Jonah N. Schupbach: Curriculum Vitae
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An Example of Sharing Information Expressed with Vague Terms
Talking about Forests: an Example of Sharing Information Expressed with Vague Terms Luc´ıa Gomez´ Alvarez´ a, Brandon Bennett a and Adam Richard-Bollans a a University of Leeds, The United Kingdom Abstract. Most natural language terms do not have precise universally agreed defi- nitions that fix their meanings. Even when conversation participants share the same vocabulary and agree on taxonomic relationships (such as subsumption and mutual exclusivity, which might be encoded in an ontology), they may differ greatly in the specific semantics they give to the terms. We illustrate this with the example of ‘forest’, for which the problematic arising of the assignation of different meanings is repeatedly reported in the literature. This is especially the case in the context of an unprecedented scale of publicly available geographic data, where information and databases, even when tagged to ontologies, may present a substantial semantic variation, which challenges interoperability and knowledge exchange. Our research addresses the issue of conceptual vagueness in ontology by pro- viding a framework based on supervaluation semantics that explicitly represents the semantic variability of a concept as a set of admissible precise interpretations. Moreover, we describe the tools that support the conceptual negotiation between an agent and the system, and the specification and reasoning within standpoints. Keywords. concept negotiation, supervaluation, standpoint, forest, GIS, vagueness 1. Introduction Since the shift in philosophy of language from logical positivism to behaviourism and pragmatism, it is widely accepted that most natural language terms do not have precise universally agreed definitions that fix their meanings. Even when conversation partici- pants share the same vocabulary and agree on taxonomic relationships (such as subsump- tion and mutual exclusivity, which might be encoded in an ontology), they may differ greatly in the specific semantics they give to the terms in a particular situation. -
Between Foundation and Convention
NCCU Philosophical Journal Vol.10 (July 2003), pp.35-74 ©Department of Philosophy, National Chengchi University Between Foundation and Convention: Carnap’s Evolution between Schlick and Neurath in the Vienna Circle Jeu-Jenq Yuann Tunghai University Abstract For long the foundationalist image of logical positivism has been considered a matter of course. And it is basically accepted that R. Carnap has a great deal to do with this traditional image. Recent researches reveal that this image is not entirely true; Carnap can be deemed as a conventionalist also when some key conceptions are understood from a different point of view. Indeed, by examining some Carnap’s works, we are urged to realize that his view of science is somehow situated somewhere between foundationalism and conventionalism. We argue in this paper that Carnap’s weaving situation can be comprehended by taking into account the discussions taking place in the Vienna Circle and notably the debates among R. 36 NCCU Philosopical Journal Vol.10 Carnap, M. Schlick, and O. Neurath. We intend to make it explicit that Carnap’s stance was first in line with that of Schlick’s foundationalism and then moved to a more conventionalist one under the influence of Neurath. By this argument, we intend to demonstrate the following two points: 1) Discussions in the Vienna Circle were far from unanimous; 2) Carnap’s stance containing ‘an ethical attitude of tolerance’ proceeded mainly under Neurath’s influence. Key Words: Foundationalism, Conventionalism, R. Carnap, M. Schlick, O. Neurath * Received April 06, 2003; accepted July 16, 2003 Proofreaders: Bing-Jie Li Between Foundation and Convention 37 1. -
Consciousness, the Unconscious and Mathematical Modeling of Thinking
entropy Article On “Decisions and Revisions Which a Minute Will Reverse”: Consciousness, The Unconscious and Mathematical Modeling of Thinking Arkady Plotnitsky Literature, Theory and Cultural Studies Program, Philosophy and Literature Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; [email protected] Abstract: This article considers a partly philosophical question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using quantum-like models or theories (models and theories based on the mathematical formalism of quantum theory) vs. classical-like ones (based on the mathematics of classical physics), in considering human thinking and decision making? This question is only partly philosophical because it also concerns the scientific understanding of the phenomena considered by the theories that use mathematical models of either type, just as in physics itself, where this question also arises as a physical question. This is because this question is in effect: What are the physical reasons for using, even if not requiring, these types of theories in considering quantum phenomena, which these theories predict fully in accord with the experiment? This is clearly also a physical, rather than only philosophical, question and so is, accordingly, the question of whether one needs classical-like or quantum-like theories or both (just as in physics we use both classical and quantum theories) in considering human thinking in psychology and related fields, such as decision Citation: Plotnitsky, A. On science. It comes as no surprise that many of these reasons are parallel to those that are responsible “Decisions and Revisions Which a for the use of QM and QFT in the case of quantum phenomena. -
