A Quarterly Devoted to the Biological and Physical Sciences of the Pacific Region

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Quarterly Devoted to the Biological and Physical Sciences of the Pacific Region Pacific Science A Quarterly Devoted to the Biological and Physical Sciences of the Pacific Region Volume 71 • Number 1 • January 2017 CONTENTS Range Expansion of the Small Carpenter Bee Ceratina smaragdula across the Hawaiian Archipelago with Potential Ecological Implications for Native Pollinator Systems Wyatt A. Shell and Sandra M. Rehan 1 Sedimentary Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics Reveal Impact of Human Land-Use Change on Kawainui Marsh, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i Brittany Anderson, Li Zhang, Huining Wang, Tianyi Lu, F. David Horgen, John Culliney, and Jiasong Fang 17 First Limnological Characterization of Crater Lake Billy Mitchell (Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea) Robert Schabetsberger, Ursula Sichrowsky, Alexander Scheck, Michael Schagerl, Barbara Mähnert, Bettina Sonntag, and Karin Pall 29 Feeding Microhabitat Use and Selectivity of Juvenile Mugil cephalus (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in a Hawaiian Stream Kauaoa M. S. Fraiola and Stephanie M. Carlson 45 Diet of the Volcano Keyhole Limpet Fissurella volcano (Gastropoda: Fissurellidae) in Subtropical Rocky Reefs of the Baja California Peninsula Karla León-Cisneros, Alejandra Mazariegos-Villarreal, Claudia M. Miranda- Saucedo, Uri Argumedo-Hernández, David Siqueiros-Beltrones, and Elisa Serviere-Zaragoza 57 (continued on following page) CONTENTS (continued ) An Updated Avifauna of Moku‘ae‘ae Rock Islet, Kaua‘i André F. Raine, Brooke McFarland, Matthew Boone, and Nathan Banfield 67 New Species of Stylasterid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata: Stylasteridae) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Stephen D. Cairns 77 New Records of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) from the Federated States of Micronesia with Remarks on Geographic Variation in Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus) Donald W. Buden and W. J. Tennent 83 Gastrointestinal Helminths from Eight Species of Cyrtodactylus Lizards (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia and Two Species from Vietnam Stephen R. Goldberg, Charles R. Bursey, and L. Lee Grismer 91 Association Affairs 99.
Recommended publications
  • Version of the Manuscript
    Accepted Manuscript Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Nacella limpets reveal novel evolutionary charac- teristics of mitochondrial genomes in Patellogastropoda Juan D. Gaitán-Espitia, Claudio A. González-Wevar, Elie Poulin, Leyla Cardenas PII: S1055-7903(17)30583-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.036 Reference: YMPEV 6324 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 15 August 2017 Revised Date: 23 July 2018 Accepted Date: 30 October 2018 Please cite this article as: Gaitán-Espitia, J.D., González-Wevar, C.A., Poulin, E., Cardenas, L., Antarctic and sub- Antarctic Nacella limpets reveal novel evolutionary characteristics of mitochondrial genomes in Patellogastropoda, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.036 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Version: 23-07-2018 SHORT COMMUNICATION Running head: mitogenomes Nacella limpets Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Nacella limpets reveal novel evolutionary characteristics of mitochondrial genomes in Patellogastropoda Juan D. Gaitán-Espitia1,2,3*; Claudio A. González-Wevar4,5; Elie Poulin5 & Leyla Cardenas3 1 The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China 2 CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart 7001, TAS, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Genome Size Diversity in Invertebrates
    PATTERNS OF GENOME SIZE DIVERSITY IN INVERTEBRATES: CASE STUDIES ON BUTTERFLIES AND MOLLUSCS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by PAOLA DIAS PORTO PIEROSSI In partial fulfilment of requirements For the degree of Master of Science April, 2011 © Paola Dias Porto Pierossi, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-82784-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-82784-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers of Cape Verde Archipelagic Endemism in Keyhole Limpets Regina L
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Drivers of Cape Verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets Regina L. Cunha1, Jorge M. Assis1, Celine Madeira1, Rui Seabra2, Fernando P. Lima2, Evandro P. Lopes2,3, Suzanne T. Williams4 & Rita Castilho1 Received: 04 August 2016 Oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for investigating processes that shape species assemblages. Accepted: 30 December 2016 Focusing on keyhole limpets, genera Fissurella and Diodora from Cape Verde Islands, we used an Published: 02 February 2017 integrative approach combining molecular phylogenetics with ocean transport simulations to infer species distribution patterns and analyse connectivity. Dispersal simulations, using pelagic larval duration and ocean currents as proxies, showed a reduced level of connectivity despite short distances between some of the islands. It is suggested that dispersal and persistence driven by patterns of oceanic circulation favouring self-recruitment played a primary role in explaining contemporary species distributions. Mitochondrial and nuclear data revealed the existence of eight Cape Verde endemic lineages, seven within Fissurella, distributed across the archipelago, and one within Diodora