DOCSLIB.ORG

Midlands State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Midlands State University MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS An analysis on the challenges to gender balance in the African Union standby force: A case of the SADC Brigade 2003-2017 BY Grace Mazviita Mwarweye (R174335G) Supervisor Mr Simbarashe Moyo A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Social Science degree in International Affairs, Midlands State University, Harare Campus, Zimbabwe 2018 Approval Form These undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Midlands States University for acceptance, a research project entitled, ―An analysis on the challenges to gender balance in the African Union standby force. A case of the SADC Brigade 2003-2017”, submitted by Grace M. Mwarweye in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Science in International Affairs Degree. Supervisor: .............................................................................. Chairperson of the Department: ............................................................................. External Examiner: ........................................................................... Date: .......................................................................... i Release Form Name of Author ........................................................................ Research Title ...................................................................... Degree for which research was presented .................................................................... Year in which the degree was granted ..................................................................... Permission is hereby granted to the Midlands State University Library to reproduce copies of this project and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Signed............................................... Date............................................ ii Declaration I declare that this dissertation- ―An analysis on the challenges to gender balance in the African Union standby force. A case of the SADC Brigade 2003-2017”, is a product of my own independent research work and has not been previously submitted for publication or any other degree programme or examination at any University. I further maintain that all citations, references and borrowed ideas have been duly acknowledged. Grace M. Mwarweye ............................... Date: 09 June 2018 iii Dedications I dedicate this dissertation to my late mother may her soul continue to rest in peace and also to my uncle and aunt, cousins Rufaro, Tafadzwa, Gabriel and Sarah for the endless support throughout my education. iv Table of Contents Approval Form ................................................................................................................................... i Release Form .................................................................................................................................... ii Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... iii Dedications ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Background to the study ................................................................................................................ 1 Role of female military in peacekeeping operations ....................................................................... 3 Gender balance in the African Standby Force................................................................................. 6 Gender balance in the SADC Brigade ............................................................................................ 9 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................. 11 Research Assumptions ................................................................................................................. 11 Preliminary literature review ........................................................................................................ 11 Significance and justification of the study .................................................................................... 13 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................ 14 Research Design .......................................................................................................................... 14 Population ................................................................................................................................... 15 Sample and sampling procedures ................................................................................................. 16 Sampling Procedures ................................................................................................................... 16 Purposive Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 16 Sample Size ................................................................................................................................. 17 Sources of Data ........................................................................................................................... 18 Research Instruments ................................................................................................................... 18 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................. 18 Secondary Sources....................................................................................................................... 18 Research objectives ..................................................................................................................... 19 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 19 v Sources of data: ........................................................................................................................... 19 Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 20 Delimitations ............................................................................................................................... 21 Outline of chapters ...................................................................................................................... 21 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter Two: Feminist Paradigm: Liberal Feminism and the Concept of Patriarchy on the Lack of Gender Balance in Military Forces................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 22 Theoretical paradigm ................................................................................................................... 22 Liberal Feminism ........................................................................................................................ 