JOCIH 3&4.Indb
article JOURNAL OF CATALAN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY, Issue 3, 2012 | Print ISSN 2014-1572 / Online ISSN 2014-1564 DOI 10.2436/20.3001.02.39 | P. 47-57 Reception date: 19/07/2011 / Admission date: 12/12/2011 http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/JOCIH Josep Lluís Blasco, politician and philosopher Sílvia Gómez Soler Societat de Filosofia del País Valencià. Sant Vicent Ferrer Secondary School, Algemesí [email protected] abstract Josep-Lluís Blasco (1940-2003) was an inspired ideologist to the political parties embodying nationalist and leftist positions in the Valencian Country. In regard to Philosophy, Blasco awoke an interest in analytic philosophy and took part in one of the most successful projects the Faculty of Philosophy of Valencia ever endeavored: the international symposia on Logic and Philosophy of Science and the publication of the journal Teorema. His work counts as one of the most solid contributions our culture has yielded within the field of Epistemology. key words Josep-Lluís Blasco, Catalan Philosophy, Analytical Philosophy, Epistemology. Professor Josep Lluís Blasco was born in Sagunto in 1940. Determining what his main concern, aspiration or personal motivation was throughout his life would entail having to decide whether his philosophical inclination was more weighty than his political interests, and that would be no easy assignment. Blasco showed a lively social and political conscience from an early age. He embarked on an Arts degree in 19591 and was diligent in his course work while also being among the critical and active students who were striving to contest the inertia of the Franco regime, which also permeated the university milieu. -
In Press at Cognition. This File Is a Pre-Print and May Contain Errors Or Omissions Not Present in the Final Published Version
In press at Cognition. This file is a pre-print and may contain errors or omissions not present in the final published version. Linguistic Conventionality and the Role of Epistemic Reasoning in Children’s Mutual Exclusivity Inferences Mahesh Srinivasan,1 Ruthe Foushee,1 Andrew Bartnof,1 & David Barner2 1University of California, Berkeley 2University of California, San Diego Please address correspondence to: Mahesh Srinivasan Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1650 Phone: 650-823-9488 Email: [email protected] Mutual Exclusivity and Conventionality Abstract To interpret an interlocutor’s use of a novel word (e.g., “give me the papaya”), children typically exclude referents that they already have labels for (like an “apple”), and expect the word to refer to something they do not have a label for (like the papaya). The goal of the present studies was to test whether such mutual exclusivity inferences require children to reason about the words their interlocutors know and could have chosen to say: e.g., If she had wanted the “apple” she would have asked for it (since she knows the word “apple”), so she must want the papaya. Across four studies, we document that both children and adults will make mutual exclusivity inferences even when they believe that their interlocutor does not share their knowledge of relevant, alternative words, suggesting that such inferences do not require reasoning about an interlocutor’s epistemic states. Instead, our findings suggest that children’s own knowledge of an object’s label, together with their belief that this is the conventional label for the object in their language, and that this convention applies to their interlocutor, is sufficient to support their mutual exclusivity inferences. -
Exclusivity, Teleology and Hierarchy: Our Aristotelean Legacy
Know!. Org. 26(1999)No.2 65 H.A. Olson: Exclusivity, Teleology and Hierarchy: Our Aristotelean Legacy Exclusivity, Teleology and Hierarchy: Our Aristotelean Legacy Hope A. Olson School of Library & Information Studies, University of Alberta Hope A. Olson is an Associate Professor and Graduate Coordinator in the School of Library and Information Studies at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She holds a PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and MLS from the University of Toronto. Her re search is generally in the area of subject access to information with a focus on classification. She approaches this work using feminist, poststructural and postcolonial theory. Dr. Olson teaches organization of knowledge, cataloguing and classification, and courses examining issues in femi nism and in globalization and diversity as they relate to library and information studies. Olson, H.A. (1999). Exclusivity, Teleology and Hierarchy: Our Aristotelean Legacy. Knowl· edge Organization, 26(2). 65-73. 16 refs. ABSTRACT: This paper examines Parmenides's Fragments, Plato's The Sophist, and Aristotle's Prior AnalyticsJ Parts ofAnimals and Generation ofAnimals to identify three underlying presumptions of classical logic using the method of Foucauldian discourse analysis. These three presumptions are the notion of mutually exclusive categories, teleology in the sense of linear progression toward a goal, and hierarchy both through logical division and through the dominance of some classes over others. These three presumptions are linked to classificatory thought in the western tradition. The purpose of making these connections is to investi gate the cultural specificity to western culture of widespread classificatory practice. It is a step in a larger study to examine classi fication as a cultural construction that may be systemically incompatible with other cultures and with marginalized elements of western culture. -
