 1820 and was likely completed in the Regency style. In the early twentieth residence, looking west. driveway. century, it was renovated by William J. Walsh. Two sun porches, a second storey, and an entrance portico were added in the Arts and Crafts style (Kyles 2007).

The house is surrounded by expansive, manicured lawns, and the property boundaries defined by tree lines and fence lines. The stone wall with stone cap and iron gates located along the west side of Highway 8 feature various heights, and appears to be buried in sections. This reflects a change in grade of the land, likely altered when Highway 8 was improved in the mid-twentieth century, and the former road alignment that continued directly south along the edge of this property was closed.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: o stone walls with vertical stone cap, stone pillars and iron gates, along eastern boundary of property; o nineteenth century residence with Arts and Crafts style modifications; o scenic views over Dundas Valley; and o landscaped lawns, tree lines and mature vegetation on the property.

Location: 31 Highway 8 Feature Type: Residential Estate Recognition: Listed on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 8 The section of Highway 8 that travels up the escarpment, linking Dundas at the bottom to Bullock’s Corners at the top, is an important historic road alignment present on early maps of the area. (Prev. Historically, the road was significant as the original road linking the early nineteenth-century CHR 32 settlements of Dundas and Galt via the Galt-Dundas Road, and Guelph via the Brock Road. In 1918, and the province of Ontario established Highway 8, which extended from Goderich to Niagara Falls. In CHR 1921, the provincial government paved the road. However, it was not improved until the 1960s, at 33) which time the escarpment road was widened, straightened, and levelled off. In 1997, the section from Peter’s Corners to Winona was transferred over to the Regional Municipality of Hamilton- Wentworth.

Elements illustrative of its scenic qualities include: o its steep and curved alignment up the escarpment; o stone walls with vertical stone caps located along the upper section on the south side. Concrete pillars, stone walls and lookout Stone walls with vertical stone caps, upper According to a c.1923 photograph of the Highway, these walls were built no earlier than point at top of the escarpment. section. the 1920s; o concrete pillars and lookout point incorporated into the stone walls and located at the top of the escarpment. This feature is likely associated with the 1921 improvements made to the road by the provincial government; o dilapidated concrete remnants (two concrete horse troughs and an enclosed concrete basin with metal access/cleanout door) are located near the top of the escarpment, on the north side of the road alignment. o based on the type of concrete and rebars, it is estimated that the horse troughs predate the 1921 highway improvements, and may therefore have been built by the Wentworth Road Commission, who maintained this road between 1891 and 1918 (Anon. 1959:6). The horse troughs were shut down in the 1970s when the water was found to be contaminated (Pers. Comm. Roberta Bailey, Dundas Museum and Archives, 20 August 2012). Specific textual references to the horse troughs, and road/highway design plans View of the road looking east from the top Remnants of horse trough on north side of for this highway showing details such as the troughs, were not located during archival of the escarpment. road. research at this time. o stone walls with smooth concrete cap located to either side of Highway 8/King Street West at bottom of escarpment, to either side of Spencer Creek; and o scenic views to Dundas Valley.

Location: Highway 8, along the escarpment Feature Type: Scenic Roadscape

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Stone walls with concrete cap at bottom of Remnants of concrete trough on north side escarpment, to either side of Spencer of road near top of the escarpment. Creek. CHL 9 Woodleys Lane is a historic road that ran parallel to the railway line, along the bottom of the escarpment, extending westerly from Highway 8 and eventually turning north, climbed a steep grade and rejoined with Highway 8 at the top of the escarpment. The narrow road alignment is bounded by vegetation, steeply sloped lands and the railway on the north side, and a reservoir and golf course on the south side. While the road is paved and has sections of gravel shoulders, it retains the narrow road width and original alignment of its nineteenth century origins.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the road include, but are not limited to: o narrow alignment; o association with the railway, escarpment and highway 8; and o steeply sloped hillside on the north side.

Woodleys Lane, looking west from Highway 8

Location: East-west alignment, located just south of the railway tracks, off of King Street West/Highway 8 Feature Type: Roadscape Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 10 The current rail line traversing the middle of the study corridor, about mid-way up the escarpment, consists of two tracks. The original track was laid in 1853 by the Great Western Railway. The first station was built at this site in 1864, to serve the Dundas community. In 1901, a new train station was constructed at this site, exhibiting architectural features typical of the then popular Queen Anne style. In 1904, the tracks were doubled and in 1923, the rail line came under the ownership of the Canadian National Railway. The Dundas Train Station was demolished in 1987 (Nowak 2004). While the rail line continues to be in service, it no longer makes any stops at this location.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: o two track railway alignment; o location mid-way up the escarpment, with scenic views to surrounding valley lands; o flat area next to the railway line, north of the tracks, east of Highway 8, which marks the location of the former Dundas Train Station; and o single span railway bridge that carries the tracks over Highway 8.