23 Basic tenets of liberal feminism ................................................................................................... 25 Concept of patriarchy .................................................................................................................. 26 Background to the concept of patriarchy ...................................................................................... 27 The Three Abrahamic Faiths ........................................................................................................ 29 Types of Patriarchy ...................................................................................................................... 30 Characteristics of Patriarchy ........................................................................................................ 32 Chapter Three: Tracking gender mainstreaming in the peacekeeping forces ..................................... 34 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 34 Background on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download This Issue As a Full-Text
    AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL Volume 12 No 2 2012 ahrlj-2012-2-prelims.indd 1 2013/02/14 10:41 AM The financial assistance of the European Union is gratefully acknowledged. © JUTA Law First Floor Sunclare Building 21 Dreyer Street Claremont 7708 South Africa This journal is copyright under the Berne Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978 no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. ISSN 1609-073X Cover design: Colette Alves Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Stone Sans by ANdtp Services, Cape Town Printed and bound by Shumani Printers ahrlj-2012-2-prelims.indd 2 2013/02/14 10:41 AM CONTENTS Editorial ................................................................................... v Articles Ten years of the Robben Island Guidelines and prevention of torture in Africa: For what purpose? by Debra Long and Rachel Murray ......................................... 311 African civil society and the promotion of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance by André Mbata Mangu ........................................................ 348 Towards defining the ‘right to a family’ for the African child by Ekanem Okon ................................................................... 373 South Africa, the African Union and the responsibility to protect: The case of Libya by Sandy Africa and Rentia Pretorius ...................................... 394 A truth commission for Uganda? Opportunities and challenges by Prudence Acirokop ............................................................ 417 Military courts and human rights: A critical analysis of the compliance of Uganda’s military justice with the right to an independent and impartial tribunal by Ronald Naluwairo ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 National Population And
    CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background By the dictates of their profession, military personnel are particularly vulnerable to engagement in casual sex with non – regular partners and at a higher risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (including HIV) than the general population. Their frequent mobility, nvolvement in international peace keeping operations, patronage of commercial sex workers makes them more at risk. The higher vulnerability to pre/extramarital sex and HIV/AIDS could probably also be attributed to the fact that, globally, the military cu ture, at least until recently, had traditionally fostered the habit of heavy smoking, high alcohol consumption and increased risk taking (UNAIDS, 2006). Military personnel have average expendable income which can be abused to purchase sex from women in the surrounding areas especially when they are deployed in operations away from their homes. This provides circumstances in which they are likely to engage in casual sex, posing a big risk for HIV infection. The military implies a combat force of men and women w take up the challenge of voluntarily being trained as officers and soldiers to perform the titutional duty of defending the nation from external and internal aggression (ZDF 2006). As Abel (1998) puts it, military organizations are anchors of national security, nation building, and good governance, and are indispensable in national and international peace and humanitarian relief operations. 1.1.1 National population and military profile The Zambian military and other sectors of the security force constitute a reasonable size of the adult overall population and an important pool of human resource. Military personnel in the armed forces constitute about 10 percent of the Zambian government work force (ZDF 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Governance and Reducing Corruption Risks to Tackle Illegal Wildlife
    Illicit Trade Illicit Illicit Trade Strengthening Governance and Reducing Corruption Risks to Tackle Illegal Wildlife Strengthening Governance and Strengthening Governance Trade LESSONS FROM EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA Reducing Corruption Risks to Risks Corruption Reducing Tackle Illegal Wildlife Trade Trade Wildlife Illegal Tackle LESSONS Illicit Trade Strengthening Governance and Reducing Corruption Risks to Tackle Illegal Wildlife Trade LESSONS FROM EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2018), Strengthening Governance and Reducing Corruption Risks to Tackle Illegal Wildlife Trade: Lessons from East and Southern Africa, Illicit Trade, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264306509-en ISBN 978-92-64-30649-3 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-30650-9 (pdf) Series: Illicit Trade ISSN 2617-5827 (print) ISSN 2617-5835 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover Illustration © Jeffrey Fisher Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
    [Show full text]
  • Luregn Lenggenhager Nature Conservation, Development And