restricted to Boavista. The estimated origins for endemic Fissurella and Diodora were 10.2 and 6.7 MY, respectively. Between 9.5 and 4.5 MY, an intense period of volcanism in Boavista might have affected Diodora, preventing its diversification. Having originated earlier,Fissurella might have had more opportunities to disperse to other islands and speciate before those events. Bayesian analyses showed increased diversification rates inFissurella possibly promoted by low sea levels during Plio-Pleistocene, which further explain differences in species richness between both genera. Remote oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for studying patterns and processes underlying speciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Biomechanical Analysis of Integration and Dissociation in Molluscan Feeding, with Special Emphasis on the True Limpets (Patellogastropoda: Gastropoda)
    Historical and biomechanical analysis of integration and dissociation in molluscan feeding, with special emphasis on the true limpets (Patellogastropoda: Gastropoda) by Robert Guralnick 1 and Krister Smith2 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 USA email: [email protected] 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ABSTRACT Modifications of the molluscan feeding apparatus have long been recognized as a crucial feature in molluscan diversification, related to the important process of gathering energy from the envirornment. An ecologically and evolutionarily significant dichotomy in molluscan feeding kinematics is whether radular teeth flex laterally (flexoglossate) or do not (stereoglossate). In this study, we use a combination of phylogenetic inference and biomechanical modeling to understand the transformational and causal basis for flexure or lack thereof. We also determine whether structural subsystems making up the feeding system are structurally, functionally, and evolutionary integrated or dissociated. Regarding evolutionary dissociation, statistical analysis of state changes revealed by the phylogenetic analysis shows that radular and cartilage subsystems evolved independently. Regarding kinematics, the phylogenetic analysis shows that flexure arose at the base of the Mollusca and lack of flexure is a derived condition in one gastropod clade, the Patellogastropoda. Significantly, radular morphology shows no change at the node where kinematics become stereoglossate. However, acquisition of stereoglossy in the Patellogastropoda is correlated with the structural dissociation of the subradular membrane and underlying cartilages. Correlation is not causality, so we present a biomechanical model explaining the structural conditions necessary for the plesiomorphic kinematic state (flexoglossy).
    [Show full text]
  • Using Non-Dietary Gastropods in Coastal Shell Middens to Infer Kelp and Seagrass Harvesting and Paleoenvironmental Conditions Amira F
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 2014 Using Non-Dietary Gastropods in Coastal Shell Middens to Infer Kelp and Seagrass Harvesting and Paleoenvironmental Conditions Amira F. Ainis René Vellanoweth See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits oy u. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article. Terms of Use This article is made available under the terms and conditions applicable towards Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth in our Terms of Use. Citation/Publisher Attribution Ainis, A. F., Vellanoweth, R., Lapeña , Q. G., & Thornber, C. S. (2014). Using non-dietary gastropods in coastal shell middens to infer kelp and seagrass harvesting and paleoenvironmental conditions. Journal of Archaeological Science, 49, 343-360. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.024 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Amira F. Ainis, René Vellanoweth, Queeny G. Lapeña, and Carol S. Thornber This article is available at DigitalCommons@URI: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs/41 Using Non-Dietary Gastropods in Coastal Shell Middens to Infer Kelp and Seagrass Harvesting and Paloenvironmental Conditions. Amira F. Ainis1 (Corresponding author), René L.
    [Show full text]
  • West Coast Marine Shells. Revis
    rumber 9 June 1, 1954 WEST COAST MARINE SHELLS .>«».M.i.l .l«|.l> 11.1 — HWI»M 11 11. 1 ^.1 F»l»i»l rine Biological laboratory X. I 13 ii A R. Y 16 195f I 5y WOODS HOLE, MASS. MYRTLE E. JOHNSON The Publication Committee desires to ex- press to Dr. Myrtle E. Johnson its appreciation of her assignment to the San Diego Society of Natural History her copyright covering the with- in publication. PREFACE An attempt is made in these few pages to give information whicli will enable young students to classify the marine shells. California has a long shore line which offers such diverse types of habitats that the complete list of moUusk species would be a long one. Only a small number from this long list can be included here because of limited space. In selecting species most likely to be found in the north, we have had to include some that are rarely found in the south and others common in the south that are never found in the north. Again, any collector on his first trip to the beach may happen to pick up a species that is found only rarely. This chance for surprises makes collecting interesting but it also makes it quite impossible to list all the shells that will be found even in a small school collection. Although there are sure to be shells in tjie school cabinet that are not included here, the general information will enable the student to assign his shells to their classes and in some cases to genera and species.