View of railway tracks, former site of the Dundas Train Station, and access road to the tracks/former station from Highway 8, looking east.

Location: Traverses Highway 8 and the study corridor, from northeast to southwest, just north of Woodleys Lane Feature Type: Railscape Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 11 Remains of the Gore Grist Mills, built by Joseph Spencer in 1834, are located at the foot of the escarpment beside Dundas Falls, east of Highway 8/King Street West. All that remains are some stone work, an arch, and some metal debris. The grist mill was converted into the Gore Paper Mill in 1851. From 1863 until 1923, the paper mill was operated and expanded by John Fisher, who owned Springhill at the top of the escarpment. The mill was closed following Fishers’ death in 1923, and the property was willed to the Town of Dundas for the purposes of building a secondary school, which was named Dundas District High School. The mill was torn down in 1929, at which time the nearby waterfall and Spencer Creek was also reconfigured to reduce flooding (Green & Wray 2003:12).

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: o stone arch and other stone and metal materials; and o Spencer Creek. Site of former Gore Grist/Paper Mills Stone arch of Gore Grist/Paper Mills

Location: North of the Spencer Creek and Highway 8/King Street West intersection, north end of Dundas. Feature Type: Former mill site Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 12 The southern terminus of the study corridor is located at the northwest entrance into the historic town of Dundas. Highway 8/King Street West is a main thoroughfare that runs through the town. The streetscape of this section of Dundas is characterized by houses of similar setback from the road, similar scale and massing, and are located on both sides of the road. Based on the architectural details and housing type, the structures were likely built in the mid- to late- nineteenth century.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: o nineteenth century vernacular houses of similar setback, age, massing, and scale; and o King Street West/Highway 8.

View of King Street West, looking View of King Street West, looking east northwest towards towards Bond Street. Bond Street.

Location: King Street West, northwest end of Dundas Feature Type: Streetscape Recognition: N/A

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 13 Bullock’s Corners was established in the mid-nineteenth century and owes its success to the mills established at Spencer Creek, just east of the settlement, and its success as a stagecoach stop on a major road between Dundas and Galt, Preston and Hespeler (now Cambridge), and Guelph to the north. The village retains much of its early building stock and landmarks, including the township hall, the church and cemetery, two hotels (now residences), the Springhill estate, and ruins of the former mill site. The area experienced considerable expansion in the mid- to late- twentieth century, with the introduction of a residential subdivision and construction of residences of similar scale, massing and setback along Highway 8 in the 1950s – 1970s. Although Highway 8 has been widened, graded and paved through the village, it still retains its historic character through the retention of mature vegetation along the road side and fence lines around property limits.

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the site include, but are not limited to: o road alignments and network; View of Highway 8 and mixed nineteenth View of Highway 8 looking north, just south o mature vegetation and fence lines along roadway; and late twentieth century streetscape, of the historic core of Bullock’s Corners. o Spencer Creek and former mill site; north end of study corridor, looking east. o nineteenth century building stock, representing early development and success of the village; and o twentieth-century residential developments.

Location: Highway 8 and Brock Road intersection Feature Type: Historic Settlement Recognition: Identified as a potential Heritage Conservation District through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Table 1: Identified Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Corridor Feature Inventory Description Photograph(s) CHL 14 The landmark Chinquapin Oak tree is located directly across from the former Dundas District High School. It is estimated to be at least 200 years old, and the tree is recognized to be a very rare species in Southern Ontario. It is more commonly found in warmer climates to the south. It is listed on the Ontario Honour Roll of Trees (Anon. 2009)

Heritage attributes, i.e. character-defining elements of the resource include, but are not limited to: o the size, type and age of the tree; and o location on park land.

Looking northwest towards the Chinquapin Oak tree.

Location: King Street West, Fisher’s Mill Park Feature Type: Significant Tree Recognition: Ontario Honour Roll of Trees

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Following a review of the proposed road improvements and construction footprint in the study corridor, an impact assessment considering potential impacts of the existing plan on identified resources was prepared.

To assess the potential impacts of the undertaking, identified cultural heritage resources were considered against a range of possible impacts as outlined in the Ministry of Tourism and Culture document entitled Screening for Impacts to Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (September 2010), which include:

• Destruction of any, or part of any, significant heritage attribute or feature (III.1). • Alteration which means a change in any manner and includes restoration, renovation, repair or disturbance (III.2). • Shadows created that alter the appearance of a heritage attribute or change the visibility of a natural feature of plantings, such as a garden (III.3). • Isolation of a heritage attribute from it surrounding environment, context, or a significant relationship (III.4). • Direct or indirect obstruction of significant views or vistas from, within, or to a built and natural feature (III.5). • A change in land use such as rezoning a battlefield from open space to residential use, allowing new development or site alteration to fill in the formerly open spaces (III.6). • Soil Disturbance such as a change in grade, or an alteration of the drainage pattern or excavation (III.7).

