DOCSLIB.ORG

Nitrogen in Flowers Soraya Ruamrungsri, Kanokwan Panjama, Takuji Ohyama and Chaiartid Inkham

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nitrogen in Flowers Soraya Ruamrungsri, Kanokwan Panjama, Takuji Ohyama and Chaiartid Inkham Chapter Nitrogen in Flowers Soraya Ruamrungsri, Kanokwan Panjama, Takuji Ohyama and Chaiartid Inkham Abstract This chapter explores the literature and research on nitrogen in flowers. An overview of nitrogen deficiency symptoms in some flowers, i.e., Curcuma alismati- folia (ornamental curcuma), Tagetes erecta (marigold), Zinnia violacea (zinnia), and Gomphrena globose (gomphrena) were presented. Additionally, nitrogen uptake, translocation, and application in some flowers, i.e., ornamental curcuma, narcis- sus, orchids, and rose, were discussed in this chapter. Nitrogen affects the life cycle of flower, including vegetative and reproductive phases. Flower size, stem length, number of flowers per plant, and color were reduced by nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, the optimum level of nitrogen supply in each growth stage is important for flower crop production. Keywords: nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen application, nitrogen translocation, flowers 1. Introduction Flower crops, similar to other horticultural crops, require optimum fertilizer for a good quality flower size, stem length, number of florets, stem, and petal color. Essential elements, especially nitrogen, play an important role in growth and development in each stage of the life cycle. Different genera have different nitrogen requirements. Generally, they have a nitrogen content that is enough for root emergence and shoot sprouting. However, flowers grown from seeds may require fertilizer as soon as root emergence. A lack of fertilizer supply will lead to severe nutrient deficiency. Seed germination starts with water uptake, and then food reserves, i.e., carbohydrates and storage proteins, are oxidized for the growth process [1]. Flower seedlings show deficiency symptoms when the fertilizer supply is not enough. Nitrogen is an especially important element in the life cycle of plants from seedlings to the vegetative stage and flowering until senescence. It affects flower qualities, such as size, stem length, and color. This chapter focuses on the role of nitrogen in some economic flower crops. Most information was derived from our research experiments and some are unpublished data. 2. Nitrogen deficiency symptoms in different flower species 2.1 Curcuma alismatifolia (ornamental curcuma) Nitrogen deficiency (-N) affected the growth and characteristics of C. alismatifolia (Table 1 and Figure 1). Most growth parameters, such as plant 1 Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects Nutrient Plant growth at flowering stage (12 weeks after planting) solution Plant No. Root Leaf green color Leaf Total Total Height leaves length intensity (SPAD area fresh dry (cm) per (cm) unit) (cm2) weight weight plant (g) (g) Old Yo u n g leaf Leaf Complete 49.1 a 5.0 a 42.8 a 5 7.1 a 52.5 a 253.8 a 285.0 a 31.3 a -N 36.0 b 4.3 a 40.6 b 34.2 b 52.8 a 191.2 b 111.4 b 14.7 b %CV 8.7 8.8 0.9 10.8 4.9 10.6 11.0 12.4 LSD 0.05 * NS * * NS * * * *Means within the same column followed by different letters were significantly different in an LSD test; (p ≤ 0.05). NS = not significant. Table 1. Plant growth of Curcuma alismatifolia treated with complete nutrient solution or nitrogen deficiency (-N) at the flowering stage (12 weeks after planting). Figure 1. Growth and flower quality of Curcuma alismatifolia was affected by complete nutrient solution (control) and nitrogen deficiency (-N) treatment at the flowering stage (12 weeks after planting). (photo by Chaiartid Inkham). height, root length, leaf area, and total fresh and dry weight, were higher when plants were supplied with a complete nutrient solution, rather than -N treatment (Table 1). However, there was no significant difference in the number of leaves per plant between plants supplied with complete nutrient solution and -N treat- ment (Table 1). The characterization of nitrogen deficiency symptoms in C. alis- matiflolia were evaluated at the flowering stage (12 weeks after planting). Leaves are the main plant part in which visual symptoms of the plant’s response to nitrogen deficiency are usually observed. When there is a nitrogen deficit, older leaves of C. alismatifolia turn yellow and brown, while young leaves still appear green (Figure 1). The old leaves’ green color intensity in -N treatment was lower than those treated with the complete nutrient solution (34.2 and 57.1 SPAD unit, 2 Nitrogen in Flowers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98273 respectively). There was no significant difference among treatments in young leaves (Table 1). This result could explain nutrient remobilization processes in plants. Nitrogen is a macronutrient that is highly mobile in the phloem [2]; therefore, in N deficit conditions, nitrogen in old leaves of C. alismatifolia may be remobilized and translocate to young leaves. The remobilization of nutrients is frequently associated