DOCSLIB.ORG

Madison's Hope: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Design of Electoral Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Madison's Hope: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Design of Electoral Systems University at Buffalo School of Law Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship 2000 Madison's Hope: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Design of Electoral Systems James A. Gardner University at Buffalo School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Election Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation James A. Gardner, Madison's Hope: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Design of Electoral Systems, 86 Iowa L. Rev. 87 (2000). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/207 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MADISON'S HOPE: VIRTUE, SELF- INTEREST, AND THE DESIGN OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS James A. Gardnd INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 89 I. THE ATrACK ON WINNER-TAKE-ALL ELECTORAL SSTMuS .................. 95 A. WM R-TAKE-ALL ELECTORAL SYS IS.................................... 95 B. THE PR ALTERNATVE .................................................................. 97 C. DFMANDS FOR PROPORTIONALITy .................................................. 98 II. PLURALISM AND PROPORTIONALrY ...................................................... 104 A. INTERESTPLURAUSM ...................................................... .......... 105 B. THE PLURAJISTIC PREFERENCEFOR PROPORTIO I'y ..................... 107 III. WINNER-TAKE-ALL AND THE PoLrIcs OF VIRTUE ................................. 110 A. STAADARDDFFESFS OF WINANER-TAKE-ALL ...................................... 110 B. VIRTUE AID THE BASIS OF IMIER-TAKE-ALL ................................... 114 1. The Basic Inheritance ........................................................... 115 a. The Objectivity of the Common Good .................................... 115 b. Politics as a Politics of Virtue ............................................... 120 2. The Epistemological Problem ............................................... 126 a. Republicanism: Wise and Virtuous Representatives............... 126 b. Populism:A Wise and Virtuous People................................. 130 c. Justificationsfor Majority Rule ............................................ 137 3. Winner-Take-All: Electoral System for a Politics of Virtue... 142 IV. THE IMPOSSiBILl OF MADISON'S HOPE .............................................. 148 A. M ADISON'S H OPE............................................................................ 150 B. CHOOSE WEM usT .......................................................................... 154 Professor of Law, Western New England College School of Law. BA. 1980, Yale Unicrsit%;J.D. 1984, University of Chicago. My thanks to Dick Cole, Rick Hasen, Rick Pildes. and the participants in faculty colloquia at Florida State University College of Law and Western New England College School of Law for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier drafts. Thanks also to Dean Donald Dunn for providing financial support, and to Pat Newcombe of the Western New England College Law Library and Anne Blanford for research assistance. 88 86 IOWA LAWREVIEW [2000] 1. Electoral Systems and the Politics of Virtue ......................... 155 a. Republicanism.................................................................... 155 b. Populism............................................................................ 160 2. Electoral Systems and the Politics of Self-Interest ................ 162 3. Sum m ary ................................................................................ 166 V. CONCLUSIONS: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE 21sT CENTURY ......... 167 MADISON'S HOPE INTRODUCTION In recent years, perhaps no institution of American governance has been so thoroughly and consistently excoriated by legal theorists as the familiar American system of winner-take-all elections. In the most common kind of winner-take-all system, multimember government bodies are elected by dividing the relevant jurisdiction into as many election districts as there are seats to be filled. Candidates for office compete separately in each district and, typically, the candidate with the highest vote total in each district is elected. In the last decade, legal theorists have condemned this method of election as "simple-minded,"' "crude,"2 and "illegitimate."' The winner-take-all system is said to "waste votes,"' lead to "majority monopolization" of political power,5 and cause the "underrepresentation" and consequent "social and economic subordination"' of political minorities. According to its critics, the winner-take-all electoral system is worse than merely "unfair."7 The system grievously injures politics itself by undermining the electoral accountability of government officials, depressing levels of political competition, and discouraging voter mobilization! The winner-take-all system, according to its critics, thus subverts the very popular sovereignty it purports to serve. Legal theorists are hardly alone in their condemnation of the winner- take-all electoral system. The great majority of political scientists seem to agree that it is a peculiarly bad system of democratic self-governance. Political scientists have argued, for example, that the winner-take-all electoral system unfairly denies representation to those who vote for losing candidates;9 causes politicians to adopt shifting and ill-defined positions on 1. LANi GUINIER, THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY 101 (1994) (hereinafter GuI.E.R, TYRANNY]. 