A Bayesian Framework for Cross-Situational Word-Learning
A Bayesian Framework for Cross-Situational Word-Learning Michael C. Frank, Noah D. Goodman, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum Department of Brain and Cognitive Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology fmcfrank, ndg, [email protected] Abstract For infants, early word learning is a chicken-and-egg problem. One way to learn a word is to observe that it co-occurs with a particular referent across different situations. Another way is to use the social context of an utterance to infer the in- tended referent of a word. Here we present a Bayesian model of cross-situational word learning, and an extension of this model that also learns which social cues are relevant to determining reference. We test our model on a small corpus of mother-infant interaction and find it performs better than competing models. Fi- nally, we show that our model accounts for experimental phenomena including mutual exclusivity, fast-mapping, and generalization from social cues. To understand the difficulty of an infant word-learner, imagine walking down the street with a friend who suddenly says “dax blicket philbin na fivy!” while at the same time wagging her elbow. If you knew any of these words you might infer from the syntax of her sentence that blicket is a novel noun, and hence the name of a novel object. At the same time, if you knew that this friend indicated her attention by wagging her elbow at objects, you might infer that she intends to refer to an object in a nearby show window. On the other hand if you already knew that “blicket” meant the object in the window, you might be able to infer these elements of syntax and social cues. -
Mutual Exclusivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cognition journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Mutual exclusivity in autism spectrum disorders: Testing the pragmatic hypothesis ⇑ Ashley de Marchena a, , Inge-Marie Eigsti a, Amanda Worek b, Kim Emiko Ono b, Jesse Snedeker b a Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, CT 06269, United States b Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States article info abstract Article history: While there is ample evidence that children treat words as mutually exclusive, the cogni- Received 25 November 2009 tive basis of this bias is widely debated. We focus on the distinction between pragmatic Revised 7 December 2010 and lexical constraints accounts. High-functioning children with autism spectrum disor- Accepted 20 December 2010 ders (ASD) offer a unique perspective on this debate, as they acquire substantial vocabular- Available online xxxx ies despite impoverished social-pragmatic skills. We tested children and adolescents with ASD in a paradigm examining mutual exclusivity for words and facts. Words were Keywords: interpreted contrastively more often than facts. Word performance was associated with Mutual exclusivity vocabulary size; fact performance was associated with social-communication skills. Thus Word learning Pragmatics mutual exclusivity does not appear to be driven by pragmatics, suggesting that it is either Autism a lexical constraint or a reflection of domain-general learning processes. Asperger’s syndrome Ó 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Smith, & Jones, 1988; Macnamara, 1982; Markman & Hutchinson, 1984). The experiments that followed demon- In Categorization and Naming in Children (1989), Ellen strated that young children do not learn words through Markman presented a set of questions and phenomena brute force associative learning; instead they approach that have fueled research on word learning for 20 years. -
How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article
THEORIA. Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia ISSN: 0495-4548 ISSN: 2171-679X [email protected] Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea España Miguel Sagüillo, José Hilary Putnam on the philosophy of logic and mathematics* [1] THEORIA. Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia, vol. 33, no. 2, 2018, pp. 183-200 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea España DOI: https://doi.org/10.1387/theoria.17626 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=339755528003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative THEORIA ESTABLISH E D IN 1952 BY MIGU E L SÁNCH E Z -MAZAS Vol. 33/2 • May 2018 Second Series An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science CALIJ Centro de Análisis, Lógica e Informática Jurídica (CALIJ) http://www.ehu.eus/theoria T H E O R I A REVISTA DE TEORÍA, HISTORIA Y FUNDAMENTOS DE LA CIENCIA AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THEORY, HISTORY AND FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE ESTABLISH E D in 1952 by MIGUEL SÁNCHEZ-MAZAS Second Series EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-chief: Andoni IBARRA (University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU) Editors: Cristina CORREDOR (Universidad de Valladolid), Antonio DIÉGUEZ (Universidad de Málaga) Logic and philosophy of logic and mathematics: José Luis ZALABARDO (University College -