with foliar senescence, which makes nutrients available for younger plant organs and contributes to nutrient use efficiency [3]. Nitrogen deficiency delays flowering in C. alismatifolia and decreased flower quality in term of inflorescent length. However, there were no significant differ- ences in inflorescence width, stalk length, and number of inflorescences per plant (Table 2 and Figure 1). Nitrogen deficiency delayed flowering in narrow-leafed lupin [4]. The production of C. alismatifolia, in terms of flower quality and rhizome yield, depends on the response to N fertilizers [5]. Nitrogen-deficient plants are stunted and the quality of their flowers and rhizomes is significantly decreased. The increase of nitrogen from 0 to 50 mg L−1 increased the number of flowering shoots and, consequently, the number of rhizomes [6]. 2.2 Tagetes erecta L. (Marigold) The overall growth parameters of marigold were decreased under nitrogen deficit conditions (Table 1 and Figure 2). At 8 weeks after planting, plants in the -N treatment were stunted with a plant height of only 47.5 cm, which was 42.2 cm shorter than plants in the complete nutrient solution treatment. Moreover, there was a dramatic decrease in leaf area and the total fresh weight of marigolds grown under -N treatment when compared with complete nutrient solution treatment (decreasing 82 and 90%, respectively) (Table 3). Leaf green color intensity of marigold was detected both in young leaves and old leaves to evaluate visual symptoms of plants grown under -N conditions. The results showed that leaf green color intensity of marigold in both young and older leaves was lower when grown under -N treatment than grown under complete nutrient solution treatment (Table 3). In addition, the leaves of plants under -N treatment were smaller than those under complete nutrient solution treatment. Older leaves turned yellow, red and brown, while young leaves had symptoms of chlorosis and turned light yellow (Figure 2). Plant height, plant spread, and the number of primary branches per plant of African marigold increased significantly with the increase in nitrogen level from 0 to 30 g m−2 [7]. A suitable supply of N enhanced plant growth effi- ciency, thus increasing plant yield and flower quality [8]. Nutrient Flower quality solution Days to Inflorescence Inflorescence Stalk No. flowering width (cm) length (cm) length inflorescence (day) (cm) per plant Complete 70.7 b 6.9 a 11.8 a 34.3 a 1.0 a -N 78.3 a 5.8 a 9.9 b 29.4 a 1.0 a %CV 0.8 9.7 4.7 8.1 0 LSD 0.05 * NS * NS NS *Means within the same column followed by different letters were significantly different in an LSD test; (p ≤ 0.05). NS = not significant. Table 2. Flower quality of Curcuma alismatifolia treated with complete nutrient solution or nitrogen deficiency (-N) at the flowering stage (12 weeks after planting). 3 Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects Figure 2. Growth and flower quality of marigold was affected by complete nutrient solution (control) and nitrogen deficiency (-N) treatments at the flowering stage (8 weeks after planting). (photo by Chaiartid Inkham). Nutrient Plant growth at flowering stage (8 weeks after planting) solution Plant Root Leaf green color Leaf area Total fresh Height length intensity (SPAD unit) (cm2) weight (g) (cm) (cm) Old Young Leaf leaf Complete 89.7 a 28.3 b 43.9 a 45.5 a 3,990.3 a 889.8 a -N 47.5 b 36.5 a 23.2 b 22.2 b 706.3 b 88.7 b %CV 8.9 5.9 14.1 19.0 40.3 2.7 LSD 0.05 * * * * * * *Means within the same column followed by different letters were significantly different in an LSD test; (p ≤ 0.05). Table 3. Plant growth of marigold treated with complete nutrient solution or nitrogen deficiency (-N) at the flowering stage (8 weeks after planting). Flowering of marigold was delayed under nitrogen deficiency condition (about 12 days delay when compared with complete nutrient treatment) (Table 4). Furthermore, the flower quality in terms of flower width, flower length, and stalk length were also reduced in plants in the -N treatment compared to those treated with the complete nutrient solution (Table 4, Figure 2). The flower yield of mari- gold was highly sensitive to nitrogen deficiency, since there was a 90% decrease in the number of flowers per plant when the plants were grown under -N treatment compared with the complete nutrient solution treatment (Table 4). In marigold (Calendula officinalis L. ‘TOKAJ’), nitrogen fertilization had a significant impact on the number of flower heads per plant (especially on the second-rank branches) [9]. 2.3 Zinnia violacea Cav. (zinnia) Nitrogen deficiency caused a decrease in plant height, number of leaves per plant, and root length of zinnia at 9 weeks after planting (Table 5). Additionally, yields of zinnia in terms of leaves area, total fresh weight, and total dry weight 4 Nitrogen in Flowers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98273 Nutrient Flower quality solution Days to Flower Flower Stalk No.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Thai Zingiberaceae : Species Diversity and Their Uses