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Ruling nature, controlling people: nature conservation, development and war in North-Eastern Namibia since the 1920s Lenggenhager, Luregn Abstract: Recent nature conservation initiatives in Southern Africa such as communal conservancies and peace parks are often embedded in narratives of economic development and ecological research. They are also increasingly marked by militarisation and violence. In Ruling Nature, Controlling People, Luregn Lenggenhager shows that these features were also characteristic of South African rule over the Caprivi Strip region in North-Eastern Namibia, especially in the fields of forestry, fisheries and, ulti- mately, wildlife conservation. In the process, the increasingly internationalised war in the region from the late 1960s until Namibia’s independence in 1990 became intricately interlinked with contemporary nature conservation, ecology and economic development projects. By retracing such interdependencies, Lenggenhager provides a novel perspective from which to examine the history of a region which has until now barely entered the focus of historical research. He thereby highlights the enduring relevance of the supposedly peripheral Caprivi and its military, scientific and environmental histories for efforts to develop a deeper understanding of the ways in which apartheid South Africa exerted state power. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-150287 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Lenggenhager, Luregn (2018). Ruling nature, controlling people: nature conservation, development and war in North-Eastern Namibia since the 1920s. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Luregn Lenggenhager Ruling Nature, Controlling People Caprivi Strip region in North-Eastern Namibia, especially in the fields of forestry, fisheries and, ultimately, wildlife conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council
    UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERAL E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.1 23 March 2004 ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH ONLY COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixtieth session Item 11 (a) of the provisional agenda CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE QUESTIONS OF: TORTURE AND DETENTION Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Report of the Special Rapporteur, Theo van Boven Addendum Summary of information, including individual cases, transmitted to Governments and replies received* * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only as it greatly exceeds the page limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.04-12267 E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.1 page 2 Contents Paragraphs Page Introduction………….…………………………………………… 1-4 5 General remarks………….……………………………………… 5-8 5 Summary of cases transmitted and replies received………….……………………. 9-1976 6 Albania………………………………………………................... 9-19 6 Algeria…………………………………………………………… 20-32 8 Angola……………………………………………………….…… 33-59 11 Argentina………………………………………………………… 60-71 14 Australia......................................................................................... 72 17 Austria…………………………………………………………… 73 18 Azerbaijan...................................................................................... 74-119 18 Bahrain………………………………………………………… 120-122 25 Bangladesh………………………………………………………. 123-139 25 Belarus…………………………………………………………… 140 29 Belgium………………………………………………………….. 141-155 29 Belize…………………………………………………………….. 156 32 Bolivia……………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Letter Dated 25 August 1978 from the Charge D'affaires A.I
    Disk. GENERAL s/12022 25 August 1978 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH - LETTER DATED 25 AUGUST 1978 FROM THE CHARGE D'AFFAIRES A.I. OF TfIE PERMANENTMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSEDTO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL At Olh15 on 23 August 1978 an attack was launched from Zambia on the towns of Katima Mulilo (Caprivi) and Ngwezi and on the South African military base at Katimn Mulilo and the South African military post at Wenela. One hundred and twenty-two-mm rockets and mortars based at the town of Sesheke in Zambia and on the west bank of the Zambezi River were fired at the South African installations, causing the death of 10 members of the South African Security Forces, with eight injured. The fire was returned. The South African Government is satisfied, on the basis of confirmed information, that the Zambian military authorities, both at Sesheke and in Lusaka, were fully aware of the nature, timing and extent of the attack. Furthermore, the Zambian military authorities were fully informed of the participation of the Zsmbian unit at Sesheke in the attack when they fired mortars on Katima Mulilo between 02hOO and O&h00 on 23 August 1978 and directed anti-aircraft fire at a South African helicopter at 14h15 on 23 August 1978. In addition, the following circumstances lead clearly to the conclusion that the Zambian military and police authorities were aware of the planning and the execution of the unprovoked bombardment, by SWAP0 terrorists and Zambian soldiers, of the above locations, which include civilian settlements: (a) More than 600 SWAP0 terrorists were situated in and around the small village of Sesheke in Zambia at the time of the attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper 2 China North Industries Corporation
    Working paper 2 China North Industries Corporation International Peace Information Service vzw & Omega Research Foundation © 2016 1 Editorial December 2016, Antwerp Working paper 2 on China North Industries Group Corporation Authors: International Peace Information Service (IPIS) & Omega Research Foundation Layout: Sakado Front Cover Image: CS/VA1 Light Strike Vehicle - © Robin Ballantyne / Omega Research Foundation - photographed at IDEX 2013 International Peace Information Service (IPIS) is an independent research institute, providing governmental and non-governmental actors with information and analysis to build sustainable peace and development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The research is centred around four programmes: Natural Resources, Business & Human Rights, Arms Trade & Security, and Conflict Mapping. ww.ipisresearch.be The Omega Research Foundation (Omega) is an independent UK-based research organisation. We are dedicated to providing rigorous, objective, evidence-based research on the manufacture, trade in, and use of, military, security and police (MSP) technologies. www.omegaresearchfoundation.org This report was established with the support of the Belgian Development Cooperation (DGD) 2 Table of contents Editiorial ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 China North Industries
    [Show full text]
  • Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict Michael D
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Hegemonic Rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict Michael D. Jacobs University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Scholar Commons Citation Jacobs, Michael D., "Hegemonic Rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4086 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hegemonic rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara conflict by Michael Jacobs A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Department of Government and International Affairs College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Earl Conteh-Morgan, Ph.D Committee 1: Mark Amen, Ph.D Committee 2: Prayutsha Bash, Ph.D Date of Approval July 5, 2012 Keywords: Northwest Africa, Sahrawi, Polisario Front, stability Copyright © 2012; Michael Jacobs Table of Contents Chapter 1: Conceptualizing Algeria in the Western Sahara Conflict 2 Chapter 2: The regionalization
