2012 Annual Report 2013 Annual 2013 Report HEADQUARTERS LOCATION: Kamuela, Hawaii, USA

MANAGEMENT: California Association for Research in Astronomy

PARTNER INSTITUTIONS: California Institute of Technology (CIT/Caltech) University of California (UC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

OBSERVATORY DIRECTOR: Taft E. Armandroff

DEPUTY DIRECTOR: Hilton A. Lewis

Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985 First light Keck I telescope: 1992 First light Keck II telescope: 1996

Federal Identification Number: 95-3972799 mission To advance the frontiers of astronomy and share our discoveries, inspiring the imagination of all.

vision Cover: A spectacular aerial view A world in which all humankind is inspired of this extraordinary wheelhouse and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the of discovery with the shadow of Mauna Kea in the far distance. infinite variety and richness of the Universe. FY2013 Fiscal Year begins October 1 489 Observing Astronomers 434 Keck Science Investigations 309 table of contents Refereed Articles Director’s Report ...... P4 Triumph of Science ...... P7 Cosmic Visionaries ...... P19 Innovation from Day One ...... P21 118 Full-time Employees Keck’s Powerful Astronomical Instruments ...... P26 Funding ...... P31 Inspiring Imagination ...... P36 Science Bibliography ...... p40 Celebrating 20 years of revolutionary science from the W. M. Keck Observatory, Keck Week was a unique astronomy event that included a two-day science meeting. Here representing the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Director Guenther Hasinger introduces Taft Armandroff for his closing talk, Census of Discovery.

from Keck Observatory are humbling. I am very proud of what the Keck Observatory staff and the broader astronomy community have accomplished.

In March 2013, Keck Observatory marked its 20th anniversary with a week of celebratory events. Keck Week featured a science meeting, a fundraising gala, the dedication of our new Multi-Object Spectrograph for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE), an open house at Keck Observatory headquarters, a staff party, and even a tennis tournament. In addition to raising funds for our newest instrument in development, the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI), these events were successful in engaging the key constituencies of the observatory, including Director’s Report research astronomers, partner-university leadership, private Taft E. Armandroff donors, federal funders, Keck Observatory staff, the public and the media. Keck Observatory’s Annual Report highlights our organization’s achievements and scientific advances Keck Observatory’s contributions to blockbuster science over the past fiscal year, and I am pleased to introduce are stronger than ever, with recent discoveries making you to our report for 2013. For this occasion, we have headline news across the globe reporting new results about the rare opportunity to look back on two decades of exoplanets, the black hole at the Galactic Center, the high- accomplishments while simultaneously making impressive redshift universe, and the intergalactic medium. progress towards future goals. One of the hallmarks of Keck Observatory’s leadership in Keck Observatory’s scientific productivity has remained astronomy is delivering new instrumentation as well as excellent. In 2013 we set new records in refereed publications upgraded observing capabilities that advance the scientific per telescope per year and citations per telescope per year. frontiers. Keck continues to lead the observatory community worldwide in both of these widely accepted performance metrics. The On Keck II’s adaptive optics (AO) system, we installed the observatory’s role in graduate education remains strong; at laser’s new center launch telescope, which will improve least 287 students have each earned their Ph.D. based on data the overall performance of the system. All the hardware from Keck Observatory over the observatory’s lifetime. was completed this past summer. We then installed all the electronic and opto-mechanical components on the Since the first scientific observations were made with the telescope and were able to successfully complete the Keck I telescope and its Near-Infrared Camera (NIRC), on alignment checks. This launch telescope also will be used for 4 March 16, 1993, the aggregate astronomical discoveries Keck II’s next generation laser, which started its preliminary design phase in 2013. This new laser will greatly improve AO significant reduction in detector artifact, and to upgrade performance and set the groundwork for the observatory’s related electronics and software. In addition, astronomers Next Generation Adaptive Optics system. Andrea Ghez and Michael Fitzgerald from the University of California, Los Angeles, attracted funding from the Gordon Our newest observing tool in development, KCWI, made and Betty Moore Foundation to further upgrade the OSIRIS significant progress over the past year. This unique optical imaging performance, improving field of view, sensitivity integral-field spectrograph will be used on Keck II to probe and distortion. Together, these two projects will yield a fully new fields of observations about the cosmos, including revitalized instrument. the cosmic web of matter interconnecting galaxies, called the intergalactic medium, and explore how galaxies and It takes a world-class team to achieve world-class results. the intergalactic medium co-evolve over the history of the I remain grateful for the inspired contributions of the Keck universe. Observatory staff, our Board of Directors, our Science Steering Committee, NASA, NSF, our philanthropic contributors, and On Keck I, a deployable mirror system is being designed that our creative observer community. will optimize flexibility for time domain astronomy. It will allow switching between a number of instruments to respond In closing, the opportunities for major scientific advances quickly to rapidly unfolding phenomena such as gamma-ray from Keck Observatory remain rich and profound. We bursts, supernovae, and events at the galactic center. maintain strong ties to both the national funding agencies and our donor base, and look forward to another year of A major upgrade of our telescope control system is under way groundbreaking scientific discoveries. that will improve the precision of the telescopes’ pointing and replace aging computers, electronics and software, thereby enhancing reliability and sustainability. In on-sky testing of a prototype, this system has demonstrated the impressive and Pete Tucker, Laser Engineer, aligns the adaptive optics laser system on the Keck I ambitious pointing accuracy that we set as our goal. telescope to ensure another night of groundbreaking discoveries.

Keck Observatory relies on grants from federal and private sources to develop new observing capabilities and to upgrade existing instruments. The past year has been very successful for attracting new funding for priority programs. The National Science Foundation (NSF) Major Research Instrumentation program funded our proposal for $1.5 million to build a new tertiary mirror and its mount for the Keck I telescope. This will make its full instrumental capabilities available for time- sensitive scientific programs.

NSF’s Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation program also funded our proposal for $968,000 to upgrade the science detector for Keck Observatory’s OH-Suppressing Infra-Red Imaging Spectrograph (OSIRIS) from a Hawaii-2 to a Hawaii-2RG, providing higher sensitivity and a DIRECTOR’S REPORT DIRECTOR’S

science meeting were each renowned for their Those who who gave presentations at the two-day support for avibrantfuture. on theobservatory’s accomplishmentsandbuild one of akindastronomy eventorganized toreflect The meetingwasthecornerstone of Keck Week, a and philanthropic supportersof theorganization. staff, distinguished federal-funding representatives landscape. Alsoattending were Keck’s technical before thetwinKeck domesjoinedtheMaunaKea others whohadcompletedtheirdissertations long careers usingKeck Observatory data, aswell astronomers whohadbeguntheirprofessional from Keck Observatory. Intheaudiencewere on thepasttwodecadesof revolutionary science gathered ontheKohala Coastof Hawaiitoreport In March 2013, agroup of leadingastronomers at theedgeof theobservableuniverse. stage, andhelpeddiscovercharacterize galaxies planets, putthedefinition of “planet”ontheworld helped scientistsresolve weather systemsonnearby distant Universe.Data from Keck Observatory has at theformation andevolutionof thenearand have givenastronomers anunprecedented look telescopes. Observations from Keck IandKeck II and cosmologyhascomefrom thetwin10-meter of ournewknowledgeaboutplanets,stars,galaxies Observatory gathered itsfirstscientific data. Much been rewritten inthe20yearssinceW. M. Keck Science textbooks aboutourUniversehave literally W The Universe According to the Triumph ofScience: .MKeck Observatory explorers of Keck Observatory. highlights of theworkmadepossiblebycosmic Keck Observatory’s website.What follows are brief Friends andFans of Keck andare archived on were streamed livetothousandsof enthusiastic by Keck Observatory. Allof theirpresentations range of scientificachievementsmadepossible astronomy. Together theyhighlightedtheenormous achievements, illuminating oneortwosubfields of witness the operation silently from nearly 60 feet above. of the Keck Itelescope; mirror the secondary andsupportstructure Below: Asingle1-ton mirror segmentislifted by specialized crane out Universe. has maderemarkable contributionsto ourunderstanding ofthe by this glimpseofastro-architecture ofthe Keck IItelescope secondary, Facing Page: The technology ofthe Keck Observatory, represented here

