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Early Decrease in Serum Amphiregulin Or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels Predicts Sorafenib Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Early Decrease in Serum Amphiregulin Or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels Predicts Sorafenib Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma ONCOLOGY REPORTS 41: 2041-2050, 2019 Early decrease in serum amphiregulin or vascular endothelial growth factor levels predicts sorafenib efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma CORINNE GODIN1,2*, SANDRA BODEAU2,3*, ZUZANA SAIDAK1,4, CHRISTOPHE LOUANDRE2, CATHERINE FRANÇOIS5, JEAN-CLAUDE BARBARE6, ROMAIN CORIAT7,8, ANTOINE GALMICHE1,2 and CHLOÉ SAUZAY1,2 1Equipe CHIMERE, EA 7516, Université de Picardie Jules Verne; 2Laboratoire de Biochimie; 3Laboratoire de Pharmacologie; 4Service d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie Humaine, CHU Sud; 5EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne; 6Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU Sud, 80054 Amiens; 7Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Unit, Cochin University Hospital, APHP; 8Unité Inserm U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France Received June 29, 2018; Accepted November 15, 2018 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6922 Abstract. Sorafenib is the standard of care for the treatment at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. All HCC of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, patients in our cohort had detectable concentrations of AREG identifying secreted biomarkers that predict sorafenib efficacy and VEGF both at baseline and after sorafenib treatment. The in all HCC patients remains challenging. It was recently decreased serum levels of AREG and VEGF after 15 days of reported that sorafenib interferes with protein homeostasis sorafenib treatment were significantly associated with better and inhibits global translation in tumour cells. A likely overall and progression-free survival. The results of the consequence of this inhibition would be the interruption multivariate analysis demonstrated that a decrease in AREG of autocrine loops. The aim of the present study was to was an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival investigate the effect of sorafenib on two growth factors (hazard ratio, 0.208; 95% confidence interval, 0.173‑0.673; implicated in autocrine loops and HCC tumour invasion: P=0.0003). These results suggest that sorafenib inhibits auto‑ amphiregulin (AREG) and vascular endothelial growth crine loops and that early decrease in serum AREG or VEGF factor (VEGF). ELISA, quantitative polymerase chain levels predicts sorafenib efficacy in HCC patients. reaction analysis, western blotting and a cytokine array were performed on HCC cell lines and the prognostic role of these Introduction two biomarkers in HCC patients was evaluated. Serum AREG and VEGF levels were assayed by ELISA in 55 patients with Liver cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the second advanced HCC treated with sorafenib. It was observed that most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide (1). sorafenib decreased AREG, VEGF and cytokine expression Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver tumour. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which explains the poor prognosis of this cancer. Sorafenib is the standard of care for the treat- Correspondence to: Dr Chloé Sauzay, Laboratoire de Biochimie, ment of advanced HCC. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor Centre de Biologie Humaine, Avenue René Laennec, Centre de directed against the RAF kinases and several receptor tyrosine Biologie Humaine, CHU Sud, 80054 Amiens, France kinases, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor E-mail: [email protected] (VEGFR) (2). The efficacy of sorafenib was demonstrated * a decade ago in two comparative placebo-controlled trials Contributed equally that showed a benefit in terms of overall survival (OS) (3,4). Recently, lenvatinib demonstrated a survival advantage Abbreviations: AREG, amphiregulin; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival, that was non-inferior to that of sorafenib in an open-label, UPR, unfolded protein response; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised trial (5). However, factor sorafenib currently remains the only first-line treatment approved by the Food and Drug Administration for patients Key words: amphiregulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, with advanced HCC. sorafenib, hepatocellular carcinoma, prognostic biomarker, There is currently a lack of biomarkers able to predict the proteostasis efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patients. α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is the biomarker most widely used by clinicians for the follow-up of HCC patients treated by sorafenib. However, 2042 GODIN et al: DECREASE OF AREG OR VEGF PREDICTS SORAFENIB EFFICACY IN HCC AFP is secreted in only ~50% of HCC patients due to high were taken into consideration. This cut-off was based on the intratumoural variability (6,7). Among these patients, only study of Personeni et al (8). 