2. Pamela S. Karlan, Undoing the Right Thing. Single,.nnbtr Offices and the Voting Rigts Act, 77 VA. L REv. 1, 11 (1991) [hereinafter Karlan, Undoing]. 3. GuiiER, TYRANNY, supranote 1, at 79. 4. l& at 121, 134-35. 5. Karlan, Undoing,supra note 2, at 9. 6. Samuel Issacharoff, Polaied Voting and the Political Process: The Transfonraion of Vling RightsJurisprudene 90 MICH. L REV. 1833, 1837, 1849 (1992) [hereinafter Issacharoff, Poamted Voting]. 7. Lani Guinier, No Two Seats: The Elusive Questfor PoliticalEqualiy, 77 VA. L REv. 1413, 1429 (1991). 8. GUINIER, TIRANNY, supra note 1, at 79. 9. E.g., DOUGLAS J. AMY, REAL CHOIcEs/NEW VOICEs: THE CASE FOR PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ELEcTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES ch. 1 (1993); STLvEJ. BRASIS & PETER C. FISHBURN, APPROVAL VOTING 1-3 (1983); ENID LAKLEmAN, POWER TO ELEcT: THE CASE FOR PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION 22, 166 (1982); ROrIERT A. NMIAND. CO I AELATIVE ELECTORALSsTEiS 11, 21 (1982). Seegeneral, GARY W. COX, MAKING VOTEs COUNT: SrnATECIc COORDINATION IN THE WORLD'S ELEcTORAI. SNhTEMS (1997). 86 IOWA LAWREVIEW [2000] important political issues; ° installs a permanent monopoly of the two major political parties;" results in a racially, ethnically, and ideologically homogeneous legislature;12 and ultimately raises unnecessarily the possibility of majoritarian factional tyranny."3 As one recent critic has summed things up, "An electoral system in a democracy is required to perform two functions-first, to ensure that the majority rules, and second to ensure that all significant minorities are represented. Plurality and majoritarian [winner- take-all] systems of election fail to achieve either of these two aims." 4 The winner-take-all system, then, cannot accomplish the only goals an electoral system is ever called upon to accomplish; it is, on this view, quite literally good for nothing. In spite of these criticisms, it seems clear that there is virtually no chance that Americans will soon abandon the winner-take-all system in favor of its chief rival and the overwhelming favorite of its critics, proportional representation (PR). Frequently hailed as the remedy for many of the American political system's ills,'5 PR electoral systems aim to assure that candidates for multimember governmental bodies or, in some versions, the political parties fielding candidates, win seats in direct proportion to their support among the electorate. '6 Despite a century-and-a-half of advocacy by political theorists in favor of PR, 7 the winner-take-all electoral system enjoys an almost complete monopoly among American jurisdictions. It is presently used to elect Congress," every state legislature, and virtually every local 10. AMIY, supra note 9, ch. 3. 11. Id. ch. 4; KATHLEEN L. BARBER, PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION AND ELECTION REFORM IN OHIO 34 (1995). 12. SeeAMfY, supra note 9, chs. 5-6; BARBER, supranote 11, at 299-303. 13. For example, see BARBER, supra note 11, at 13 and ROBERT G. DIXONJR., DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION: REAPPORTIONMENT IN LAW AND POLITICS 41 (1968). 14. Vernon Bogdanor, First-Past-the-Post:An Electoral System Which is Difficult to Defend, 34 REPRESENTATION 80, 80 (1997). 15. See AtY, supra note 9, for an especially enthusiastic and wide-ranging endorsement of the benefits of Proportional Representation (PR). An earlier example of scholarly endorsement is GEORGE H. HALLETr,JR., PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION-THE KEY TO DEMOCRACY (1937). 16. See infra, Part I.B, for a fuller discussion of PR. 17. PR in its modern form was invented by Thomas Hare in the 1850s. SeeTHOMAS HARE, TREATISE ON THE ELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVES PARLIAMENTARY AND MUNICIPAL (1859). John Stuart Mill, impressed by Hare's analysis, took up the issue
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forming a Government in the Event of a Hung Parliament: the UK's Recognition Rules in Comparative
    Forming a government in the event of a hung parliament The UK’s recognition rules in comparative context Petra Schleiter Department of Politics and International Relations University of Oxford Valerie Belu Department of Politics and International Relations University of Oxford (Graduate Student) Robert Hazell The Constitution Unit University College London May 2016 ISBN: 978-1-903903-73-5 Published by: The Constitution Unit School of Public Policy University College London 29-31 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9QU United Kingdom Tel: 020 7679 4977 Fax: 020 7679 4978 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/ Department of Politics and International Relations Manor Road Building Manor Road Oxford OX1 3UQ United Kingdom Tel: 01865 278700 Email: [email protected] Web: www.politics.ox.ac.uk © The Constitution Unit, UCL & DPIR, University of Oxford 2016 This report is sold subject to the condition that is shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. First Published May 2016 Front cover image copyright Crown Copyright/ Number 10 Flickr 2009 Contents Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 The need for clearer rules on government formation ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Afterlife: the Onc Tinuing Impact of Thailand’S Post-Political Constitution Tom Ginsburg