Given that much of the proposed road improvements are taking place within the existing road right-of-way, direct impacts to identified cultural heritage resources are limited to the Highway 8 roadscape (CHL 8 - including the road alignment, low stone walls, lookout point, and concrete features/horse troughs along the escarpment side of the highway).

Should an additional left turning lane be incorporated at the intersection of Highway 8 and Hillcrest Avenue, requiring the acquisition of adjacent land, impacts to BHR 28, CHL 6, and CHL 7 may result and require additional heritage investigations.

Intersection improvements at Highway 8/King Street West and Bond Street, which may include the removal of the curb and/or steps to be replaced with more accessible, AODA (Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act) features are not expected to negatively impact the heritage attributes associated with CHL 12. Further, the removal of the sidewalk along Highway 8/King Street West from Bond Street is not expected to negatively impact any identified heritage resources.

48 Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

The results of background historic research and a review of secondary source material, including historic mapping and relevant heritage studies, revealed a study corridor with a land use history dating back to the early nineteenth century. The field review confirmed that this area retains elements evocative of its early nineteenth-century development. A total of thirty-two built heritage resources and fourteen cultural heritage landscapes were identified within the study corridor. The following provides a summary of field review and data collection findings:

• Of the forty-six cultural heritage resources identified in the study corridor, fourteen were previously identified on the City of Hamilton’s Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and/or Historical Interest (BHR 3, BHR 4 , BHR 6, BHR 7, BHR 11, BHR 12, BHR 15, BHR 16, BHR 17, BHR 19, BHR 20, CHL 1, CHL 6, CHL 7); two are designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (BHR 8, BHR 10); one is under consideration for designation under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (BHR 32); one historic settlement area was considered as a heritage conservation district (CHL 13); one significant tree is listed on the Ontario Honour Roll of Trees (CHL 14); and the remaining resources were identified through field review or through the Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study;

• Of the total thirty-two built heritage resources: twenty-five are houses (BHR 1 – BHR 6, BHR 11 – BHR 28, BHR 31 ); two are commercial structures (BHR 7, BHR 10); one is a town hall (BHR 8); one is a stone ruin (BHR 9); one is a bridge (BHR 29); one is a utility structure (BHR 30); and one is a school (BHR 32);

• Of the fourteen cultural heritage landscapes: one is a church and cemetery site (CHL 1); two are former mill sites (CHL 2, CHL 11 ); two are waterscapes (CHL 3, CHL 5); three are roadscapes (CHL 4, CHL 8 - CHL 9); two are residential estates (CHL 6 – CHL 7); one is a railscape (CHL 10); one is a streetscape (CHL 12); one is a historic settlement (CHL 13); and one is a significant tree (CHL 14); and

• Field review confirmed that the study corridor retains elements of its early nineteenth-century settlement and growth, and continued development in the twentieth century.

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The Highway 8 Park Avenue to Bond Street Improvements Study may have a variety of impacts upon built heritage resources and cultural heritage landscapes. Impacts can include: direct impacts that result in the loss of resources through demolition or alteration, or the displacement of resources through relocation; and indirect impacts that

49 Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

result in the disruption of resources by introducing physical, visual, audible or atmospheric elements that are not in keeping with the resources and/or their setting.

Based on the results of background research and data collection, field survey, and analysis of potential impacts of the undertaking, the following recommendations have been developed.

1. Road construction should be suitably planned in a manner that avoids any identified, above ground, cultural heritage resource.

3. Direct impacts to CHL 8, the Highway 8 roadscape, are expected. Work within the right-of-way may impact a number of heritage features, including the stone walls, lookout, and concrete remnants on the escarpment side of the road. In particular, the two, early twentieth-century concrete horse troughs on the escarpment side of the road were noted to be in very poor condition and may be potentially impacted by the undertaking. Based on the results of archival research completed to date, the troughs retain historical associations with the Wentworth County Road Commission and the roadway prior to 1918 when it was assumed by the Province. They have the potential to reveal information about early roads and transportation in Ontario and have the potential to evidence broad-based or locally-specific uses and/or features associated with early roads and which are now rare. As such, based on the information available to date, the horse troughs retain associative and contextual value. The study team also confirmed that during project consultation, members of the public noted that these features are an important part of the area’s heritage. As such, they should be conserved in-situ. As part of road improvement activities, the concrete horse troughs should be avoided during construction and preventative measures developed in this regard such as installation of appropriate fencing and/or stabilization strategies.