SCIENCE7 In the Oort Cloud Comet

Neighborhood Our solar system is populated with comets: icy bodies that are occasionally viewed from Earth From a cosmic as bright objects with long tails of gas and dust. perspective, our solar Detecting volatile organic compounds in comets system contains our – methane, acetylene and carbon monoxide, for celestial next-door example – helps astronomers understand the neighbors. Many of chemical formation histories of these objects. us are familiar with the major planets Michael Mumma from the NASA Goddard Space and moons, but the Flight Center and his team have studied comet scientists presenting Tempel 1, a periodic comet that orbits the Sun every at Keck Week talked 5.5 years. It was also the target of NASA’s Deep about more esoteric Impact mission in 2005, which released a 370-kg objects, including impactor to collide with Tempel 1 and dig up debris comets from the from the surface layers of the comet. outermost part of our solar system, trans- Mumma and his collaborators used Keck Neptunian “dwarf Observatory’s near-infrared spectroscopy to planets,” and formation quantify volatile substances in Tempel 1. They found of the solar system. that the abundance ratios of these substances were similar to the abundance ratios of comets deriving from the Oort Cloud, a reservoir of icy bodies in the outer solar system. This strongly suggested that Tempel 1 formed in this same remote region as other Oort Cloud comets and was captured by one of the planets during a rare plunge into the inner solar system.

Top: This image of comet Tempel 1 was taken 67 seconds after the Deep Impact impactor crashed into it. The bright splash was created from scattered light from the collision saturating the camera’s detector. Credit: NASA

Bottom: This slide from Keck Week shows that while the overall content of comets is frozen water, they also contain a mixture of other 8 ices that reveal a lot about their makeup. Credit: Michael Mumma/NASA bodies, afew have beenfound withsatellites. While mosttrans-Neptunian objectsare single like bodyconfined inorbitnearNeptune. Observatory tocharacterize Haumea, anicycomet- planet status, Brown andhisteamusedKeck for hisinstrumentalrole indemotingPlutofrom our solarsystem.Knownas“plutokiller”onTwitter Technology presented someof hisresearch about Michael Brown from theCalifornia Instituteof Trans-Neptunian Objects don’t wanttoeat.” the outside,”Brown said.“Like anM&Myoureally objectmust[be]rocky ontheinsideandicy “The water ice. surface revealed spectralsignatures of crystalline had adensityapproaching that of rock, butits Brown and hiscollaborators found that Haumea of Haumea’ssize, yieldedanestimate of itsdensity. mass of Haumea,which,alongwithmeasurements period of oneof Haumea’smoonstodeterminethe named Hiiaka andNamaka. Brown usedtheorbital radius of about700kmandtwosmallmoons Haumea isanellipsoidalobjectwithaverage and Blake andhis collaborators relied on its ownconfiguration of forming planets and dust.Eachprotoplanetary diskhas by planetssweepingout lanesinthegas for characteristic gapsinthedisks caused of theseprotoplanetary disks tosearch Blake’s teamusedhigh-resolution images about howwecametobe,”Blake said. forming environments can tellusmuch studyof current star-its planets.“The coalesce gravitationally intoastarand clouds of gasanddustthat eventually Solar systemsare created from swirling solar systems. disks madeof gasanddustcondense into undergoing gravitational collapsetoinvestigate how been usingKeck Observatory tostudysolarsystems Brown’s talk withhowheandhiscollaborators have Geoff Blake, acosmochemist at Caltech, followed Solar System Formation Earth. including rocky oneslike grounds ofplanets, thought to bethe breeding here circling the star, are disks, like the oneshown version ofourown. Dusty that isamuch younger illustrates asolar system Below: This artist’s concept originated inthe region. are alsobelieved to have Triton andSaturn’s Phoebe, moons, such asNeptune’s oftheSome Solar System’s Haumea, andMakemake. three dwarf planets: Pluto, Belt beltishometo atleast Left Bottom: The Kuiper in 2008. Haumea asadwarf planet Union (IAU) recognized International Astronomical beyond Neptune’s orbit. The mass ofPluto andislocated in 2004. Itisone-third the team discovered Haumea Left Top: Mike Brown’s Credit: NASA Credit: NASA Credit: NASA

SCIENCE9 simulations of planet formation to estimate how up the disk, including water and other chemical nascent solar systems may look millions of years in compounds needed for life. Perhaps most exciting, the future. scientists can now detect planets being born and Keck Observatory’s next generation of infrared From this work, Blake reported that using Keck instruments, working with the giant radio array in Observatory has allowed scientists to not only Chile, will be able to directly image the birth of be able to find nearby stars with disks, but also solar systems. to measure the chemical compounds making

The Milky Way More than Eight

Within our own galaxy, Geoff Marcy and his team of planet hunters rely planets are much on Keck Observatory to gather spectra of stars more numerous than so they can look for periodically shifted spectral the eight known to lines – telltale evidence that an unseen planet is orbit our star, the Sun. gravitationally tugging on its host star. Planets pull Also discussed at the feebly on massive stars: the effects correspond to Keck Week Science spectral shifts as small as a few meters per second. “We can tell whether the star is ‘walking’ toward or Meeting was current away from us from a thousand light years away,” research being done Marcy said. to distinguish the boundaries between At Keck Week, Marcy reported identifying more than planets and stars. 100 extrasolar planets, the vast majority of which are Jupiter-mass planets closer to their parent stars than Mercury is to our Sun.

According to NASA, the purpose of the Kepler space telescope’s mission was to discover how many of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way harbor Earth-like planets. At Keck Week, Marcy answered that question, stating his team has determined 23 percent of Sun-like stars have a planet the size of one to three Earths within Mercury’s orbit.

This artist's concept shows the newly discovered, Neptune-sized extrasolar planet circling the star Gliese 436. The planet was discovered using data from the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. 10 Credit: NASA planets and stars with surface temperatures in the range of 480–1900 C (comparable to the melting point of copper). While stars burn normal hydrogen into helium, brown dwarfs do not get hot enough in their interiors to start this reaction. They, unlike planets, burn the rarer hydrogen isotope deuterium in a similar but far less energetic reaction.

Liu’s research focused on determining the masses of brown dwarfs, a key parameter that dictates its evolution. The light-collecting ability and spatial resolution of Keck Observatory telescopes proved critical to weighing brown dwarfs, enabling Liu and This is an artist’s representation of the “habitable zone,” the range of orbits where liquid water is possible on the surface of a planet. The his team to determine the masses of more than a authors find that about 1 in 5 Sun-like stars harbor a planet between dozen of them. 1 and 2 times the size of Earth that falls in the habitable zone. Credit: Petigura/UC Berkeley, Howard/UH Manoa, Marcy/UC Berkeley “In the last two decades, we have figured out these much lower mass, failed stars called brown dwarfs come in a wide range of varieties,” he said. “We understand their temperatures, we are diagnosing Finding Missing Links their atmospheres and measuring their masses directly through the power of the Keck Observatory Typically, planets are thousands of times smaller telescopes and particularly with the advances made than stars, both in size and mass. But not always. possible through their Laser Guide Star Adaptive High-resolution astronomy from Keck is challenging Optics systems.” the borders between these objects.

“For a long time, people wondered if there was some missing link that connects the lowest mass stars and the highest mass planets,” said Michael Liu, an astronomer at the This is an infrared image of the University of Hawaii. dusty brown dwarf binary HD In 1988, astronomers 130948BC in the upper left in discovered the first orbit around a young sun-like star, seen to the lower right. brown dwarfs: objects Credit: Trent Dupuy intermediately between and Michael Liu/UH Manoa. 11 SCIENCE Observatory’s world-class Laser Guide Star Adaptive Astonishing Orbits Optics systems to trace the movements of stars. They used their observations spanning two decades While most of the presenters at Keck Week talked to deduce the orbits of the stars, employing orbital about revolutionary discoveries that involved the mechanics to constrain the mass of the unseen spectra of starlight, Andrea Ghez, an astronomer at object to which the stars are gravitationally bound. the University of California, Los Angeles, reported Based on the sizes of the stellar orbits and the studying the orbits of stars at the center of the Milky astonishingly high velocities of the stars – up Way to investigate a much stranger object that does to 12,000 kilometers per second – they found not emit any light: a supermassive black hole. The conclusive evidence that the Milky Way hosts a black hole reveals itself by its gravitational effect on supermassive black hole with a mass more than four nearby stars. million times the mass of the Sun.