    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Working Papers 2008 Constitutional Afterlife: The onC tinuing Impact of Thailand’s Post-Political Constitution Tom Ginsburg Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ public_law_and_legal_theory Part of the Law Commons Chicago Unbound includes both works in progress and final versions of articles. Please be aware that a more recent version of this article may be available on Chicago Unbound, SSRN or elsewhere. Recommended Citation Tom Ginsburg, "Constitutional Afterlife: The onC tinuing Impact of Thailand’s Post-Political Constitution" (University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper No. 252, 2008). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Working Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 252 CONSTITUTIONAL AFTERLIFE: THE CONTINUING IMPACT OF THAILAND’S POST‐POLITICAL CONSTITUTION Tom Ginsburg THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO November 2008 This paper can be downloaded without charge at the Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html and The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection. Constitutional Afterlife: The Continuing Impact of Thailand’s Post-Political Constitution Tom Ginsburg∗ Forthcoming, International Journal of Constitutional Law, January 2009 Thailand’s constitution of 1997 introduced profound changes into the country’s governance, creating a “postpolitical” democratic structure in which an intricate array of guardian institutions served to limit the role of elected politicians.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Challenges at the Centre of Government: Coalition Situations and Government Transitions
    SIGMA Papers No. 22 Management Challenges at the Centre of Government: OECD Coalition Situations and Government Transitions https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kml614vl4wh-en Unclassified CCET/SIGMA/PUMA(98)1 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques OLIS : 10-Feb-1998 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Dist. : 11-Feb-1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Or. Eng. SUPPORT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (SIGMA) A JOINT INITIATIVE OF THE OECD/CCET AND EC/PHARE Unclassified CCET/SIGMA/PUMA Cancels & replaces the same document: distributed 26-Jan-1998 ( 98 ) 1 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AT THE CENTRE OF GOVERNMENT: COALITION SITUATIONS AND GOVERNMENT TRANSITIONS SIGMA PAPERS: No. 22 Or. En 61747 g . Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format CCET/SIGMA/PUMA(98)1 THE SIGMA PROGRAMME SIGMA — Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries — is a joint initiative of the OECD Centre for Co-operation with the Economies in Transition and the European Union’s Phare Programme. The initiative supports public administration reform efforts in thirteen countries in transition, and is financed mostly by Phare. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation of 29 democracies with advanced market economies. The Centre channels the Organisation’s advice and assistance over a wide range of economic issues to reforming countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Phare provides grant financing to support its partner countries in Central and Eastern Europe to the stage where they are ready to assume the obligations of membership of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legislature
    6 The Legislature Key Terms Ad hoc Committees (p. 241) Also known as a working legislative committee, whose mandate is time-limited. Adjournment (p. 235) The temporary suspension of a legislative sitting until it reconvenes. Auditor General (p. 228) An independent officer responsible for auditing and reporting to the legislature regarding a government’s spending and operations. Backbenchers (p. 225) Rank-and-file legislators without cabinet responsibilities or other special legislative titles or duties. Bicameral legislature (p. 208) A legislative body consisting of two chambers (or “houses”). Bill (p. 241) A piece of draft legislation tabled in the legislature. Budget (p. 236) A document containing the government’s projected revenue, expenditures, and economic forecasts. Budget Estimates (p. 237) The more detailed, line-by-line statements of how each department will treat revenues and expenditures. By-election (p. 208) A district-level election held between general elections. Coalition government (p. 219) A hung parliament in which the cabinet consists of members from more than one political party. Committee of the Whole (p. 241) Another name for the body of all legislators. Confidence convention (p. 208)The practice under which a government must relinquish power when it loses a critical legislative vote. Inside Canadian Politics © Oxford University Press Canada, 2016 Contempt (p. 224) A formal denunciation of a member’s or government’s unparliamentary behaviour by the speaker. Consensus Government (p. 247) A system of governance that operates without political parties. Crossing the floor (p. 216) A situation in which a member of the legislature leaves one political party to join another party.