A Priori Volume 6
A PRIORI The Brown Journal of Philosophy Volume 6 Brown University Department of Philosophy 2021 Editor-in-ChiefEric Choi ‘21 SeniorBen Zimmerman Managing Editor ‘23 A Priori: The Brown Journal of Philosophy is AnsonEditors Berns ‘23 Josiah Blackwell-Lipkind ‘21 made possible through the generosity of the Depart- Pahz Cherelin ‘24 ment of Philosophy at Brown University. The Journal Nico Gascon ‘23 Robin Hwang ‘23 would like to offer special thanks to Professor Paul Sophie Pollack-Milgate ‘23 Guyer, Katherine Scanga, and Elliot Negin ‘21 for their Adrian Oteiza ‘23 Ezequiel Vargas ‘22 indispensible contributions. Printed by IngramSpark [email protected] Copyright © by Eric Choi All rights reserved. This journal or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the editor-in-chief. A Priori A Priori Letter from the Editor Table of Contents Dear Reader, Social Explanation at the Macro and Micro Level: An Explanation of the Death of George Floyd 1 I once heard that Hegel wrote that philosophers are the civil James Ewing, Butler University ‘21 servants of humanity. I confess that like many others I find Philosophy it often (if not always!) difficult to understand what Hegel means, but after having read the papers for this year’s issue Truth on the Stand: I feel like I am a little closer to what Hegel was getting at. As I take it, philosophers are often in the business of producing Fragmented Consciousness crisis. They point out the problems that lie hidden in places & The Credible “Knower” 30 where we might not ordinarily take them to rest, sometimes Devon Bombassei, Emory University ‘21 much to our annoyance. -
Mutual Exclusivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Testing the Pragmatic Hypothesis
Mutual Exclusivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Testing the Pragmatic Hypothesis The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation De Marchena, Ashley, Inge-Marie Eigsti, Amanda Worek, Kim Emiko Ono, and Jesse Snedeker. 2010. Mutual exclusivity in autism spectrum disorders: testing the pragmatic hypothesis. Cognition 119(1): 96-113. Published Version doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.12.011 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:5132922 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Mutual Exclusivity 1 Running head: MUTUAL EXCLUSIVITY IN AUTISM Mutual Exclusivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Testing the Pragmatic Hypothesis Ashley de Marchena University of Connecticut, Storrs Inge-Marie Eigsti University of Connecticut, Storrs Amanda Worek Harvard University Kim Emiko Ono Harvard University Jesse Snedeker Harvard University Mutual Exclusivity 2 Abstract While there is ample evidence that children treat words as mutually exclusive, the cognitive basis of this bias is widely debated. We focus on the distinction between pragmatic and lexical constraints accounts. High-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) offer a unique perspective on this debate, as they acquire substantial vocabularies despite impoverished social-pragmatic skills. We tested children and adolescents with ASD in a paradigm examining mutual exclusivity for words and facts. Words were interpreted contrastively more often than facts. Word performance was associated with vocabulary size; fact performance was associated with social-communication skills. -
CONTRASTIVE BAYESIANISM 1. What Is
2 BRANDEN FITELSON Hopefully, this will give some sense of how “Bayesian philosophers” (broadly con- strued) think about “contrastivism” and its philosophical significance. To this end, I will examine several recent case studies from the contemporary literature on CONTRASTIVE BAYESIANISM Bayesian confirmation theory, which, as we shall see, is implicated in Bayesian phi- losophy of science, Bayesian epistemology, and Bayesian cognitive science. BRANDEN FITELSON 3. Likelihoodism, Bayesianism, and Contrastive Confirmation Abstract. Bayesianism provides a rich theoretical framework, which lends itself It is useful to begin with a discussion of a prominent “contrastivist” probabilis- rather naturally to the explication of various “contrastive” and “non-contrastive” concepts. In this (brief) discussion, I will focus on issues involving “contrastivism”, tic account that has appeared in contemporary philosophy of science. This will as they arise in some of the recent philosophy of science, epistemology, and cog- simultaneously set the theoretical stage for subsequent sections, and illustrate a nitive science literature surrounding Bayesian confirmation theory. concrete example of “contrastivism” in (broadly) Bayesian philosophy of science. Elliott Sober has been defending what he calls “contrastive empiricism” (CE) for over 20 years. In his original statement and defense of (CE), Sober [44] explains: . theory testing is a contrastive activity. If you want to test a theory T , 1. What is “Bayesianism”? you must specify a range of alternatives — you must say what you want to test T against. There is a trivial reading of this thesis that I do not intend. I.J. Good [19] once estimated that there are 46,656 varieties of Bayesianism. He To find out if T is plausible is simply to find out if T is more plausible based his estimate on a number of “dimensions” along which different sorts of than not-T .