    URL: http://www.iupac.org/symposia/proceedings/phuket97/sirirugsa.html © 1999 IUPAC Thai Zingiberaceae : Species Diversity And Their Uses Puangpen Sirirugsa Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand Abstract: Zingiberaceae is one of the largest families of the plant kingdom. It is important natural resources that provide many useful products for food, spices, medicines, dyes, perfume and aesthetics to man. Zingiber officinale, for example, has been used for many years as spices and in traditional forms of medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Recently, scientific study has sought to reveal the bioactive compounds of the rhizome. It has been found to be effective in the treatment of thrombosis, sea sickness, migraine and rheumatism. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE Perennial rhizomatous herbs. Leaves simple, distichous. Inflorescence terminal on the leafy shoot or on the lateral shoot. Flower delicate, ephemeral and highly modified. All parts of the plant aromatic. Fruit a capsule. HABITATS Species of the Zingiberaceae are the ground plants of the tropical forests. They mostly grow in damp and humid shady places. They are also found infrequently in secondary forest. Some species can fully expose to the sun, and grow on high elevation. DISTRIBUTION Zingiberaceae are distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. The center of distribution is in SE Asia. The greatest concentration of genera and species is in the Malesian region (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea) *Invited lecture presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity and Bioresources: Conservation and Utilization, 23–27 November 1997, Phuket, Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflorescence and Flower Initiation and Development in Curcuma Alismatifolia Gagnep (Zingiberaceae)
    Jpn. J. Trop. Agr. 49(1): 14•\20, 2005 Inflorescence and Flower Initiation and Development in Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep (Zingiberaceae) Seiichi FUKAI and Waraporn UDOMDEE Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan Abstract Morphological development of inflorescence and floral organs of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep (Zingiberaceae), native to northern Thailand, was determined using a scanning electron microscope. Inflorescence of C. alismatifolia was a mixed inflorescence named thyrse; the main axis was indeterminate and secondary axes were determinate. Apex of the main axis produced primary bracts continuously. On the other hand, the apex of each axil produced secondary bracts and terminated in the first flower. The secondary bract subtended the secondary axis that terminated in the second flower. Tertiary and higher order bracts and flowers appeared similarly, leading to the formation of a cincinnus. The flowers underwent a petaloid transformation of the stamen (petaloid staminode), which is one of the characteristics of Zingiberaceae. The flowers consisted of a gamosepalous calyx, three petals, a polliniferous stamen, a labellum developed from two petaloid staminodes, two lateral petaloid staminodes, and a pistil. Ovule primordia had a lobed appendix that developed into a large seed aril. Key Words: aril, cincinnus, petaloid staminode, thyrse flower development may enable to achieve effective Introduction flowering control and cut flower production with The genus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) consists higher quality. of more than 50 species distributed in tropical Some Zingiberales-order plants undergo a Asia. Some Curcuma species have been used as petaloid transformation of the stamen (petaloid medicinal and aromatic plants. Curcuma species staminode) with considerable morphological have also a great potential as ornamental plants, variation (Kress, 1990; Weberling, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Curcuma Alismatifolia Vase Life (1)
    BRUNO TREVENZOLI FAVERO et al. 101 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Curcuma alismatifolia vase life (1) BRUNO TREVENZOLI FAVERO(2) *, GIUSEPPINA PACE PEREIRA LIMA(3), JOHN DOLE(4) ABSTRACT Cut curcuma stem has a reported vase life of 7 to 21 days and this difference in vase life is probably due to a combination of different factors such as growing conditions and postharvest treatments. However, the cut flower industry needs key postharvest information for new species and cultivars to be able to effectively market the flowers. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of commercial hydrator and holding solutions, commercial growth regulator formulation, floral foam, ethylene and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the postharvest handling of C. alismatifolia cultivars. Control treatment (deionized water) had better vase life than the combinations of the commercial hydrator for 4h and commercial holding solution for 44h. Floral foam reduced vase life to 17 days from 23 days for the control treatment. The growth regulators gibberellin plus benzyladenine (GA4+7 + BA) had a positive effect on the fresh weight keeping parameter, but further studies are necessary. STS did not improve vase life, nor did ethylene at 1 µL L-1 reduce it. The curcuma cultivars tested were not positively affected by vase solution composition and had an average vase life in deionized water of 21 days. Keywords: ‘Chiang Mai Pink’, ethylene, floral foam, postharvest, siam tulip, STS. RESUMO Vida de vaso de Curcuma alismatifolia Hastes de cúrcuma tem vida de vaso reportada entre 7 e 21 dias e esta variabilidade deve-se possivelmente a diferentes fatores como condições de cultivo, tratamentos pós-colheita e suas combinações.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Development Responses of Ornamental Gingers To