“The orbits of stars provide us with the most direct “Keck has transformed our understanding of the proof of a black hole in the center of our galaxy,” center of our galaxy,” Ghez said. It may continue Ghez said. to transform our understanding of basic physics. With future improvements in Keck’s adaptive optics Ghez and her team obtained high-resolution systems, fundamental predictions of Einstein’s images of the Galactic Center using both of Keck theory of general relativity can be tested.

Left: The orbits of stars within the central 1x1 arcseconds of our Galaxy. While every star in this image has been seen to move over the past 15 years, estimates of orbital parameters are only possible for the seven stars that have had significant curvature detected. The annual average positions for these seven stars are plotted as colored dots, which have increasing color saturation with time. These orbits provide the best evidence yet for a supermassive black hole, which has a mass of 4.1 million times the mass of the Sun. Credit: Keck/UCLA Galactic Center Group 12 Extragalactic Time Travel held up and is a reliable tool to make predictions about the evolution of our Universe. Outside our Milky Way, Analogous to the leap in our understanding of Keck Observatory’s stars in the 1920s and 1930s (the “golden age” “By sitting here on planet Earth, looking at galaxies powerful set of of stellar astronomy), the last two decades has around us and back in time with giant telescopes instruments have witnessed enormous leaps in our understanding of like Keck, we have actually managed to probe the evolution of the Universe back to 10–35 seconds,” helped astronomers galaxies. Much of this work has been done at Keck Faber said. (10–35 is 0.0000…001, where there are redefine our Observatory, reported astronomer Sandra Faber of 34 zeroes before the “1”.) “And we have discovered understanding of the University of California, Santa Cruz. that our Milky Way, which is 100,000 light years galaxies large and across today, is the child of a quantum fluctuation small, near and Using Keck Observatory data, scientists have learned which was once 10–33 centimeters in size that got far, as well as the galaxies have a typical size and mass (approximately captured by the expansion of the Universe. It wasn’t one billion solar masses); that there are two types intergalactic medium allowed to die. It got seized by the throat; it got of morphologies (spheroid and rotating disks); and that connects them all. frozen in and its gravity produced the galaxy we see that galaxies are distributed in filaments, groups and today. We are all children of quantum mechanics.” clusters.

Right: Lambda-CDM, Accelerated Expansion of the Universe. The time-line in this schematic Dwarf Galaxies diagram extends from the big bang/inflation era 13.7 billion are Huge in Dark Matter years ago to the present cosmological time. Credit: Coldcreation While the Milky Way is a decidedly average galaxy in terms of size, it is gigantic compared to the wispy galaxies that Yale University astronomer Marla Geha studies. Geha and her team are investigating dwarf galaxies about 1/100,000 as bright as the Milky Way. These diminutive galaxies, thought to be the building blocks of more massive galaxies, allow Geha and her collaborators to determine how large Around the time the Keck Observatory was being galaxies form and assemble from smaller galaxies. built, the λCDM model was being formulated, leading to predictions about the large-scale Relying on high-resolution images and spectra structure in the distribution of galaxies, as well as from Keck Observatory to study the dwarf galaxies the expansion of the Universe. clustered around the Milky Way, Geha’s team measured how quickly the stars are moving within With two decades of data gathered at Keck the galaxies and used this to infer the masses of the Observatory, Faber reported the λCDM model has galaxies. 13 SCIENCE Revealed by the potent combination of two powerful M31, the Galaxy Next Door astronomy tools: the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Keck II Raja Guhathakurta at the University of California, telescope’s DEIMOS instrument, these faint, ghost-like galaxies Santa Cruz, studies the chemical properties of dwarf are amazing laboratories for galaxies that orbit around the Andromeda galaxy, or simultaneously advancing M31, focusing on elements other than hydrogen or science and raising new questions about the cosmos. helium. Credit: Marla Geha/Yale University Massive stars create metals in their hot interiors and when they explode as supernovae they scatter these metals into space. The expelled metals are then incorporated into later generations of stars, so finding a dwarf galaxy with a low level of metals in its stars is a hint that we are seeing one of its first generations of stars.

Geha then demonstrated that dwarf galaxies contain Using Keck Observatory’s high spectral resolution a significant amount of dark matter, a mysterious observations of absorption lines from different substance that exerts gravity but does not emit or elements, Guhathakurta reported how his reflect light. She showed that the masses inferred groundbreaking research into the nature and from the stellar velocities are far in excess of masses evolution of M31 offers many keys to knowing our estimated based on the galaxy’s starlight alone. own Milky Way.

The Andromeda is the nearest “Our group has discovered, thanks entirely to Keck major galaxy to our own Milky Way Galaxy. Hundres of billions Observatory, a vast halo around Andromeda calling of stars that compose it cause into question whether galaxies are really island the diffuse light we see from Andromeda. The several distinct universes,” he said. stars that surround Andromeda’s image are actually stars in our Galaxy that are well in front of the background object. This image of M31 was taken with an Intergalactic amateur telescope. Credit: Lorenzo Comolli Galaxies populate the Universe and contain the vast majority of stars and planets. However, astronomers have shown that the space between galaxies is far from empty – gas and dust exist in the so-called intergalactic medium.

Xavier Prochaska, an astronomer at the University 14 of California, Santa Cruz, has focused on understanding how this material came to be located with very few metals from contaminating beyond galaxies, and how we can determine its supernovae. But Prochaska found that a surprisingly properties. This material is too tenuous to be seen large percentage of his samples show metal directly, so Prochaska uses Keck Observatory with a enrichment. Prochaska commented, “Oddly novel technique, which he referred to as “science in enough, it’s taken great effort to find pockets of gas silhouette.” The method relies on observing a bright that are not enriched.” source behind the gas and dust of interest. Atoms in the intervening intergalactic medium absorb some of the light from the background object. This absence of light (the “silhouette”) can be used to The High Redshift Universe The Hubble Ultra Deep determine the motion and chemical composition of Field reveals seven newly the intergalactic medium. discovered distant galaxies, Richard Ellis, an astronomer at the California which are seen as they Institute of Technology, has studied how galaxies appeared in a period 350 It was expected that this intergalactic gas, isolated million to 600 million evolve with time by pushing the capabilities of from the stars filling galaxies, might be primordial, years after the Big Bang. large telescopes like those at Keck Observatory. The most distant galaxy Ellis and his team have observed more than 100 of these, at redshift 11.9, means we view it only 380 galaxies at a redshift of z=6, an epoch when the million years after the Big Universe was less than one-tenth of its current age. Bang, when the Universe was less than 3% of its Their conclusion: galaxies across the Universe are present age. fundamentally different from more local galaxies in Credit: NASA, ESA, R. Ellis/Caltech, J. Dunlop and Ross McLure/ terms of appearance, chemistry and star formation. University of Edinburgh, B. Robertson/University of Arizona, A. Koekemoer/Space Telescope The young galaxies that Ellis and his collaborators Science Institute. study are extremely faint and typically require two nights of observations with the Keck telescopes in order to yield useful data. Ellis and his team found that more than half of the z=6 galaxies showed a strong hydrogen emission line, indicative of hydrogen In this image, a stream of primordial inflowing gas is illuminated from behind by a distant background quasar (lower left; quasar added by an gas heated by young artist, along with the starry background). Using data collected from Keck stars. These observations Observatory, researchers led by Neil Crighton (MPIA and Swinburne show that energetic star University of Technology) have now made the first unambiguous detection of this accretion of pristine gas onto a star-forming formation occurred in galaxy, that was previously theorized to exist based on cosmological galaxies when the Universe simulations of galaxy formation. This simulation shown here was run by the Making Galaxies in a Cosmological Context (MaGICC) project in the was young, only 1 billion theory group at MPIA. Credit: G. Stinson and A. V. Macciò/ MPIA years after the Big Bang. 15 SCIENCE Across the Universe decades trying to pin down the precise location on the sky of a gamma ray burst in hope of discovering Some of the talks at Keck Week described new whether they were associated with a nearby star, insights into exotic phenomena including gamma a distant galaxy, or something else. Only in 1997 ray bursts, and the mysterious “dark energy.” were scientists finally able to identify the optical counterpart to a gamma ray burst and show that Shrinivas Kulkarni, an astronomer at the California it came from a faint galaxy. Spectra from Keck Institute of Technology, reported on his Observatory on a subsequent gamma ray burst led investigations into the connections between gamma to a distance from the burst and its host galaxy, and ray bursts and supernovae. Gamma ray bursts, the realization that gamma ray bursts are among which emit powerfully at the shortest wavelengths the very brightest objects in the sky. Kulkarni and his of the electromagnetic spectrum, have a history rich students and collaborators showed that these bursts in politics and mystery. are associated with the deaths of massive stars.

