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Crime and Victimology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER Crime© Jones &and Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC VictimologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT1 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Objectives • To define victimology and criminology • To© describe Jones victims & Bartlett of violence Learning, and trends LLC in crime © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • ToNOT outline FOR the costs SALE and ORconsequences DISTRIBUTION of criminal victimization NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • To describe the advances in forensics in solving crimes ■ Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCold SALE case OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Costs of victimization Crime victim Crime victims’ rights Criminology © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Forensic victimology LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONNational Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Victimology CASE The November© 2,Jones 2007, murder & Bartlett of British exchange Learning, student MeredithLLC Kercher in Perugia, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Italy, set intoNOT motion FOR an investigation SALE ORthat resultedDISTRIBUTION in the arrest, trial, and conviction NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of her roommate, Amanda Knox, an exchange student from Seattle, Washington. Knox’s boyfriend, university student Raffaele Sollecito, and a neighbor of Kercher, Rudy Guede, described as a drifter, were also convicted for the murder. The prosecution’s theory was © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE65333_CH01_001_030.indd OR DISTRIBUTION 1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7/30/12 9:57:32 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 CHAPTER 1 Crime and Victimology © Jonesthat & the Bartlett victim was Learning,forced to participate LLC in a sex game, fueled by drugs,© which Jones spiraled & out Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORof control. SALE Testimony OR DISTRIBUTIONfocused on telephone records, text messages, DNANOT evidence, FOR bloody SALE OR DISTRIBUTION fingerprints, and shoe prints. However, 23-year-old Knox, who served 4 years of a 26-year prison sentence, consistently denied any participation in the murder. An appeal of Knox’s conviction began in 2010. Independent experts claimed that the collection of evidence fell below international standards and that because of the errors made by police during the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,original investigation, LLC the evidence against Knox ©and Jones Sollecito &should Bartlett not be admissible Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR(Vargas DISTRIBUTION & Natanson, 2011). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION This case raises four important points with respect to the field of victimology. First, who are the victims? Clearly, Meredith Kercher was a rape-murder victim. But what about the status of Knox and Sollecito, who denied the prosecution’s theory and have steadfastly maintained their innocence? Second, forensic evidence, if present, is critical to link a person to the crime. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCDoes the strength of this evidence© Jones justify conviction? & Bartlett Third, Learning,this case involves LLC the trial of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONan American citizen in a foreignNOT jurisdiction. FOR How SALE might differencesOR DISTRIBUTION in international justice procedures and American law procedures influence the case? Fourth, in addition to Kercher as the primary victim in this case, were Knox and Sollecito also victims of the system? The lack of physical evidence, specifically DNA, to implicate Knox and Sollecito in the murder was not the only problem with this case. There were complaints of incompetent © Jonespolice & workBartlett and investigators Learning, not familiar LLC with working homicide cases.© Knox Jones and Sollecito & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORboth askedSALE for attorneysOR DISTRIBUTION but were denied counsel. There was a failure toNOT establish FOR motive SALE or OR DISTRIBUTION intent for the rape and murder. Knox could barely speak or read Italian. She was interrogated 41 hours over 4 days, did not realize that she was a suspect in the case, was pressured into signing a confession that wrongly accused her employer, and held a naive belief in the Italian justice system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Both she andLLC Sollecito continued to plead their© Jonesinnocence despite& Bartlett serving 4Learning, years in LLC NOT FOR SALE OR prison.DISTRIBUTION The appeal process for both Knox and SollecitoNOT was FORfavorable, SALE and they OR were DISTRIBUTION acquit- ted of the murder charges. The defense said the evidence unequivocally pointed to a single attacker, Guede, a drug dealer who fled to Germany after the murder. He was arrested there, brought back to Italy, and tried and convicted of the killing. His conviction was upheld on appeal, and he remains in prison. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC After the acquittal Amanda© Knox Jones returned & to Bartlett her home in Learning,Seattle, Washington. LLC The case, one of the most-watched trials in Italy, tapped into an intense debate over Italy’s justice NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONsystem (“As Amanda Knox HeadsNOT Home,” FOR 2011). SALE See Figure OR 1-1 DISTRIBUTION. ■ Introduction © JonesThe & unsettling Bartlett reality Learning, regarding LLC crime in the world today is© that Jones it is wide- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORspread, SALE very ORoften DISTRIBUTION violent in nature, and completely disregardsNOT all FOR bound- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION aries. There is no home, no community, and no region in North America that can consider itself “safe” from the risk of criminal assault. With recent estimates of the number of crime victims, including violent, personal, and property crime, in the United States reaching as high as 22 million, it © Jones & Bartlett Learning,behooves all LLC of us, both individually and ©collectively, Jones & to Bartlett support emerging Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE65333_CH01_001_030.indd OR DISTRIBUTION 2 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7/30/12 9:57:33 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett FIGURELearning, 1-1 The Amanda LLC Knox Case © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR© ANTONIODISTRIBUTION CALANNI/AP Photos NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION efforts aimed at two distinct but related areas: crime prevention and crime victim assistance.© Jones To & be Bartlett sure, averting Learning, criminal LLC behavior altogether is the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC more preferableNOT FOR of the SALEtwo. Given OR the DISTRIBUTION improbability of accomplishing this NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in the immediate future, however, it becomes all the more urgent to be pre- pared to assist those who are victimized. Table 1-1 illustrates the numbers of victims of violent crime for the years 2008 and 2009. Unprecedented numbers of victims are turning to victim assistance © Jonesprograms, & Bartlett mental Learning, health centers, LLC domestic violence shelters,© Jones and victim & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORcompensation SALE OR programs. DISTRIBUTION Research, as well as experience,NOT has FOR shown SALE OR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 1-1 Victims of Violent Crime in the United States, 2008 and 2009 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC % change NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION % of total %NOT of violent FOR SALE OR% ofDISTRIBUTION total % of violent 2009 from 2008 population crime 2009 population crime 2008 Total population 304,374,846 307,006,550 0.86% Violent crime 1,392,629 0.46% 100.00% 1,318,398 0.43% 100.00% –5.33% Murder and© Jones & 16,442Bartlett 0.01% Learning, 1.18% LLC 15,241 0.00%© Jones 1.16% & –7.30% Bartlett Learning, LLC nonnegligent manslaughterNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Forcible rape 90,479 0.03% 6.50% 88,097 0.03% 6.68% –2.63% Robbery 443,574 0.15% 31.85% 408,217 0.13% 30.96% –7.97% Aggravated assault 842,134 0.28% 60.47% 806,843 0.26% 61.20% –4.19% © JonesData &from Bartlett Federal Bureau of Learning,Investigation (FBI), 2011. LLC Victim Rights. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/victim_assistance/victim_rights.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE65333_CH01_001_030.indd OR DISTRIBUTION 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7/30/12
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