    RESEARCH REPORTS Photoperiods of 8 and 12 hours Mai Dwarf’, Kaempferia ‘Grande’, Si- Growth and induced dormancy and t-root produc- phonichilus decora, and S. kirkii. tion of most of these gingers. Development Materials and methods Tissue culture plants of C. Responses of ingers are a member of the petiolata ‘Emperor’, C. thorelii and Ornamental Gingers Zingiberaceae family with Kaempferia ‘Grande’ S. decora, S. Gattractive fl owers that make kirkii were planted one per 15.2-cm- to Photoperiod them useful as potted plants. These diameter (6-inch) container in the tropical and subtropical perennials are greenhouse on 16 Aug. 1999. Tis- native to areas with small changes in sue culture plants of C. cordata were Mauricio J. Sarmiento and daylength and temperature throughout planted two per 15.2-cm-diameter the year (Zhang et al., 1995). Popu- container on 9 Sept. 1999. Rhizomes Jeff S. Kuehny larity of gingers as ornamental plants of Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Siam Tulip has continued to increase, and they are White’ (lacking t-roots) were planted ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Curcuma now commonly grown in containers one per 12.7-cm (5-inch) container on alismatifolia, C. cordata, C. petiolata, under protected conditions in temper- 27 Aug. 1999. The substrate consisted C. thorelii, Kaempferia, Siphonichilus ate and subtropical regions that pres- of 50% peatmoss, 30% pine bark, and decora, S. kirkii, dormancy, photope- ent signifi cant variation in daylength 20% perlite (v/v), amended with 5.1 riod, rhizomes, t-roots throughout the year (Lekawatana and kg·m–3 (0.32 lb/yard3) dolomite lime- Pituck, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Potting Ginger
    potted crops Potting Ornamental Ginger With flowering potted plants increasing in popularity, ornamental ginger offers all the right qualities to achieve market success: it has bright, long-lasting flowers Clockwise from top: Curcuma gracillima, Curcuma and it’s fairly easy to grow. alismatifolia, and Curcuma cordata. Below, right: The tuberous rhizomes characteristic of By Jeff Kuehny genus Curcuma and Globba. All photos courtesy of Jeff Kuehny. rnamental ginger, primarily from the depending on the climate. The most common Gingers grown for Zingiberaceae family, is a diverse genera used for these purposes include: flowering pot plants Oand versatile group of plants that are Curcuma, Globba and Kaempferia. (see Table 1) will flower gaining increased recognition in the flowering Most ginger are herbaceous perennials with more quickly and uni- pot plant, landscaping and cut flower markets. aromatic, short, thickened or long, thin rhi- formly if grown from The various sizes, flower colors and postpro- zomes. Some of these ginger rhizomes, such as rhizomes. If tissue cul- duction longevity (up to 4 weeks or longer) of those in the genus Curcuma and Globba, have tured plants are pur- these tropical and subtropical plants are adding tuberous storage vessels, attached by a modi- chased, a fuller plant a needed diversity to the greenhouse industry. fied underground stem, that have been termed can be grown by allow- Characteristics that make potted ornamental “t-roots” or “milk sacs.” A majority of these ing plants to go dormant in the fall. This is accom- ginger attractive to the floriculture industry are gingers are grown in Thailand, where rhizomes plished by withholding water as the days grow ease of production, unique foliage, numerous are harvested from December to April and shorter and temperatures become cooler.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity, Traditional Uses and Conservation Status of Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, Thailand
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 22, Number 8, August 2021 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 3083-3097 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220801 Diversity, traditional uses and conservation status of Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, Thailand PIYAPORN SAENSOUK1, SURAPON SAENSOUK2, 1Plant and Invertebrate Taxonomy and Its Applications Unit Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand 2Plant and Invertebrate Taxonomy and Its Applications Unit Group, Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand. email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 11 May 2021. Revision accepted: xxx July 2021. Abstract. Saensouk P, Saensouk S. 2021. Diversity, traditional uses and conservation status of Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 3083-3097. Southeast Asia is recognized as the center of Zingiberaceae distribution with Thailand is among the important regions. Nonetheless, a comprehensive study in a regional context that investigates the biological aspects of the family is lacking. This study aimed to determine the diversity, distribution, ecology, conservation status, and traditional uses of the family Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, northeastern Thailand. In total, three tribes, nine genera, 47 species of Zingiberaceae were identified during a botanical survey between January and December 2020 in Udorn Thani. Curcuma and Kempferia were the most diverse genera with nine and eight species, respectively, followed by Zingiber as the third most diverse genus with seven species and Alpinia as the fourth most diverse genus with six species. While the genera Etlingera and Hedychium were the least diverse with each containing just one species. For all Zingiberaceae species, the flowering period was found between March and September, while the fruiting period was found between May and October.
    [Show full text]
  • (Curcuma Amada Roxb.) from Myanmar in Farm and Genebank Collection by the Neutral and Functional Genomic Markers
    Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 http://www.ejbiotechnology.info DOI: 10.2225/vol13-issue6-fulltext-10 Characterization of the genetic structure of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) from Myanmar in farm and genebank collection by the neutral and functional genomic markers Shakeel Ahmad Jatoi1,2 · Akira Kikuchi1 · Dawood Ahmad1,3 · Kazuo N. Watanabe1 1 Gene Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 2 Plant Genetic Resources Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan 3 Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan Corresponding author: [email protected] Received July 1, 2010 / Accepted August 23, 2010 Published online: November 15, 2010 © 2010 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile Abstract A preliminary characterization was undertaken to describe genetic structure of mango ginger (Curcuma amada) acquired from farmers and ex situ genebank in Myanmar using neutral (rice SSR based RAPDs) and functional genomic (P450 based analog) markers. The high polymorphism (> 91%) depicted has displayed existence of genetic variability in the germplasm investigated. Large number of source-specific alleles (neutral-markers = 78, functional-markers = 63) was amplified which revealed that neutral regions of the mango ginger were more variable compared with the functional regions. The major fraction of the molecular variance (neutral-markers = 85%, functional-markers = 93%) was explained within germplasm acquisition sources and this tendency was also supported by the estimate of gene diversity. The genebank accessions have shown comparatively more genetic variability than farmers’ accessions. The variability observed in mango ginger may possibly be associated with the long history of its cultivation under diverse ecological conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Difference of Curcumin Content in Curcuma Longa L
    American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2011, 2, 111-119 111 doi:10.4236/ajps.2011.22013 Published Online June 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ajps) Difference of Curcumin Content in Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) Caused by Hybridization with Other Curcuma Species Hiroshi Hayakawa1,2, Yukio Minaniya1, Katsura Ito1, Yoshinori Yamamoto1, Tatsuya Fukuda1 1Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan; 2United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Nankoku, Japan. Email: [email protected] Received November 29th, 2010; revised January 24th, 2011; accepted January 30th, 2011. ABSTRACT Curcumin, which is traditionally known to have effects on various types of diseases in humans, is found in Curcuma longa L. Previous reports have indicated that the curcumin content varies between the different lines of this species. To clarify the differences in the amounts of curcumin between the lines, we investigated the outcomes of cultivation ex- periments with the hybridization or introgression between C. longa and other Curcuma species using the matK gene of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of nuclear DNA (nrDNA). The results show that there is heterogeneity of the ETS and incongruence between the matK and the ETS phylogenetic trees, suggesting that hybridization and introgression had taken place in the diversification of the various lines of C. longa. Moreover, al- though all of the lines had the same cpDNA haplotype of C. longa, the lines of homogeneous C. longa had a high con- tent of curcumin, whereas the lines created by hybridization and introgression with other Curcuma species had a me- dium or low level.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Botanical Characteristics Curcuma