    [Show full text]
  • Fissurellidae
    WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base Family: FISSURELLIDAE Author: Claudio Galli - [email protected] (updated 08/set/2015) Class: GASTROPODA --- Clade: VETIGASTROPODA-FISSURELLOIDEA ------ Family: FISSURELLIDAE Fleming, 1822 (Sea) - Alphabetic order - when first name is in bold the species has images Taxa=948, Genus=44, Subgenus=12, Species=534, Subspecies=19, Synonyms=338, Images=379 abnormis , Scutus abnormis G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874 - syn of: Pholas orientalis J.F. Gmelin, 1791 abulatti , Diodora ruppellii abulatti J.M.J. Christiaens, 1987 abyssicola, Puncturella abyssicola A.E. Verrill, 1885 acuminata , Cornisepta acuminata (R.B. Watson, 1883) adamsiana, Emarginula adamsiana G.B. II Sowerby, 1863 adriatica , Emarginula adriatica A. da Costa, 1830 adspersa , Lucapina adspersa (R.A. Philippi, 1845) aegis , Lucapina aegis (L.A. Reeve, 1850) aequalis, Lucapinella aequalis (G.B. I Sowerby, 1835) aequisculpta, Rimula aequisculpta W.H. Dall, 1927 aethiopica , Cranopsis aethiopica E.C. Von Martens, 1902 - syn of: Puncturella aethiopica E.C. Von Martens, 1902 aethiopica , Puncturella aethiopica E.C. Von Martens, 1902 affinis , Fissurella affinis J.E. Gray in G.B. I Sowerby, 1835 - syn of: Fissurella peruviana J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822 afra, Fissurella afra J.R.C. Quoy & J.P. Gaimard, 1834 africana , Cosmetalepas africana (J.R. le B. Tomlin, 1926) africanum , Macroschisma africanum J.R. le B. Tomlin, 1932 africanus , Megatebennus africanus J.R. le B. Tomlin, 1926 - syn of: Cosmetalepas africana (J.R. le B. Tomlin, 1926) agger, Cranopsis agger (R.B. Watson, 1883) aguayoi , Diodora aguayoi I. Pérez Farfante, 1943 agulhasae, Clathrosepta agulhasae (A.H. Clarke, 1961) agulhasensis , Emarginula agulhasensis K.H.J. Thiele, 1925 alabastrites , Fissurella alabastrites L.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Critters of Doho
    CRITTERS OF DOHENY A compilation of the tide pool inhabitants, ocean swimmers, birds and land animals that make their homes in and around Doheny State Beach. UPDATED: JUNE 1, 2013 TIDE POOL CRITTERS Abalone California Sea Hair Rock Louse Barnacles Chestnut Cowrie Sea Urchin Bat Stars Chiton Soft Coral Black Turbine Snail Goose Neck Barnacle Solitary Anemones Blue Banded Hermit Crab Keyhole Limpet Striped Shore Crabs California Mussels Ochre Sea Star Wavy Top Turban OCEAN CRITTERS California Sea Lions Garibaldi Gray Whales California Spiny Lobster Giant Sea Kelp Orcas Dolphins Blue Whales Spotted & Yellow Fin Croakers BIRD CRITTERS American Avocets Black Oystercatcher Great Blue Heron Black-Crowned Night California Brown Pelican Heron Mallard Duck Egrets LAND CRITTERS Audubon Cotton Tails and Brush Rabitts Ground Squirrels Melaleluca Tree Monarch Butterfly Striped Skunk TIDE POOL CRITTERS Abalone are mollusks having one-piece shells. They once abounded along the southern California coast, but were over hunted by humans in the 1950’s - 1970’s and decimated by Withering Foot Syndrome in the 1980’s - 1990’s. Long time coastal residents will often have abalone shells around their homes, inside and out, and will tell you of delicious abalone dinners. Visit the following two websites for information about “abs”and the history of California abalone and potential future. FYI, amazingly, a live black “ab” was found on the in-shore rock reef off the Dana Point headlands in December of 2009. http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/abalone.htm http://www.cadivingnews.com/marinelife/282/Southern-California-Abalone:-Past,- Present-and-Future Barnacles are actually part of the same group of animals, called crustaceans, as crabs, lobster, and shrimp.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Quaternary Sea-Level History and Uplift Rates, Channel Islands National Park, California, USA
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- ubP lished Research US Geological Survey 2014 Coastal tectonics on the eastern margin of the Pacific Rim: late Quaternary sea-level history and uplift ar tes, Channel Islands National Park, California, USA Daniel R. Muhs U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Kathleen R. Simmons U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] R. Randall Schumann U.S. Geological Survey Lindsey T. Groves Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Stephen B. DeVogel University of Colorado, Boulder FSeoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Geology Commons, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons, Other Earth Sciences Commons, and the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Muhs, Daniel R.; Simmons, Kathleen R.; Schumann, R. Randall; Groves, Lindsey T.; DeVogel, Stephen B.; Minor, Scott A.; and Laurel, DeAnna, "Coastal tectonics on the eastern margin of the Pacific Rim: late Quaternary sea-level history and uplift ar tes, Channel Islands National Park, California, USA" (2014). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 932. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/932 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- ubP lished Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Daniel R. Muhs,
