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An Investigation Into the Militarisation of Artificial Intelligence

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An Investigation Into the Militarisation of Artificial Intelligence An Investigation into the Militarisation of Artificial Intelligence A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Software Engineering By Daniel Edwards Department of Computing & Information Systems Cardiff School of Management Cardiff Metropolitan University April 2017 Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled An Investigation into the Militarisation of Artificial Intelligence is entirely my own work, and it has never been submitted nor is it currently being submitted for any other degree. Candidate: Daniel Edwards Signature: Date: Ethics Approval ID Number: 2016D0316 Supervisor: Dr Simon Thorne Signature: Date: ii Abstract This dissertation gained an understanding of the public’s perception of Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence that have a military application. Major General Clive ‘Chip’ Chapman kindly gave his consent to be interviewed for the dissertation to give his insight from an ex forces point of view and share his own expertise on the matter. The literature reviewed for the dissertation provides definitions and research into the existing research areas of artificial intelligence, existing militarised technologies and insight into Artificial Intelligence within popular culture. Primary Research was undertaken in the form as an online survey to understand the public’s perception and knowledge of Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence within the military. Another primary research method was used, an interview with Major General Clive Chapman which will be used to evaluate the results gained from the survey. An overall conclusion will then be drawn from the results gathered about the public’s perception of Artificial Intelligence within the Military. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Militarisation, Perception, Drones, Counter Terrorism, Warfare iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr Simon Thorne for being my supervisor and helping me through the project and four years at Cardiff Met. I’d also like to thank Professor Tom Crick for standing in as my supervisor in Simon’s absence. I would also like to thank all of the people who have kindly taken the time to provide data for the project. Thanks to Major-General Clive Chapman for agreeing to be interviewed for the project and providing invaluable insight and information. Finally, thank you to my entire family and Charlotte for their continued support of my studies and supporting me through this dissertation and again helping me through my four years at Cardiff Metropolitan. iv Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... iv 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Aim ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Motivation for Topic ...................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Structure of Dissertation ................................................................................................ 12 2.0 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 What is Artificial Intelligence? ....................................................................................... 15 2.3 How is Artificial Intelligence classified? ......................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Learning................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Reasoning ................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.3 Problem Solving ...................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Perception ............................................................................................................... 18 2.3.5 Language Understanding ........................................................................................ 18 2.3.6 Areas of Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................. 19 2.4 Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Technology ..................................... 22 2.4.1 DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ......................................... 22 2.5 Ethics within Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................. 24 2.5.1 The Investigatory Powers Act of 2016 .................................................................... 25 2.6 United Nations: The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots .................................................... 26 v 2.7 Artificial Intelligence within Popular Culture ................................................................. 27 2.7.1 Isaac Asimov 1950 ................................................................................................... 28 2.7.2 HAL 9000 1968 - 1997 ............................................................................................. 28 2.7.3 Skynet 1984 - Present ............................................................................................. 29 2.7.4 ARIIA 2008 ............................................................................................................... 29 2.7.5 Muse - Drones 2015 ................................................................................................ 30 2.8 Literature Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 31 3.0 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Philosophies ............................................................................................................ 33 3.1.2 Approaches ............................................................................................................. 33 3.1.3 Strategies ................................................................................................................ 34 3.1.4 Choices .................................................................................................................... 34 3.1.5 Time Horizons ......................................................................................................... 34 3.1.6 Techniques and Procedures .................................................................................... 34 3.2 Research Methods ......................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Primary Research .................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Secondary Research ................................................................................................ 38 3.3 Ethics Approval .............................................................................................................. 39 4.0 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................... 40 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Demographic Results ..................................................................................................... 41 4.3 Study Results .................................................................................................................. 45 4.4 Conclusion of Results ..................................................................................................... 67 5.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 68 vi 5.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 68 5.3 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 70 5.4 Limitations .....................................................................................................................
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