In the 1960s, the United States launched a satellite to look for flashes of high-energy gamma rays coming from nuclear weapons tests. They inadvertently found that gamma rays were not Dark Energy coming from the Earth’s surface, but from the sky. One of the most fundamental questions in The uniform distribution of gamma flashes indicated astronomy is, “How will the Universe end?” that they came from a great distance, beyond our own galaxy and beyond even the nearest large clusters of galaxies. The Universe’s expansion was discovered by astronomers in the 1920s, but the history of that Unfortunately, gamma ray telescopes only gave expansion is necessary to predict the ultimate rough positions on the sky. Astronomers spent fate of space and time. This depends on what is contained in space: a universe populated with only The image on the left shows the visible-light afterglow of the regular matter, which is susceptible to the attractive burst (marked with an arrow), force of gravity, is predicted to eventually slow obtained about two days after the burst, while it was still down its expansion as indeed was observed in the relatively bright. relatively nearby Universe.

The image on the right shows the same field as seen about Astronomers, including University of California, two months later, after the Berkeley’s Alex Filippenko, used Keck Observatory burst afterglow has faded away, revealing a faint galaxy at its in the 1990s to determine the rate of expansion of position (also marked with an the Universe by observing supernovae of a certain arrow). The measurement of its type at different distances. This type of supernova distance shows it to be some 12 billion light years away. was known to be of uniform intrinsic brightness, a so-called “standard candle.” The observed Credit: S. G. Djorgovski and S. R. Kulkarni/ 16 Caltech, the Caltech GRB Team, WMKO brightness combined with the redshift gave two The Best of the Best Pioneering science requires pioneering thinkers. Keck Observatory’s astronomers have pushed the mighty telescopes to create a legacy of cutting- edge science that has changed our understanding of the Universe. The legacy continues, night after night from the quiet on Mauna Kea’s summit, with Keck Observatory and its pioneers continuing to advance the frontiers of knowledge from this extraordinary wheelhouse on Planet Earth.

Observing Assistant Heather Hershey operating the Keck II telescope in the control room at the summit, while the observing team directs their research from remote operations in Waimea, seen here in the background video link.

This image shows the Swift telescope’s optical (blue and green) and X-ray views of GRB 080607, which the astronomers used to study the star-forming environment of a distant galaxy. The white spot at center is the burst’s optical afterglow. Credit: NASA, Swift, Stefan Immler

different measures of the distance, which provided a measure of the rate of expansion.

The results were shocking. The supernovae were dimmer than expected, suggesting that the Universe’s expansion was in fact accelerating. This was the discovery of dark energy – a mysterious force that repels matter. Subsequent measurements show that about 75 percent of the Universe is in the form of dark energy. What exactly dark energy is remains a topic of hot debate in physics.

Two separate research teams confirmed these unexpected results and the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess, key members of the research groups. Filippenko holds the distinction of being a member of both of these research teams. SCIENCE 18 Cosmic Visionaries The governing Board of Directors of the W. M. Keck Observatory consists whose membership consists of astronomers representing our partner of three esteemed officials appointed from each of our founding partners: communities. The Advancement Advisory Council is a group of the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. In major donors; its charter is to champion the need to generate diverse addition, NASA, the W. M. Keck Foundation, and the University of Hawaii philanthropic revenue necessary for Keck Observatory to reach its full each have liaisons to the Board of Directors. The W. M. Keck Observatory potential and lead humanity into a new era of understanding of the Directorate and the board are advised by a Science Steering Committee Universe and our place in it. W. M. Keck Observatory Board of Directors Edward Stolper, Chairman Provost and Interim President, California Institute of Technology George Blumenthal, Vice-Chairman Chancellor, University of California at Santa Cruz Aimée Dorr Provost and Executive Vice President, University of California Academic Affairs Sandra Faber Interim Director, University of California/Lick Observatories Hashima Hasan, liaison Scientist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Guenther Hasinger, liaison Director, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii Theodore J. Keck, liaison Director, W. M. Keck Foundation Shrinivas Kulkarni Director, Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology Thomas Soifer Division Chair, Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology

Keck Observatory Keck Observatory Advancement Advisory Council Science Steering Committee Sanford Robertson, Chair, Judith Cohen, Co-Chair and Jeanne Robertson Crystal Martin, Co-Chair Clive Davies, Vice-Chair, Charles Beichman and Carol Davies Sandra Faber, ex-officio Taft Armandroff, ex-officio Duncan Forbes, non-voting member Marc and Lynne Benioff Marla Geha, non-voting member Sandra Faber, ex-officio Andrea Ghez C. Wallace and Bobbie Jean Hooser James Graham Gary and Pam Jaffe Günter Hasinger, non-voting member Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex officio Lynne Hillenbrand Arthur Levinson Lisa Kewley, non-voting member Gordon Moore Anne Kinney John and Anne Ryan Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex-officio To sustain its lead in ground based astronomy, Keck Rob and Terry Ryan Michael Liu, non-voting member Observatory ambitiously pursues both public funding and private philanthropy. Featured in this photograph at right Doug and Deborah Troxel Christopher Martin are Friends of Keck Observatory, from left to right, Carol Jerry Nelson, ex-officio Davies, Richard Bader and Harold Cogger.

Facing Page: (TOP) In the photograph taken at Keck Observatory headquarters are standing left to right: Guenther Hasinger, University of Hawaii liaison; Shrinivas Kulkarni, Board member; Sandra Faber, Board member; Taft Armandroff, Keck Observatory Executive Director; George Blumenthal, Board Vice-Chair; Thomas Soifer, Board member; Hashima Hasan, NASA liaison, and Elaine Stamman, Board secretary. (BOTTOM) Members of the Keck Observatory Science Steering Committee meet regularly to help develop future scientific priorities. Here, standing left to right: Hilton Lewis, Deputy Director; Taft Armandroff, Observatory Director; Crystal Martin; James Graham; Judith Cohen; Chris Martin; Sandra Faber; Andrea Ghez; Guenther Hasinger; Shrinivas Kulkarni; Michael Liu, Anne Kinney; and Charles Beichman. VISIOINARIES 20 Keck Observatory: Innovation from Day One Hilton Lewis