    [Show full text]
  • Putting Keyhole Limpets on the Map Phylogeny And
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135 (2019) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Putting keyhole limpets on the map: phylogeny and biogeography of the T globally distributed marine family Fissurellidae (Vetigastropoda, Mollusca) ⁎ Tauana Junqueira Cunhaa, , Sarah Lemera,1, Philippe Bouchetb, Yasunori Kanoc, Gonzalo Giribeta a Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA b Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 55 rue Buffon, CP31, F-75005 Paris, France c Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Fissurellidae are marine gastropods with a worldwide distribution and a rich fossil record. We integrate mole- Keyhole and slit limpets cular, geographical and fossil data to reconstruct the fissurellid phylogeny, estimate divergence times and in- Fossilized birth-death model (FBD) vestigate historical routes of oceanic dispersal. With five molecular markers for 143 terminals representing 27 Shell foramen genera, we resolve deep nodes and find that many genera (e.g., Emarginula, Diodora, Fissurella) are not mono- Marine biogeography phyletic and need systematic revision. Several genera classified as Emarginulinae are recovered in Zeidorinae. Transoceanic dispersal Future work should prioritize emarginuline genera to improve understanding of ancestral traits and the early BioGeoBEARS evolution of fissurellids. Tree calibration with the fossilized birth-death model indicates that crown fissurellids originated around 175 Ma, and generally resulted in younger ages for the earliest nodes than the node dating approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporation of Deep-Sea and Small-Sized Species Provides New
    Incorporation of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into gastropods phylogeny Hsin Lee, Wei-Jen Chen, Nicolas Puillandre, Laetitia Aznar-Cormano, Mong-Hsun Tsai, Sarah Samadi To cite this version: Hsin Lee, Wei-Jen Chen, Nicolas Puillandre, Laetitia Aznar-Cormano, Mong-Hsun Tsai, et al.. Incor- poration of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into gastropods phylogeny. Molec- ular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Elsevier, 2019, 135, pp.136-147. 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.003. hal-02560174 HAL Id: hal-02560174 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02560174 Submitted on 1 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Incorporation of deep-sea and small-sized species provides new insights into 2 gastropods phylogeny 3 Original Research Article 4 5 Hsin Leea,b, Wei-Jen Chenb*, Nicolas Puillandrea, Laetitia Aznar-Cormanoa, Mong- 6 Hsun Tsaic, Sarah Samadia 7 8 a Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national 9 d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 10 Paris, France 11 b Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aquaculture and Biology of 'Opihi 'Alinalina (Cellana Sandwicensis) a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Division Of
    THE AQUACULTURE AND BIOLOGY OF ‘OPIHI ‘ALINALINA (CELLANA SANDWICENSIS) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES AND BIOENGINEERING DECEMBER 2019 By Anthony Mau Dissertation Committee: Jon-Paul Bingham (Chairperson) Rajesh Jha Cheng-Sheng Lee Birendra Mishra Kacie Ho Keywords: ecology, life-history, nutrition, ontogeny, reproduction, settlement Copyrights Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. All rights reserved. © 2019, Anthony B. Mau ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my family, friends, and colleagues whom have inspired me to be a change-maker in our community. I specifically want to dedicate the completion of graduate school to my grandmother Laura, my mom Patricia, and my father Barry – whose unconditional love and financial support made it possible to attend Institutions like Punahou School, University of San Diego, and University of Hawai’i. “To whom much has been given, much will be required.” (Luke 12:48) I also dedicate this work to all of my heroes/best friends: Steven Yee (co-founder of Kupu Place LLC), William Gar Ho Hiroshi Lee M.D., Richard Charles Benner C.P.A., Brendan Big-Country Saunders, Luke O’connor, the Mission Beach crew, and the Semester-At-Sea crew; And of course, to my partner, Kira Miyuki Fox. Ke aloha! iii Acknowledgements I would like to formally acknowledge The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, The University of Hawai’i, The Hawaiian Malacological Society, and Dr. Steven Chun for funding this work.
    [Show full text]