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Exploring the Variety of Contributing Factors to Escalating Infections of HIV/AIDS in Nkonkobe Local Municipality in Golf Course

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Exploring the Variety of Contributing Factors to Escalating Infections of HIV/AIDS in Nkonkobe Local Municipality in Golf Course 2018 Ethno Med, 12(1): 17-26 (2018) DOI:10.1080/09735070.2018.1424515 Exploring the Variety of Contributing Factors to Escalating Infections of HIV/AIDS in Nkonkobe Local Municipality in Golf Course Z. Ntshongwana1, Z. Dakada2, A. Mandla3, T. Matwa4, C. L. Mkrozwana5 and Akeem Adewale Oyelana6 1,2,3,4,5Department of Social Work/Social Development, University of Fort Hare, P.B. X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice-5700, South Africa 6Department of Public Administration, University of Fort Hare, P.B. X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice-5700, South Africa E-mail: 1<[email protected]>, 2<[email protected]>, 3<[email protected]>, 4<[email protected]>, 5<[email protected]>, 6*<[email protected]> KEYWORDS AIDS. HIV Infection. HIV Positive. PLWHA ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to explore the variety of contributing factors to escalating infections of HIV/ AIDS in Golf Course, Alice in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Social learning theory was used to explain the contributing factors to the rising number of people infected with HIV/AIDS. This paper used quantitative method and simple random sampling was employed with fifty (50) respondents from 18-35 years old. Data was collected through questionnaires and was statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that the majority of the respondents have sexual partners because they want to experience sex, and the minority does not have partners because of their religious affiliations, culture and norms. The paper concludes that even though there are existing initiatives to reduce HIV/AIDS escalation, people do not protect themselves and they tend to ignore what they have been taught by medical practitioners and others in their support groups. The researchers suggest that condoms must be distributed in households, counseling to family members of the infected person should be provided and churches should also teach people about the epidemic disease and its prevention strategies. INTRODUCTION changed so that being HIV positive can be nor- mal and people with HIV can be treated as early A person who is HIV positive infects others, as possible (Gallant 2012). According to a report that why it is called acquired. Immunodeficien- in 2009 from the Joint United Nations Programme cy refers to the damage that is caused by the on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) at the end of 2008, a virus to the immune system. It is a syndrome as group of Eastern Europe and Central Asia were it has many symptoms; its condition is different the only regions where HIV prevalence was on from other infectious diseases (Gallant 2012). It the rise. 1.5 million was the total number from is a “syndrome” because it was years before the agency; there was a jump of sixty-six per- HIV was discovered and identified as a cause of cent from 2001. AIDS. A collection of symptoms and problems According to Andrinopoulos et al. (2011), including infections and diseases that occurred adolescents and young adult women in the Unit- in people who had common risk factors were ed States are the main part of HIV/AIDS infect- recognized (Gallant 2012). In 1982, the term AIDS ed population, yet there is dearth of research was invented. At the time HIV had not been dis- studies in exploring illness-related quality of life covered so people had no idea why others were and HIV/AIDS. 23,524 adolescents and young sick up until they were really sick and some died. adults between 13 to 24 years were believed to Once a person develops one of the listed oppor- have been living with HIV/AIDS. There was an tunistic infections (in that time most of those increase of twenty-five percent representing this people were men), they were said to have AIDS. population in 2004. According to the National An HIV test became available and accessible Surveillance statistics (centers for disease con- after HIV was discovered, the definition of AIDS trol and prevention), from 2004 to 2007 women 18 Z. NTSHONGWANA, Z. DAKADA, A. MANDLA ET AL. consistently made approximately twenty-six per- Problem Statement cent of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in this group. 