Your Mission The Challenge Take the world’s largest telescope, 350 tons of steel For more than 20 and glass on top of an almost 3-mile-high dormant years, carrying out this volcano in freezing nighttime temperatures, and complex mission has point it precisely at a galaxy whose light has been been central to the traveling toward us for the last 13 billion years. success of the W. M. Keck Observatory. It’s huge, this galaxy, but from our vantage point it In many ways, the occupies a miniscule piece of the night sky — the effective nightly full moon appears almost 10 million times its area — functioning of the two and the galaxy only appears that “big” because it has 10-meter telescopes been magnified by a gravitational lens, a remarkable is the easy part. property of space-time predicted by Einstein’s Underpinning this general theory of relativity. success is a detailed understanding of the Now track this galaxy precisely for the next four properties of materials and structures, exactly how hours as it wheels slowly across the night sky, while much the telescope is tilted or how its precision- the steel and glass behemoth flexes and bends bearing surfaces differ from perfection, how under its own weight and as the cooling night air the earth wobbles in its rotation around its own causes the steel superstructure to contract. axis, how light bends as it passes through our atmosphere — and a multitude of other effects. Our Don’t forget to maintain the shape of the primary understanding of all this, gleaned over hundreds mirror — it’s made up of 36 1-ton tiles, each of years of scientific and technical progress, is needing to be controlled to within 1/4000th translated into compensating actions by advanced the diameter of a human hair — while precisely computers running the most sophisticated positioning a 1-ton secondary mirror suspended numerical recipes. nearly 60 feet above, at the very top of the telescope. To ensure these giant structures are rigid and lightweight yet able to move almost without friction Welcome to modern astronomy! requires exquisite design, the hallmark of modern telescopes. The trick is to get the design right, Upper Right: Hilton Lewis, Deputy Director (right), seen here build the underlying structures and seamlessly introducing astronomy benefactor Gordon Moore to MOSFIRE, the incorporate the many components that make up newest and most advanced astronomical instrument at Keck. MOSFIRE was made possible through funding provided by NSF and Gordon and a full telescope. Geometry on this scale is a far Betty Moore. cry from what you learn in high school: centers 21 INNOVATION of rotation of supposedly rigid bodies move More with Less around, circles deform into ellipses, and right angles aren’t, well, right. Then there’s the glass The Keck telescopes were born of a small that makes up the mirrors that isn’t glass after number of crucial and pioneering concepts and all, but rather a remarkable amalgam, part have benefited from the rapid-fire evolution amorphous, part crystalline, which expands or of technology ever since. Novel techniques of contracts only about 1/2000th as much as steel stress-mirror polishing and ion figuring of the does as it warms or cools. A modern telescope is individual segments (each of which is a piece of the nothing like the machines we encounter in our hyperbolic surface of a much larger mirror) were daily lives. critical to being able to manufacture the segments precisely and cost-effectively. Real-time computer Although most of what makes up the Keck control of the segments to maintain the overall Observatory telescopes is familiar, there are shape of the primary mirror and full computer three aspects we don’t routinely consider in our control of the entire telescope is commonplace day-to-day interaction with machines: precision, now but was in its infancy when the observatory scale and complexity. Let’s first consider was first built. precision: the most detailed control operates at the level of one-thirtieth of the wavelength Technical innovations in instrument building are of visible light — this is the level to which the the basis of the rapid improvement in telescope edges of the individual segments that make up performance, from devices that compensate for the primary mirror are aligned. Now add in scale: flexure to the most sensitive optical and infrared we must integrate components that range from detectors ever made to ultra-precise mechanisms elements that bend tiny mirrors, up through the operating just a few degrees above absolute zero. ultra-precise setting of mirror segments that weigh 1 ton each, all the way to positioning a And we have made enormous advances in adaptive 700-ton steel dome. optics, in the components, controls and algorithms that change the shape of deformable mirrors But in many ways, the most interesting aspect thousands of times per second. The associated of all is complexity: ensuring that the multitude high-powered lasers have evolved from finicky of systems that make up the telescope are room-size devices requiring 60 kW of input all functioning perfectly at the same time power and using organic dyes dissolved in alcohol — the bearings, motors, pumps, controls, alongside 20,000-volt power supplies to ultra- cryogenics, cameras, spectrographs, deformable modern cabinet-size fiber lasers that use about mirrors and lasers, along with the computers, 1 kW of power while generating more laser light. networks and software that control them. Add in the requirement to maintain this perfect synchronous functioning all night, every single Left: Summit operations team members Justin Pitts and Marvin night of the year, and you start to get a good Nakata ascending the exterior ladder of the Keck I dome to ensure the telescope is operational. appreciation of the challenge. Right: The summit crew of the Keck Observatory show a moment of 22 exhilaration as the best astronomy operations team in the world Driving Progress

While technical virtuosity has been the backbone of Keck Observatory’s success, a less appreciated but crucial issue for any modern observatory is that of staying competitive. How does one upgrade intricate devices that are in use every single day of the year without breaking them or taking them out of service for more than the briefest period? It’s a challenge mastered by Formula 1 race car teams in the heat of the race. And it’s one Keck Observatory faces continually. It demands a sophisticated approach in both technical design as well as in how staff is selected, trained, organized and motivated.

It is a truism to say the steady march of technology drives progress. However, the crowning achievement of Keck Observatory, its creative engineers and scientists and its partners in academia and industry, is the way in which new technologies are first translated into lab prototypes, then developed into rugged and reliable systems and eventually into a machine consistently delivering cutting-edge science by the world’s best astronomers every night of the year. We owe our gratitude to the dedicated and talented men and women who continue to develop, operate and maintain these technological marvels, making possible the stunning celestial discoveries that extend our perspective and ennoble our spirit. INNOVATION

Keck’s Powerful Astronomical Instruments Ian McLean

Even a first visit to the W. M. Keck Observatory leaves one convinced that astronomy is an amazingly high-tech enterprise. Beyond the magnificent structure of the massive telescopes themselves, the intricate panoply of complex scientific equipment used to make cosmic discoveries is impressive.

The Keck Observatory telescopes are optical-infrared telescopes, and instrumentation attached to the telescopes is designed to measure light all the way from the ultraviolet to the infrared. Some infrared light is partially blocked by greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere, which is why high, dry sites like Mauna Kea are excellent locations for the world’s best telescopes.

While images of the sky in visible light and infrared light are a prerequisite for most studies, the primary advantage of a giant telescope is its huge collecting area and therefore, its ability to record both the image of a very faint object as well as its spectrum. The spectrum of starlight is rich in information that astronomers translate into knowledge about the Universe.

To stay at the forefront of science, Keck Observatory’s technology is updated on a regular basis, and new instruments are developed and commissioned. Today, the telescopes are equipped with an impressive suite of eight instruments: two for infrared light and two for visible light on each telescope. On Keck I the instruments are called LRIS, HIRES, OSIRIS and MOSFIRE. On Keck II the instruments are NIRSPEC, NIRC2, ESI and DEIMOS. Moreover, both telescopes are equipped with adaptive optics (AO) systems that reduce the blurring effects of atmospheric turbulence. AO enables astronomers to capitalize on the other big advantage of a large telescope: its potential for better angular resolution. Three of the infrared instruments (OSIRIS, NIRC2 and NIRSPEC) use the AO systems.

All of Keck’s scientific instruments perform spectroscopic measurements. The HIRES instrument, for example, provides the highest spectral resolution, and this spectrograph is well-known for its role in the discovery of planets orbiting nearby stars. NIRSPEC is an infrared analog of HIRES. ESI is a spectrometer designed to cover most of the optical spectrum in a single exposure, while LRIS and DEIMOS are multi-object spectrographs designed to enable many faint- 26 object spectra to be recorded simultaneously. MOSFIRE provides the equivalent capability at infrared wavelengths and is particularly important for studying the formation of galaxies in the early Universe. NIRC2 and OSIRIS are infrared instruments designed specifically for the adaptive optics systems, and therefore provide the finest detail in ultra-high-resolution images.

Over its 20-year lifetime, Keck Observatory has continuously invested in improvements to its instrumentation in order to deliver pioneering science results. Today, our giant telescopes have the best digital imaging devices: spectrographs with exquisite optical performance, and even a means of compensating for turbulence in the air above the observatory.

