paper 45 Hard Measures by a Soft Power? Sanctions Policy of the European Union Hard Measures by a Soft Power? Sanctions policy of the European Union 1981—2004. by Joakim Kreutz Published by ©BICC, Bonn 2005 Bonn International Center for Conversion Director: Peter J. Croll An der Elisabethkirche 25 D-53113 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-911960 Fax: +49-228-241215 E-mail:
[email protected] Internet: www.bicc.de Hard Measures by a Soft Power? Contents 1 Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 3 Defining European Union sanctions 5 Development of sanctions regulations at the EU level 7 Previous EU Sanctions Policy 8 The Treaty of Rome and the European Political Co-operation 8 The London Report and the Single European Act 9 The Common Foreign and Security Policy 11 Present EU Sanctions Policy 13 Sanctions practice in the EU area 14 Co-ordination of UN, OSCE and EU sanctions 15 EU Sanctions Policy in practice 17 Cases of European Union sanctions: 1980–2004 21 Soviet Union 1982 21 Argentina 1982 22 Iran and Iraq 1984–85 23 South Africa: 1985–94 24 Libya 1986–92, 1999–2004 25 Syria 1986–94 25 China 1989– 26 Burma/Union of Myanmar 1990– 27 Iraq 1990 28 Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia 1991 28 Azerbaijan (and Armenia) 1992– 29 Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) 1993-2003 30 Nigeria 1993–1999 31 Sudan 1994– 32 Slovenia 1995–1998 33 Croatia 1995–2000 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 1995–2000 Bosnia-Herzegovina 1995– 33 1 Joakim Kreutz Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 1995– 34 Afghanistan 1996–99 35 Indonesia 1999 36 Ethiopia and Eritrea 1999–2000 36 Belarus 1998–1999, 2002–2003 37 Zimbabwe 2002– 38 Moldova 2003– 39 Conclusion 40 References 43 2 Hard Measures by a Soft Power? Introduction It seemed to come as a surprise for many observers when the European Union (EU)1 presented a document on 17 June 2004 entitled “Basic Principles on the Use of Restrictive Measures (Sanctions)”.