5. The addition of a left turning lane at the intersection of Highway 8 and Hillcrest Avenue, requiring the acquisition of adjacent land, may result in negative impacts

50 Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

to BHR 28, CHL 6 and CHL 7. If and when these plans are finalized, a qualified heritage consultant should be retained to review the designs and recommend further mitigation recommendations.

51 Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

7.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE LOCATION MAPPING

Figure 9: Key Plan of the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 10: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 11: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 12: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 13: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 14: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 15: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 16: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Figure 17: Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) in the Study Corridor.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

8.0 REFERENCES

Anon. 2009 “Heritage tree hunters earn rewards for spotting winners” in Hamilton Community News. October 29, 2009.

Anon. 1959 “Turnpikes”. Article contained in the ‘Roads File’ at the Dundas Museum and Archives, dated February 3, 1959.

Army Survey Establishment 1952 Hamilton, Ontario Topographic Sheet. 30 M/5 West Half.

ATA (Alexander Temporale and Associates Inc. 1991 Bullock’s Corners Heritage Conservation District Study for the Town of Flamborough. Unpublished report.

Bevers, Cameron [...] “History of King’s Highway 8”. Accessed at http://www.thekingshighway.ca/Highway8.htm

City of Hamilton 2002-2007 Hamilton’s Heritage. Seven Volumes. Planning and Economic Development Department, Hamilton.

Crossby, P.A. 1873 Lovell’s Gazetteer of British North America. Montreal: John Lovell.

Department of Militia and Defence 1909 Hamilton Sheet, No. 33. Reprinted (with revisions) 1915.

Fischer, George and Mark Harris 2003 Waterfalls of Ontario. Toronto: Firefly Books Ltd.

Forjan-Freedman, Janet […] ‘Postcards of Dundas, Ontario’, Vintage Postcards of Hamilton, ON, accessed at http://www.hamiltonpostcards.com/pages/dundaspostcards3.html

Green, Patricia and Maurice H. Green 2003 West Flamborough’s storied past. A celebration of West Flamborough Township’s Heritage. Kitchener: printed by Waterloo Printing for the Waterdown-East Flamborough Heritage Society.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Grimaldi, Jeremy 2010 “Old Dundas school being transformed, 44 loft-style condominiums planned for 2011” in the The Spec. August 2010.

Hamilton Public Library […] Historical Flamborough. Accessed January 8, 2010. http://www.myhamilton.ca/articles/historical-flamborough

Jackson, Gordon 1956 “Bullock’s Corners of other days”, in the Dundas Star. Wednesday, May 30th, 1956.

Kyles, Shannon 2007 ”The Valley Town: Dundas (1780 – 2007).”Accessed at http://www.ontarioarchitecture.com/Dundas.htm Ministry of Culture, Ontario 1981 Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments 1992 Guidelines for Preparing the Cultural Heritage Resource Component of Environmental Assessments 2005 Ontario Heritage Act

Ministry of Environment, Ontario 2006 Environmental Assessment Act

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Ontario 2005 Ontario Planning Act 2005 Provincial Policy Statement

Ministry of Transportation 2002 Environmental Reference for Highway Design 2006 Cultural Heritage – Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Technical Requirements for Environmental Impact Study and Environmental Protection/Mitigation. 2007 Environmental Guide for Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscapes

Montague, Ken 1985 “Thin air and lots of money: A short history of Guelph-Wellington Business, Part 1”, in the Wellington Business Digest. Vol. 1, Issue 4, February 1985. Accessed online at http://www.clarksoftomfad.ca/BrockRoadhistory.htm

Nowak, Stan 2004 “Dundas’ Grand Trunk Station” in the Dundas Star News. July 16th, 2004.

Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Highway 8 Bond Street to Park Avenue Improvements Study City of Hamilton, Ontario

Page and Smith 1875 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Wentworth, Ont. Page and Smith, Toronto.

Patricia, Green and Maurice Green, Sylvia Wray, and Robert Wray 2003 West Flamborough’s Storied Past.

Rayburn, Alan 1997 Place Names of Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Scott, David E. 1997 Ontario Place Names. The Historical, Offbeat or Humorous Origins of More Than 1,000 Communities. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing.

Smith, Marcus 1851 Map of the Town of Dundas in the Counties of Wentworth and Halton, Canada West. Published by the author.

Tyrrell, C. E. 1903 Imperial Atlas of Wentworth County, Ontario. Hamilton: The Scarborough Company.

Winearls, Joan 1991 Mapping Upper Canada 1780-1867. An Annotated Bibliography of Manuscript and Printed Maps. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Woodhouse, T. Roy 1965 The History of the Town of Dundas. Dundas: Dundas Historical Society (volumes 2 and 3 printed in 1967-68).

1973 Ancaster’s Heritage. A History of Ancaster Township. Ancaster: Ancaster Township Historical Society (volume 2 published 1998).