Since joining the faculty at UCLA in 1989, I have witnessed a remarkable evolution in instrumentation. For example, one of the first instruments to be used routinely for science on Keck I was called NIRC, Near Infrared Camera. In 1994, its state-of-the-art infrared camera had 256 x 256 pixels, which provided a field of view of 38 x 38 seconds of arc on the sky. NIRC was the longest serving instrument at the observatory until its retirement a few years ago. NIRC contributed to numerous scientific discoveries ranging from drive us to make even better tools. I wonder, what dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt, to the black hole might the next 20 years bring? at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Delivered in 2012, the current infrared camera and multi-object spectrometer (MOSFIRE) has a modern infrared detector with 2048 x 2048 pixels, and its field of view spans more than 360 seconds of arc on the Above: Mike Aina attaches a mount for the antenna to the secondary sky. New digital imaging devices have also been mirror structure of Keck I, integral to automating aircraft detection for installed in LRIS and HIRES since the delivery of laser guide star adaptive optics. those workhorse instruments in the 1990s, and a Top right: Optics technician George Wall in the Mirror Barn which project already is under way to upgrade the OSIRIS stores Keck Observatory’s distinctive primary mirror segment spares. detectors. Middle right: Operations staff Steve Milner, Grant Hill, Mark Devenot and Andrew Cooper in the main hallway that connects the twin Keck Meanwhile, novel instruments, like the Cosmic Web telescopes at the summit facility. Imager, and new adaptive optics systems are in Bottom right: Summit crew Allen Agliam, Joe Gargiulo, Sky Hudek development. New instrumentation will inevitably and Eric Appleby transferring a mirror segment onto a handling cart in lead to new discoveries, and those discoveries will preparation for recoating in the mirror lab. 27

Funding Exploration: A Legacy of Scientific Excellence

A common bond that unites all humanity now and Through the years, our research organization has through the ages is our fascination and awe of successfully competed to earn significant support the night sky. Polynesian navigators looked to the from the major grant programs of the National stars for direction as they sailed the vast expanse of Science Foundation (NSF) to develop and implement the Pacific Ocean in search of new lands. Galileo new science capabilities. In addition, CARA’s sparked the tradition of creating tools like telescopes commitment to establishing an Advancement to observe and understand the mechanisms of the program has been successful in both enhancing Keck cosmos beyond what we could discern with our Observatory’s contact with the public and increasing naked eyes. Today’s astronomers continue this private support. The Advancement Team offers tradition of exploration with strategic applications distinctive ways for Friends of Keck Observatory to of the most powerful technologies added to giant meaningfully participate with their philanthropy, telescopes like those at the W. M. Keck Observatory. including a supernovae legacy society, naming opportunities and numerous campaigns to fund Made possible by capital grants totaling more than instrument upgrades and new capabilities. Since $138 million from the W. M. Keck Foundation, Keck the advancement program began in 2005, Keck Observatory is managed by the California Association Observatory has attracted 794 donors and more than for Research in Astronomy (CARA) established by $13 million in philanthropic contributions. its founding partners, the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. CARA In the original partnership agreement between was organized as a 501(c)(3) corporation in 1985 Caltech and the University of California, Keck exclusively for educational and charitable purposes. Observatory is guaranteed an annual base of The Keck I telescope began science operations operating support. This support was $13.4 million in 1993, followed by Keck II in 1996. The National in fiscal year 2013 and covered basic operations Aeronautics and Space Administration joined as a and modest maintenance costs for the summit partner in the Keck Observatory in 1996. and headquarters facilities. NASA contributed an additional $4.1 million for operations. During the past Today, Keck Observatory is recognized throughout year, Advancement contributed an additional the world as a premier research facility: its $1 million from individual gifts and private grants. technology and astronomical discoveries are The balance of the observatory’s funding support showcased in textbooks, the media and educational came from multiyear grants and new awards from programs. The commitment of the founding partners the NSF. and NASA to sustain Keck Observatory’s preeminence in astronomy is strong, and the engagement of The budget for the Keck Observatory for FY2014 new collaborators has increased both funding is $27.4 million. Audited financial statements opportunities and astronomers’ access, deepening are available upon request or directly from the the facility’s importance to the national astronomy observatory’s website at www.keckobservatory.org. system. 31 FUNDING 32 The W. M. Keck Observatory is grateful to the following individuals and organizations for their philanthropic support in 2013:

Universal Cosmic Stellar Associates Contributors $3,000 - $9,999 Benefactors Liz and Taft Armandroff $100,000 and above $10,000 - $99,999 Gerald Kitkousky Patricia and Richard Bader Linda Kristjanson and Joseph Kuypers Betty and Gordon Moore Richard C. Blum Thomas Blackburn Sara and Jon Kutler Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation Bredt Family Fund Blue Hawaiian Helicopters Carlton A. Lane The Bob & Renee Parsons Foundation California Institute of Technology Renee and William Brinkerhoff Zora and Les Charles Yen Yee and Paul Locklin Carol and Clive Davies Barbara and Glenn Britt Dipti and Rakesh Mathur The Fairmont Orchid Hawaii Ann and John Broadbent Milly and Mac Morris First Hawaiian Bank Janice Mori and Jon Castor Connie and Scott Neish Public Funding Eve Bernstein and Alex Gersznowicz Patti and Dave Chevalier Jane and Carl Panattoni Bonnie and Michael Hayden Debra and Ira Cohen Elaine and Hans Riddervold Sources in 2013 Bobbie J. and C. Wallace Hooser Randolph L. Craft Jeanne and Sanford Robertson Hualalai Investors LLC Sharlee and Peter Eising Barbara and Richard Rosenberg Hualalai Resort Susan and Robert Fischell Mitzie and Fred Ruiz Association of Universities Laurie and Jack Goldstein Joan and Richard Schleicher for Research in Astronomy M.R. and Evelyn Hudson Foundation Pam and Gary Jaffe Dave Griffin Deborah Miller Smith National Aeronautics and W. M. Keck Foundation Hawaiian Airlines and Bruce Smith Sylvia and Karl Hess Space Administration Rita and Arthur Levinson Lois and Bob Steele Anne and John Ryan Jaffe Estate Wines Swinburne Institute of Technology National Science Foundation Terry and Rob Ryan Valerie Gordon Johnson University of Hawaii / and Doug Johnson University of Hawaii Foundation University of California Michael Sack and John Saul TMT Observatory Corporation Marybee and James Johnston Chester Woodruff Foundation

Planetary Associates $1,500 - $2,999 Doris and Earl Bakken Barbara and Ron George Michael Richards Andrea Siegling-Blohm Deborah Goodwin Stephanie and Mark Robinson and Guenter Blohm Pam and David Hakman Science Camps of America Rosalind and Stephen Butterfield Sue and Dick Humphries Sandee and Dale Sebring Peggy and Bill Cameron Linda and Doug Lanterman Ethan Tweedie Celestron Joanne and Jonathan Lindeke University of California CERN Suzanne Hill and Mike Luce at Los Angeles Cheeryble Foundation Calli and Robert McCaw University of California Nathalie and David Cowan OPT Telescopes at Santa Cruz Barbara Whiteside Crary Hannah and Lyle Packard Craig Weatherwax and John Crary Lori Pearce Dr. Marcia Wishnick and Karen and Frank Dabby Susan and Terry Poiriez Mr. Stanley Wishnick Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea Pearl Radnitz 33 FUNDING More Friends of Keck Observatory Anonymous (2) Carol and Philip Boone Marilyn and John Dougery Patsy and David Heffel Hiromi Komiya and Paul Agarwal Marie and Bruce Botnick Andrew Dubois Judith and Hantz Hummelt Shrinivas Kulkarni Airgas USA LLC Debra Boyce Ron and Arlene Dudeck Dorothy and Harold Hyde Barbara and James Lago Eleanor and David Ammen Rex Breunsbach Valerie and Charles Elachi Institute for Astronomy at Elizabeth and Ron Laub Zett Elyss Amora Marjorie Helme-Brother and Barbara and Richard Ellis University of Hawaii Tomoe and Ira Leitel Elaine and Rodney Anderson James Brother Doris Haney-Erickson and Island Thyme Gourmet Barbara Fischlowitz-Leong Joy and Bob Appleman John Browne Christopher Erickson William Jahnke and Michael Leong Cynthia and Jeff Atherton William Byrnes Sandra and Andrew Faber Jefferson County Sue and Dick Levy Michael Balale Roy Carvalho Carolyn Zecca-Ferris and School District Clifford Livermore H. Rigel Barber Linda and James Clifford Timothy Ferris Jackie and Steve Jefferson Marlene and Katherine and The Club at Hokuli’a Susan and John Fiore Susan Johns Sandy Louchheim Eric Baumgartner Ginny and Hal Cogger Garner Foley Eileen and Kenneth Kaplan Cathy Lynn Dayna and Kapono Beamer Susan Collins Roxanne Ford Cynthia Roher and Carol and Dennis Markos Steven Beckwith Con Amor Foundation Judy and Monty Frost Thomas Kapp Dawn and Gerry Martin Ellen Miyasato and Diane and James Cowles Susan Pekarsky Gary Patricia and Marc Kassis Jane Sherwood and John Benjes David Cowley Peggy and Peter Georgas Clare and Howard Keck, Jr. Robert K. Masuda Big Island Water Maria Cranor Karl Glazebrook Kerrill and Don Kephart Leslie and Richard Matsuda Walter Jost and Robert Binder Kathleen and Gerry Damon Carmen and John Marsha and Tom Kerley Mauna Lani Bay Blue Dragon Coastal Cuisine & Sandra Dawson Gottschalk Foundation Cheryl and Mike Kessler Hotel and Bungalows Musiquarium Catherine and Katherine Grainger Michele and Bob Kibrick Claire Max Kelly Weisberg and Terry DeJournett Cheryl and Thomas Hansen Megan Kissinger Jane and Howard Mayo George Blumenthal Mustafa Dirilten Joanne and Jon Harmelin Paul E. Koehler Samuel McClung Ann Boesgaard Elaine and Paul Dobinson Carol McCormack and Gregory A. Koestering Consuelo McHugh Chai and Maurice Boissiere Paul Dolinsky S. Dyer Harris Michele and John Kuelbs Jan and Ian McLean Diana and Andrew Bonnici James and Charlyn Dote Vicky Hasty Barbara Kuhns MCS International