    [Show full text]
  • How Electoral Agency Shapes the Political Logic of Costs and Benefits
    Coalition Parties versus Coalitions of Parties: How Electoral Agency Shapes the Political Logic of Costs and Benefits by Kathleen Bawn Department of Political Science UCLA and Frances Rosenbluth Department of Political Science Yale University Draft 1.10 August 2002 Abstract This paper argues that governments formed from post-election coalitions (majority coalition governments in PR systems) and pre-election coalitions (majority parties in SMD systems) aggregate the interests of voters in systematically different ways. We show that the multiple policy dimensional policy space that emerges from PR rules motivate parties in the government coalition to logroll projects among themselves without internalizing the costs of those projects in the same way that a majoritarian party would be forced to do. The size of government should therefore tend to be larger in PR systems. We further show that, although centrifugal electoral incentives dominate in PR systems, some incentives towards coalescence across groups and across parties exist through the greater likelihood that large parties have in becoming a member of a minimal winning coalition of parties. This paper was prepared for presentation at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, held in Boston, Massachusetts, August 28-September 2. Frances Rosenbluth would like to thank the Yale Provost Office and the Yale Leitner Program in International Political Economy for funding. We gratefully acknowledge the able research assistance of Abbie Erler and Mathias Hounpke in conducting this research. Introduction Democratic government is government by coalition. In many parliamentary systems, governments are explicit multi-party coalitions. Even in cases of single party government, a party that wins a parliamentary majority represents -- almost by definition -- a coalition of interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Coalition Formation and the Regime Divide in Central Europe
    Program on Central & Eastern Europe Working Paper Series #52, j\Tovember 1999 Coalition Formation and the Regime Divide in Central Europe Anna Grzymala-Busse· Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University Cambridge, lvlA 02138 Abstract The study examines the formation of coalitions in East Central Europe after the democratic transi­ tions of 1989. Existing explanations of coalition formations, which focus on either office-seeking and minimum wmning considerations, or on policy-seeking and spatial ideological convergence. However, they fail to account for the coalition patterns in the new democracies of East Central Europe. Instead, these parties' flrst goal is to develop clear and consistent reputations. To that end, they will form coalitions exclusively within the two camps of the regime divide: that is, amongst par­ ties stemming from the former communist parties, and those with roots in the former opposition to the communist regimes. The two corollaries are that defectors are punished at unusually high rates, and the communist party successors seek, rather than are sought for, coalitions. This model explains 85% of the coalitions that formed in the region after 1989. The study then examines the communist successor parties, and how their efforts illustrate these dynamics . • I would like to thank Grzegorz Ekiert, Gary King, Kenneth Shepsle, Michael Tomz, and the participants ofthe Faculty Workshop at Yale University for their helpful comments. 2 I. Introduction The patterns of coalition fonnation in East Central Europe are as diverse as they are puzzling. Since the ability to fonn stable governing coalitions is a basic precondition of effective democratic governance in multi-party parliamentary systems, several explanations have emerged of how political parties fonn such coalitions.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority Governments and Party Politics: the Political and Institutional Background to the “Danish Miracle”
    Minority Governments and Party Politics: The Political and Institutional Background to the “Danish Miracle” Christoffer Green-Pedersen 01/1 Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Paulstrasse 3 50676 Köln Germany Telephone 02 21/27 67 - 0 Fax 0221/2767-555 MPIfG Discussion Paper 01/1 E-Mail [email protected] ISSN 0944–2073 Home Page http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de March 2001 Green-Pedersen: Political and Institutional Background to the “Danish Miracle” 2 Abstract The performance of the Danish economy in the 1990s has been successful to the extent that scholars are talking about a “Danish miracle”. The importance of gov- ernment policies to Denmark’s economic success is taken as a point of departure in investigating why Danish governments have been able to govern the economy successfully in the 1990s. The paper argues that two factors have been important. First, the functioning of Danish