37% exhibit a significant decrease in their AFP levels following sorafenib treatment (8). Recently, the latest recommendations Determination of AREG and VEGF concentrations. AREG of the European Association for the Study of the Liver or VEGF concentrations in cell supernatant or serum have underlined the suboptimal performance of AFP as samples were determined using a sandwich-based ELISA kit a serological test in the surveillance of HCC patients (1). (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the Identifying a biomarker secreted in all patients with HCC that manufacturer's instructions. Only >5% decreases in the serum is directly regulated by sorafenib remains a challenge. In a level of AREG or VEGF were taken into consideration This recent study exploring the impact of sorafenib on proteostasis, cut-off was selected as it corresponded to the smallest varia- we reported that sorafenib inhibits global protein biosynthesis tion observed in our cohort. and initiation of translation (9). Proteostasis may be defined as the process regulating the production, folding, trafficking Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reac‑ and degradation of proteins within the cell, in order to tion (RT‑qPCR) analysis. Total RNA was extracted using maintain its homeostasis. In HCC cells exposed to sorafenib, RNeasy Mini kit (ref 74104; Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France) this inhibition of translation is expected to largely prevent the and reverse-transcribed to cDNA using High Capacity cDNA synthesis of several biologically active peptides and proteins. Reverse Transcription kit (ref 4368814; Applied Biosystems; Although this putative effect has not been formally examined, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) a likely consequence of protein synthesis inhibition would be according to the manufacturer's instructions. Amplification interruption of autocrine loops (10). was performed with the TaqMan Universal PCR master Mix Proliferation of HCC cells is dependent on two well-docu- (ref 4304437; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, mented autocrine loops composed of VEGF/VEGFR and Inc.) on an ABI 7900HT Sequence Detection System amphiregulin (AREG)/epidermal growth factor receptor (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) using (EGFR) ligands and receptors. VEGFR is a direct target of primers and probe sets for AREG (ref Hs00950669_m1, cat. sorafenib and is known to be an important factor in HCC no. 433182; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, growth (11). VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor and is Inc.) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; upregulated in several human tumours (12). This autocrine loop ref Hs99999905_m1, cat. no. 4333764; Applied Biosystems; plays a crucial role in tumour invasion and aggressiveness (12). Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The cycling conditions were Activation of EGFR during hepatocarcinogenesis is not initial denaturation at 95˚C for 10 min, followed by 45 cycles dependent on activating mutations, but rather on autocrine of denaturation at 95˚C for 15 sec and annealing at 60˚C loops involving natural ligands of EGFR, such as AREG (13). for 1 min. Data were normalized to the endogenous control AREG is upregulated in HCC and acts as a pro-oncogenic GAPDH to obtain ΔCq. The fold change in genes of interest factor (14). This autocrine loop was recently identified as a key relative to untreated samples was determined using the determinant of resistance to sorafenib (15,16). The aim of the 2-ΔΔCq method (17). present study was to evaluate the effect of sorafenib on AREG and VEGF production in two HCC cell lines. In order to study Western blotting. For each experimental condition, complete a potential link between AREG and VEGF production and the cell extracts were prepared in RIPA buffer. Following protein efficacy of sorafenib, the prognostic impact of each of these concentration determination with a BCA kit (Thermo Fisher factors was investigated in HCC patients. Scientific, Inc.), a total of 50 µg protein was precipitated with methanol and chloroform. The samples were then denatured Materials and methods in Laemmli sample buffer, loaded on 10% SDS-PAGE, and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using standard proce- Cell culture and reagents. The human HCC cell lines used in dures. The membranes were saturated for 1 h in 5% milk in this study (Huh7 and Hep3B, passages between 6 and 8) were TTBS [Tween 0.05%, NaCl 200 mM, Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)], then obtained from Dr Wychowski (Institut de Biologie de Lille, rinsed and incubated overnight with each primary antibody at Lille, France) and were authenticated by profiling short tandem a 1:1,000 dilution (AREG, mouse, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, repeats at 16 loci (LGC Standards, Strasbourg,
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