34 Kathleen and Andrew Mecca The Snyder Family Foundation Lana Merkel Mary Anna and Tom Soifer “Having the Keck telescopes on the Merriman’s Restaurant Hawaii The Solomon Foundation Big Island means that I can retire in Patricia Dilworth and Elizabeth and David Sonne paradise and still be involved in new Bruce Miller Helen Stewart John Moore Alice and Edward Stone scientific discoveries. We have the Frank Morgan Priscilla Studholme world’s premier telescopes on our Patricia Mrazek Margie and Dennis Sullivan doorstep and the world’s foremost Sage and Michael Mumma John Sullivan scientists to teach us all about their Lilian and D.B. Murray Swallows Inn Foundation Michele and Jim Naylor The Swig Foundation work: stars, galaxies, exoplanets, black Steve Nordeck Mercedes Talley holes, dark matter, dark energy – it’s Oceania Cruises Carolyn Stewart and so exciting. Keck Observatory not Virginia Tormey and David Tarnas only enriches my own life, it makes Adegboyega Osun Marjorie and Hawaii a leading astronomical center Packard Research Foundation Robert Templeton Xavier Pecquery Angie and Tom Thornbury and opens the Universe for all here to Riley & Nancy Pleas Ellen and Jack Toigo explore.” —Elaine Dobinson Family Foundation Tommy Bahama Restaurant Janice and James Prochaska Stefania Tutino and Elaine, seen here with Keck Observatory controller Gavin Sebastian at Susan and Paul Prudler Tommaso Treu Purrcynth Doane and Joe Triggs Keck Week, was formerly with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Dave Radovich Kristi and Jon Tronc California. She is a member of Keck Observatory’s Guidestars, a volunteer Katherine Loo and University of California corps that educates and informs guests to the Keck headquarters visitor Jim Raughton Christina Valentino center in Waimea. Red Water Cafe Henry Van de Velde Candace and Robert Reuss Darik Velez Trudy and Terry Rose Victoria A. Velez Roy’s Waikoloa Bar & Grill Volcano Island Liza Saguto Honey Company Ashish Sahni Parry and Chad Walter Maureen and Sal Salmi Scott Waugh Neil Sandvik Valerie Kim and Margarita and Gerald Weldon Thomas Scheffel John Wetherby Gretchen and Amy and Edward White Richard Scheumann Jeanie and Jerald Wigdortz Barbara and Thomas Schmidt Barbara and Ron Winters Marcia Schwarz Allison and Daniel Wohl Crystal and Gavin Sebastian Marcia Wythes Kelly and Mark Senft Dilling and Henry Yang Robert and Annarie Judy and Mark Yudof Shallenberger Sheraton Kona Resort and Spa at Keauhou Bay Teri Sherrow Team Advancement (from left to Mary and Jas Singh right Joan Campbell, Ron Laub, Mark Sirota Bill Healy, Steve Jefferson and Smithsonian Museums Debbie Goodwin) on the slope of Terri and Michael Smooke Mauna Loa, seeking perspective. 35 FUNDING Inspiring Imagination From the As evidenced by the Director’s Letter and the News stories and articles were published worldwide beginning, science and technology feature articles published including in Time Magazine and the New York in this report, Keck Observatory’s discoveries about Times as well as an incredible, 8-page spread in the the mission of our Universe alongside our unsurpassed technical Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Building on this worldwide the W . M . Keck innovations continue to make this the premier attention, we hosted several film and news teams to Observatory has observatory on Earth. document the work from our facility, including CNN, been elegantly the BBC, National Public Radio, Public Broadcasting simple: “To On March 16, 1993, Keck I gathered the first System and Time. scientific data from the summit of Mauna Kea. To advance the acknowledge 20 years of revolutionary science Throughout 2013 the well-attended Astronomy frontiers of since that first moment, Friends of Keck Observatory Talks program continued, hosting five public astronomy conceived and hosted a unique experience events at the Kahilu Theatre and Gates Performing and share our called Keck Week. It was a series of programs to Arts Center. Subjects ranged from our newest commemorate all that has been accomplished. instrument, MOSFIRE, to black holes and the fate of discoveries, Attendees celebrated not only the science from the Universe; all of these are archived on the Keck inspiring the Keck Observatory, but also the brightest minds in website. imagination of all.” astronomy alongside our country’s most significant scientific philanthropists. These Astronomy Talks were given by Drs. Benjamin Zuckerman, Guenther Hasinger, Ian McLean, Charles To encourage supporters of the Keck Observatory Beichman, and closing the season with a special to attend Keck Week 2013, an integrated marketing presentation on Polynesian wayfinding by Master approach was strategically enacted, heavily involving Navigator Kalepa Babyan. social media. This translated into over 2000 guests participating in Keck Week 2013 and nearly $1 Patrons of Keck Observatory, in addition to million raised in private support to further Keck participating in the 20th Anniversary Keck Week Observatory’s technology. One of the many benefits presentations, received invitations to Evenings with of this anniversary event was that Keck Observatory Astronomers, a by-invitation-only lecture series won the Best Social Media Campaign award in sponsored by the Rob and Terry Ryan Foundation to Hawaii for 2013 from Pacific Edge Magazine. build community and philanthropic support for Keck

Facing page, far right, from top to bottom: Astronomers Mike Brown, Andrea Ghez and Geoff Marcy, Raja GuhaThakurta, Alex Filippenko, and Richard Ellis were some of the world-renowned scientists who participated in Keck Week 2013. 36 Observatory. Evenings with Astronomers in 2013 featured presentations by astronomers Evan Kirby, Shrinivas Kulkarni and Imke de Pater.

In the digital realm, we launched a completely KECK OBSERVATORY redesigned website that hosted DIGITAL REACH 225,000 unique visitors in 224,630 UNIQUE SESSIONS 157,237 UNIQUE VISITORS FY13, increased our fan base 592,403 PAGEVIEWS on Facebook by more than half, and more than doubled the number of people we communicate with on Twitter.

Local outreach was active as well, with Keck Observatorystaff providing education programs to children from several schools including Ka Umeke Kaeo PCS, Kona Christian Academy, Kanu O Ka Aina, West Hawaii Explorations Academy and the Upward Bound Program.