parliamentarianism has been reshaped to strengthen the bargaining position of minority governments, which became the rule in Danish politics after the landslide election in 1973. Today, Danish minor- ity governments can enter agreements with changing coalitions in the Danish parliament. The paper thus challenges the conventional wisdom about minority governments as weak in terms of governing capacity. Second, the changed socio- economic strategy of the Social Democrats after returning to power in 1993 has been important because it has created a political consensus around a number of controversial reforms. Zusammenfassung Der Erfolg der dänischen Wirtschaft in den 90er Jahren lässt Fachleute von einem „dänischen Wunder“ sprechen. Die große Bedeutung der Regierungspolitik für den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg Dänemarks dient als Ausgangspunkt für eine Unter- suchung der Bestimmungsfaktoren der erfolgreichen Wirtschaftspolitik däni- scher Regierungen in den 90er Jahren.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Performance and Political Coordination in the Portuguese
    Economic Performance and Political Coordination in Portugal’s “Dry” Political System Carlos Pereira (Corresponding author) Michigan State University and São Paulo School of Economics – FGV Department of Political Science Michigan State University 303 South Kedzie Hall East Lansing-MI 48824 Phone: (517) 353-1686 E-mail: [email protected] Shane Singh McGill University Department of Political Science Room 414, Leacock Building, 855 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T7 Canada Phone: (514) 398-4400 ext. 514.398.4805 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract We posit that sound, growth-promoting economic policy is more likely to be formulated when major political players have incentives to cooperate. Using Portugal as an arena to test this theory, we provide an in depth analysis of its policymaking environment, finding that Portuguese institutional arrangements are what we term “dry.” That is, they are not well suited to provide incentives for cooperation among actors in the policymaking process. Portugal has had difficulty sustaining economic growth in the long term. Our arguments are supported with both contextual analyses and a statistical examination, in which we find a strong link between single-party majority government and positive economic and fiscal performance. These findings have broad implications for democratic economies across the world. January 26, 2010 1. Introduction Existing institutional theories predict policy rigidity when policy space is characterized by several strong actors with significant policy differences. Such actors are often referred to as “veto players” (see, for example, Tsebelis 2002). The underlying assumption is that political fragmentation increases transaction costs and reduces the size of a possible winset that could beat the status quo, thus limiting the probability of policy change.
    [Show full text]
  • Extension of the Portfolio Allocation Model To
    4/5/2004 3:28:46 PM EXTENSION OF THE PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION MODEL TO SURPLUS MAJORITY GOVERNMENTS: A THEORETICALLY SALIENT CASE STUDY Terry D. Clark Department of Political Science Creighton Unviersity Omaha, NE 68123 [email protected] and Nerijus Prekevičius Baltic and East European Graduate School Stockholm, University Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] EXTENSION OF THE PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION MODEL TO SURPLUS MAJORITY GOVERNMENTS: A THEORETICALLY SALIENT CASE STUDY Abstract Scholars have long studied the conditions under which the cabinet making process will result in minority, surplus majority, or minimum-winning governing coalitions in parliamentary systems. A recent contribution, Laver and Shepsle's portfolio allocation model, argues that surplus majority coalitions can only form when the number of salient policy dimensions in the political system is greater than two. We argue that majority surplus coalitions can result when there are only two salient policy dimensions and a merely strong party, not able to win a standoff, can obtain a government occupying a policy position closest to its ideal point by dividing policy jurisdictions across two or more cabinet positions. The 1996 surplus majority in the Lithuanian Seimas illustrates our argument. The Challenge In political systems in which government formation and survival depends upon the legislature, governing coalitions of political parties are necessary when no political party commands an absolute majority. The process of cabinet making in such systems may result in a parliamentary coalition constituting the smallest absolute majority possible given the size of existing factions (a minimum-winning coalition), one constituting more than that necessary for a minimum winning coalition (a surplus majority coalition), or less than a 2 majority (a minority coalition).