    5 Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Botanical characteristics Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. is in the Tribe Zingiberaceae, a member in Zingiberaceae family. This species grows well in the open areas. The nature of this genus is a rhizomatous herbaceous plant, comprising underground parts, leafy shoot leaf blades (Sirirungsa et al., 2007). It has a pseudostem which causes by folded clasping leaf sheaths; has 4-5 lateral buds, simple leaf with lanceolate or ovate shape, green leaf sheath, red base, smooth glabrous leaf and probably its midrib can be red. It has two types of roots: the roots emerging at the very first growth, called fibrous roots, and becomes contractile roots for a period of the development of the plant, as well as, absorbing foods. The contractile roots will be swollen, shaping knob, to store nutrient if dormancy period is coming, then they are called storage roots (Ruamrungsri et al., 2005). An inflorescence grows at an apex of pseudostem in a compact spike; it consists of bract that has two types of bract base - first, pink coma bract, which is longer than lower bract; and second, glossy thick green lower bract. True flower has no pedicel (Figure 2.1). It is composed of three calyx tube sepals and three petals. The flower blooms at the base through the apex (Lekawatana and Pituck, 1998). 5 Coma bracts Inflorescence Green bracts Inflorescence stalk Leaves Shoot Rhizome Storage roots Fibrous roots Figure 2.1 Morphology of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. It is a perfect flower that grows around the corner of the bract. In each bract, there are approximately 4 - 6 true flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Relationships Among Five Varieties of Curcuma Alismatifolia (Zingiberaceae) Based on ISSR Markers
    Genetic relationships among five varieties of Curcuma alismatifolia (Zingiberaceae) based on ISSR markers S. Taheri1, T.L. Abdullah1, N.A.P. Abdullah1 and Z. Ahmad2 1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 2Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia Corresponding authors: S. Taheri / T.L. Abdullah E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 11 (3): 3069-3076 (2012) Received November 28, 2011 Accepted May 28, 2012 Published August 31, 2012 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2012.August.31.4 ABSTRACT. The genus Curcuma is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) that has recently become popular for use as flowering pot plants, both indoors and as patio and landscape plants. We used PCR-based molecular markers (ISSRs) to assess genetic variation and relationships between five varieties of curcuma Curcuma( alismatifolia) cultivated in Malaysia. Sixteen ISSR primers generated 139 amplified fragments, of which 77% had high polymorphism among these varieties. These markers were used to estimate genetic similarity among the varieties using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The similarity matrix was used to construct a dendrogram, and a principal component plot was developed to examine genetic relationships among varieties. Similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.40 to 0.58 (with a mean of 0.5) among the five varieties. The mean value of number of observed alleles, number of effective alleles, mean Nei’s gene diversity, and Shannon’s information index were 8.69, 1.48, 0.29, and 0.43, respectively. Key words: Curcuma alismatifolia; Genetic relationship; ISSR-PCR; Molecular identification Genetics and Molecular Research 11 (3): 3069-3076 (2012) ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodian Journal of Natural History
    Cambodian Journal of Natural History New orchid records Ethnobotanical knowledge Carbon stocks and dynamics A homage to Pauline Dy Phon National Biodiversity Action Plan Movement of Siamese crocodiles Payments for Ecosystem Services Camera trapping of large mammals June 2017 Vol. 2017 No. 1 Cambodian Journal of Natural History Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Neil M. Furey, Chief Editor, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International, UK. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Mekong Case Study Manager, Conservation International, Cambodia. • Dr Ith Saveng, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire U.K. Naturelle, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx – The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, U.K. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. USA. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. USA. Other peer reviewers • Prof. Henrik Balslev, Aarhus University, Denmark. • Dr Le Phat Quoi, Institute for Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh National University, Vietnam. • Dr Chou Ly, Virginia Tech, USA. • Dr Benjamin Rawson, World Wide Fund For Nature, • Dr J.W. Duckworth, IUCN SSC Asian Species Action Vietnam. Partnership, UK. • Dr Sasaki Nophea, Asian Institute of Technology, • Jonathan Eames, BirdLife International Cambodia Thailand. Programme. • Dr André Schuiteman, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, • Dr Tracy Farrell, Conservation International, Cambodia. UK. • Paul Herbertson, Fauna & Flora International, UK.
    [Show full text]