Finally, one of the most important features of our commitment to share and inspire is our Visitor Center volunteer program at our headquarters facility in Kamuela. Keck Observatory’s Guidestars are composed of outstanding and highly qualified docents who introduce visitors of all ages and backgrounds to the wonderment that is Keck Observatory. 37 INSPIRATION Welcome To Our Universe Keck Week 2013

The diverse sites and people that participated at our Open House in 38 March remind us how extraordinary Keck Observatory is. INSPIRATION page 40 KECK OBSERVATORY SCIENTIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY 2013 Science: Science Physical Review D:PhysicalReviewD PASP: Publications of theAstronomical Societyof thePacific PASJ: Publications of theAstronomical Societyof Japan Nature: Nature MNRAS: MonthlyNoticesof theRoyalAstronomical Society Icarus: Icarus Astrophysics andSpaceScience: andSpaceScience Astonomy Letters:Astronomy Letters ApJS: TheAstrophysical JournalSupplement ApJ: TheAstrophysical Journal AJ: TheAstronomical Journal A&A: Astronomy &Astrophysics Key toPublications: Alexander, D.; Stern, D.; D.; Stern, Alexander, Aliu, E.; Archambault, S.; Arlen, T.; Arlen, S.; Archambault, E.; Aliu, J.; G.; Marcy, Winn, S.; Albrecht, Absil, O.; Defrère, D.; D.; Defrère, O.; Absil, Refereed publications FY2013 Bibliography Science Agarwal, J.; Jewitt, D.; Weaver, H. J.; Jewitt, Agarwal, Agafonova, I.; Levshakov, S.; S.; Levshakov, I.; Agafonova, Pater, de M.; I.; Ádámkovics, 11 771 ApJ ApJ 759 102 ApJ LAT Blazars Bright, Hard-Spectrum Fermi- VERITAS of Six Observations al. et 125 773 ApJ Background Population X-ray Cosmic High-energy the at Look Sensitive AFirst Survey: NuSTAR Extragalactic The al. et A.; Moro, Del Compact Multiplanet Systems in Obliquities Stellar Low al. et 769 46 ApJ P/2010 A2 Tail Asteroid the in Active of ofDynamics Fragments Large Coudé du Foresto, V.; Foresto, du al. et Coudé A&A A83 552 z~2 at redshift field ionization intergalactic the of Fluctuations D.; al. et Reimers, 309 342 Science Astrophysics and Space Impact Deep Tempel 1during 9P/ comet in C_3 of excitation rotational changing The Spinrad, H. A&A A104 555 CHARA/FLUOR with observed 42 stars on based statistics First III. stars. debris-disc of survey A near-infrared interferometric

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Villanueva, G.; Mumma, M.; Williams, K.; Howell, S.; Yuan, T.; Kewley, L.; Swinbank, A.; EDITOR/WRITER PHOTO CREDITS Novak, R.; et al. Liebert, J.; et al. Richard, J. Debbie Goodwin (t = top, b = bottom, l = left, A sensitive search for organics Time-resolved Spectroscopy The A2667 Giant Arc at z = of the Polar EU Cancri in the 1.03: Evidence for Large-Scale m = middle, r = right) (CH4, CH3OH, H2CO, C2H6, Open Cluster Messier 67 Shocks at High Redshift C2H2, C2H4), hydroperoxyl ADDITIONAL WRITERS AJ 145 129 2013 May ApJ 759 66 2012 November (HO2), nitrogen compounds Taft Armandroff Andrew Cooper/WMKO: 5, (N O, NH , HCN) and chlorine 2 3 Williams, K.; Winget, D; Yuan, T.; Kewley, L.; Rich, J. Robert Goodrich 7, 17, 22, 27l, 27br, 32 species (HCl, CH Cl) on 3 Montgomery, M.; et al. Systematics in Metallicity Mars using ground-based Steve Jefferson Photometric Variability in a Gradient Measurements I: Debbie Goodwin/WMKO: 47 high-resolution infrared Angular Resolution, Signal-to- Katherine Kornei Warm, Strongly Magnetic Andrew Hara: 6, 23l, 24-25, spectroscopy DQ White Dwarf, SDSS Noise and Annuli Binning Hilton Lewis Icarus 223 11 2013 March J103655.39+652252.2 ApJ 767 106 2013 April Ian McLean 26, 27tr, 27mr, 34, 36, ApJ 769 123 2013 June Walker, E.; Hachinger, S.; Yuan, T.; Kewley, L.; Richard, J. Back Cover Mazzali, P.; et al. Wright, E.; Skrutskie, M.; The Metallicity Evolution of CONTRIBUTORS Steve Jefferson/WMKO: 18 Studying the diversity of Type Kirkpatrick, J.; et al. Star-Forming Galaxies from AND SUPPORT Ia supernovae in the ultraviolet: A T8.5 Brown Dwarf Member of Redshift 0 to 3: Combining Ron Laub/WMKO: 35b Comparing models with the Xi Ursae Majoris System Magnitude Limited Survey with Joan Campbell observations AJ 145 84 2013 March Gravitational Lensing ‘Ena media Hawaii Ken Moore: 21 MNRAS 427 103 ApJ 763 9 2013 January Peggi Kamisato 2012 November Wright, J.; Roy, A.; Ric Noyle: Cover, 11, 23r, Mahadevan, S.; et al. Zaninoni, E.; Bernardini, M.; Jeff Mader 28-29 Wang, S.; Wright, J.; Cochran, W.; MARVELS-1: A face-on double- Margutti, R.; et al. Meredith Prock Gamma-ray burst optical light- Ethan Tweedie: 4, 19, 20, 30, et al. lined binary star masquerading Margarita Scheffel The Discovery of HD 37605c as a resonant planetary system; curve zoo: Comparison with 35t, 37, 38-39 and a Dispositive Null Detection and consideration of rare false X-ray observations of Transits of HD 37605b positives in radial velocity A&A 557 A12 2013 September GRAPHIC DESIGN ApJ 761 46 2012 December planet searches Zauderer, B.; Berger, E.; Waimea Instant Printing ApJ 770 119 2013 June Margutti, R.; et al. Wardlow, J.; Cooray, A.; Yan, L.; Donoso, E.; Tsai, C.; et al. Illuminating the Darkest De Bernardis, F.; et al. Gamma-Ray Bursts with Radio HerMES: Candidate Characterizing the Mid-IR Extragalactic Sky with WISE and Observations Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies ApJ 767 161 2013 April and Lensing Statistics at SDSS Submillimeter Wavelengths AJ 145 55 2013 March Zuckerman, B.; Xu, S.; Klein, B.; Jura, M. ApJ 762 59 2013 January Yang, L.; Kirby, E.; The Hyades Cluster: Guhathakurta, P.; et al. Weiss, L.; Marcy, G.; Rowe, J.; et al. Identification of a Planetary Measuring Detailed Chemical The Mass of KOI-94d and a System and Escaping White Relation for Planet Radius, Abundances from Co-added Dwarfs Medium-resolution Spectra. I. Mass, and Incident Flux ApJ 770 140 2013 June Tests Using Milky Way Dwarf ApJ 768 14 2013 May Spheroidal Galaxies and Zurita, A.; Bresolin, F. Weisskopf, M.; Tennant, A.; Globular Clusters The chemical abundance in Arons, J.; et al. ApJ 768 4 2013 May M31 from HII regions Chandra, Keck, and VLA MNRAS 427 1463 Yong, D.; Norris, J.; Bessell, M.; 2012 December Observations of the Crab et al. Nebula during the 2011-April The Most Metal-Poor Stars. Gamma-Ray Flare III. The Metallicity Distribution ApJ 765 56 2013 March Function and CEMP Fraction ApJ 762 27 2013 January Werk, J.; Prochaska, J.; Thom, C.; et al. Yong, D.; Norris, J.; Bessell, M.; The COS-Halos Survey: An et al. Empirical Description of the The Most Metal-Poor Stars. II. Metal-Line Absorption in the Chemical Abundances of 190 Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Metal-Poor Stars Including 10 Medium New Stars With [Fe/H]<-3.5 ApJS 204 17 2013 February ApJ 762 26 2013 January For more information contact: Debbie Goodwin Director of Advancement 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway Kamuela, Hawai‘i 96743 808.881.3814 www.keckobservatory.org