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting the System? Populist Radical Right Parties and Party System Change Cas Mudde, University of Georgia
    University of Georgia From the SelectedWorks of Cas Mudde 2014 Fighting the System? Populist Radical Right Parties and Party System Change Cas Mudde, University of Georgia Available at: https://works.bepress.com/cas_mudde/94/ Themed section article Party Politics 2014, Vol. 20(2) 217–226 ª The Author(s) 2014 Fighting the system? Populist radical Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav right parties and party system change DOI: 10.1177/1354068813519968 ppq.sagepub.com Cas Mudde University of Georgia, USA Abstract This article assesses the impact of populist radical right parties on national party systems in Western Europe. Has the emergence of this new party family changed the interaction of party competition within Western European countries? First, I look at party system change with regard to numerical and numerical–ideological terms. Second, I evaluate the effect populist radical right parties have had on the different dimensions of party systems. Third, I assess the claim that the rise of populist radical right parties has created bipolarizing party system. Fourth, I look at the effect the rise of the populist radical right has had on the logic of coalition formation. The primary conclusion is that, irrespective of conceptualization and operationalization, populist radical right parties have not fundamentally changed party systems in Western Europe. Keywords party systems, political parties, populism, radical right, Western Europe ‘The key problem with the phenomenon of party system levels, while applying different operationalizations of party change is that it is seen as either happening all the time or as system change in Western Europe.1 I focus primarily on scarcely happening at all.’ what I call the mechanical dimension of party systems, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Romanticizing Democracy, Political Fragmentation, and the Decline of American Government
    TH AL LAW JO RAL RICHARD H. PILDES Romanticizing Democracy, Political Fragmentation, and the Decline of American Government ABSTRACT. This Feature was delivered originally as the 2013-14 Ralph Gregory Elliot Lec- ture at Yale Law School. A U T H O R. Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law. I am grateful for comments received there and at a presentation of these views at the NYU Faculty Workshop. I would also like to thank H6lne Landemore and Nick Stephanopoulos for comments. For excel- lent research assistance, I thank Nabil Ansari, as well as the NYU library reference team, particu- larly Gretchen Feltes. I am also indebted to discussions with former Senators and members of the House, all of whom requested anonymity. FEATURE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 8o6 I. POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION 8o8 II. DEMOCRATIC ROMANTICISM 81o Ill. THE CAUSES OF POLARIZATION 818 IV. POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL PARTIES 828 V. STRUCTURAL DECLINE IN THE POWER OF PARTY LEADERS 833 VI. A PARTY-BASED CAMPAIGN FINANCE SYSTEM 836 VII. MAKING DEAL-MAKING POSSIBLE 845 VIII. LESS ROMANTICIZED VISIONS OF DEMOCRACY 849 CONCLUSION 851 THE YALE LAW JOURNAL 124:804 2014 INTRODUCTION For many years now I have been interested in developing more of an insti- tutionalist and realist perspective on the dynamics of democracy and effective political power, particularly in the United States. By this I mean a focus on the systemic organization of political power and the ways that legal doctrines and frameworks, as well as institutional structures, determine the modes through which political power is effectively mobilized, organized, and encouraged or discouraged.
    [Show full text]
  • Codebook CPDS I 1960-2013
    1 Codebook: Comparative Political Data Set, 1960-2013 Codebook: COMPARATIVE POLITICAL DATA SET 1960-2013 Klaus Armingeon, Christian Isler, Laura Knöpfel, David Weisstanner and Sarah Engler The Comparative Political Data Set 1960-2013 (CPDS) is a collection of political and institu- tional data which have been assembled in the context of the research projects “Die Hand- lungsspielräume des Nationalstaates” and “Critical junctures. An international comparison” directed by Klaus Armingeon and funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. This data set consists of (mostly) annual data for 36 democratic OECD and/or EU-member coun- tries for the period of 1960 to 2013. In all countries, political data were collected only for the democratic periods.1 The data set is suited for cross-national, longitudinal and pooled time- series analyses. The present data set combines and replaces the earlier versions “Comparative Political Data Set I” (data for 23 OECD countries from 1960 onwards) and the “Comparative Political Data Set III” (data for 36 OECD and/or EU member states from 1990 onwards). A variable has been added to identify former CPDS I countries. For additional detailed information on the composition of government in the 36 countries, please consult the “Supplement to the Comparative Political Data Set – Government Com- position 1960-2013”, available on the CPDS website. The Comparative Political Data Set contains some additional demographic, socio- and eco- nomic variables. However, these variables are not the major concern of the project and are thus limited in scope. For more in-depth sources of these data, see the online databases of the OECD, Eurostat or AMECO.
    [Show full text]