0.4 percent is the prevalence rate The ever escalating number of HIV/AIDS which has been reported by adolescent medi- has been an ongoing problem among people cine clinic which is the same for youth. An in- especially the youth in South Africa. It is a prob- crease in HIV prevalence was revealed by data lem because it leaves family members dysfunc- from Jacobs Corps entrants between 1993 and tional in that they refer to HIV/AIDS as a death 1997 (Andrinopoulos et al. 2011). sentence and they feel desperate and fail to Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest preva- motivate the infected person. Golf Course as the lence of HIV/AIDS in the world. Nearly 24 mil- place of interest for this study is characterized lion adults and children are HIV positive, eight by lack of health care facilities like clinics or hos- percent (8%) is the total prevalence rates of in- pitals. Its cure has not yet been discovered but fected adults. In 16 countries, the prevalence of through the use of antiretroviral treatment it can HIV is above ten percent and among the highest prolong one’s life span. were Botswana with thirty-nine percent (39%) and South Africa with twenty percent (20%). Aims of the Study Nevertheless, Uganda as one of the identified stories in effort to fight the spread of the dis- The main aim of this study was to explore ease has a prevalence of five percent (5%), with the variety of contributing factors to escalating Senegal at 0.5 percent of the total population for infections of HIV/AIDS in the presence of es- adults. In Sub-Saharan Africa the average life tablished initiatives to prevent the spreading of expectancy has already fallen to 47 years and the epidemic in Nkonkobe Local Municipality in continues to fall. Caribbean is now the second Golf Course. highest after Sub-Saharan Africa in the world after the reported high prevalence. It is at above Objectives of the Study two percent (2%) of the population, with the To identify various factors contributing to number of people reported to be living with HIV/ the escalation of HIV/AIDS. AID above 360,000, although it must be empha- To analyze the sexual behaviours of the sized that these figures are estimated to be un- youth in Golf Course. der-reported by as much as forty percent. HIV/ To investigate the knowledge of youths re- AIDS pandemic is not regarded as a health is- garding HIV/AIDS. sue but it has an increasingly profound impact on any country’s development potential. Until Research Questions recently, cure for HIV/AIDS has not been found in all countries, instead the prevalence of HIV/ What are the various factors contributing AIDS has increased. Education for preventing to the escalation of HIV/AIDS? HIV/AIDS is basically not about spreading or What are the most effective ways of chang- sharing information but it mainly focuses on ing sexual behavior amongst the different behavioral change (Qubuda 2013). vulnerable groups? According to Richard (2011), South Africa is What kind of knowledge have they gained known to have the biggest antiretroviral (ART) as regard the transmission of HIV/AIDS on planet and 1.3 million people are receiving epidemic? the treatment. Richard (2011) also stated that one of the most pressing challenges in interna- Literature Review tional health care centers is the limited access to antiretroviral treatment for those who urgently Theoretical Framework need it because there are over 42 million who are living with the disease. Only 13.7 percent of the Social Learning Theory population has access to medical insurance. As a result of the high costs and poverty, many Social learning theory focuses on the notion people could not afford ART (Motsoaledi 2011; that people learn from others and the social en- Omoruyi et al. 2012). vironment has an impact on the behavioral AWARENESS ABOUT THE TRANSMISSION OF THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC 19 change of an individual. It assumes that con- on explaining social learning behaviors such as texts such as observational learning, imitation sexual behaviors, substance abuse, etc. Like and modeling are learned (Bandura 1977). social process theories, most learning theories explain deviance, and maintain that unprotected General Principles of Social Learning Theory sexual activities are examples of deviance, this can be accounted for more generic model People learn from others by observing their (Bandura 1977). behavior. According to behaviorists, learning Theories of social control typically define should change the behavior. Social learning the- social influence in terms of institutional struc- orists in contrast with behaviorists assume that tures (for example, family, work group, school) learning cannot be necessarily shown in their and roles (for example, spouse, parent, student, performance because people can learn through and employee) that holds people’s deviant im- observation alone. Behavior change cannot be pulses in check (Shoemaker 1990). The break- the result of learning; it can be affected by rein- down or weakening of these structures removes forcement and punishment of a certain behav- incentives to comply to with social roles and ior. Cognition also plays a critical role in learn- norms and thus leads directly to the develop- ing. Social learning theory has become increas- ment of deviant behavior patterns. For example, ingly cognitive in its interpretation of human people engage in risky behaviors because the learning over the past 30 years. People’s behav- disintegration of families, schools, and commu- ior can be influenced by the awareness and ex- nity networks leads to poor socialization of chil- pectations of future reinforcement or punish- dren, produces schools where students are not ment.
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