    [Show full text]
  • African Peace Agreements
    Annex 5. African Peace Agreements Angola • Ceasefire Agreement between Government of Angola and UNITA (April 2002) • Angola Agreement with UNITA-Renovada Updating the Lusaka Protocol Concerning a Second Round of Presidential Elections (1999) • Angola Agreement with UNITA-Renovada Updating the Lusaka Protocol Concerning the Appointment of UNITA cadres to Government Positions (1999) • Angola Agreement with UNITA-Renovada Updating the Lusaka Protocol Concerning the Reinstatement of Government Administration over the National Territory (1999) • Agreement Between Government of Angola and the Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave (FLEC) (April 1996) • Lusaka Protocol (11-15-1994) • Angola Peace Accords (1991) • Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola for the Conclusions of the International Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent (12-22-1988) • Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa (12-22-1988) Burundi • The Pretoria Protocol on Political, Defence and Security Power Sharing in Burundi (10-08- 2003) • Power-sharing Agreement Between President Buyoya and Hutu parties (July 2001) • Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi (08-28-2000) Chad • Agreement Between Government of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) (December 2003) • Draft Agreement Between Government of Chad and the National Resistance Army (ANR) (January 2003) • Agreement Between Government of Chad and the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) (January 2002) • Agreement Between Government of Chad and the Armed Resistance against Anti- Democratic Forces (RAFAD) (June 2000) • Agreement Between Government of Chad and the Chadian National Liberation Front – People’s Armed Forces (Frolinat-FAP) (August 1997) Annex 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 the Chinese Use Two Brush Strokes to Write the Word 'Crisis.' One Brush Stroke Stands for Danger; the Other for Opportunity
    Anne GoldzierThomas, Ph.D. DoD HIV/AIDS Prevention Program / PEPFAR UNAIDS – PEPFAR Southern and Eastern Africa Region Male Circumcision Communication Meeting Durban, South Africa September 24 , 2010 The Chinese use two brush strokes to write the word 'crisis.' One brush stroke stands for danger; the other for opportunity. In a crisis, be aware of the danger - but recognize the opportunity. John F. Kennedy (1917 - 1963), Speech in Indianapolis, April 12, 1959 Custodians of high risk target population Age 18+ Sexually active – “mobile men with money” Likely to be HIV negative at entry to military They provide medical care to civilian communities Defined population for combination prevention – MC provides another key component Structural – HIV policy, leadership support Behavioral – peer education, IEC campaigns, drama groups, condom support, male norms Biomedical – male circumcision, condoms, men’s health services Prevention counseling HIV testing and referrals to HIV care STI examination and treatment Male Circumcision surgery Follow-up care is readily available Prevention counseling Monitoring is relatively easy Can add on other male focused prevention and men’s health issues The militaries are willing to scale up Militaries are interested in conducting research with cohorts of new recruits MC exam-based prevalence studies The militaries have control over all aspects of their programs Task sharing and shifting is a necessity and can be accommodated in many countries MC sites can also be care/ART sites – . will pilot CD4 Point of Care for those that test HIV+ Resource limitations . Personnel, space, commodities and equipment National progress on MC . Military works in national context Mobility – increased training needs Military specific communications package needed Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Expanding Role in Peacekeeping
    SIPrI Policy Paper chIna’S exPandInG 25 role In PeacekeepinG november 2009 Prospects and Policy Implications bates gill and chin-hao huang STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by a grant proposed by the Swedish Government and subsequently approved by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Rolf Ekéus, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia) Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria) Jayantha Dhanapala (Sri Lanka) Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt) Professor Mary Kaldor (United Kingdom) Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger (Germany) The Director DIRECTOR Dr Bates Gill (United States) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00 Fax: +46 8 655 97 33 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org China’s Expanding Role in Peacekeeping Prospects and Policy Implications SIPRI Policy Paper No. 25 bates gill and chin-hao huang STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE November 2009 © SIPRI 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Printed in Sweden by Elanders ISSN 1652–0432 (print) ISSN 1653–7548 (online) ISBN 978–91–85114–62–7 Contents Preface v Summary vii Abbreviations xi Figure A.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Contours of China's Arms Transfers
    STRATEGIC STUDIES QUARTERLY - PERSPECTIVE Strategic Contours of China’s Arms Transfers MICHAEL RASKA RICHARD A. BITZINGER Abstract Over the past two decades, China has gone from being a significant importer of conventional arms to being an increasingly competitive ex- porter of major weapons systems. Its increasing presence on global arms markets reflects the relative progress of Chinese defense, science, tech- nology, innovation, and industry in terms of developing and manufactur- ing relatively advanced military platforms and technologies. China aims for relative parity with the global military-technological state- of- the- art base by fostering indigenous innovation—mitigating foreign dependen- cies on technological transfers and arms imports—while leveraging civil- military integration to overcome entrenched barriers to innovation. At the same time, China’s current arms export strategy reflects varying “competi- tive” paths. In the developing countries of Latin America, Africa, and even Central Asia, China is trying to position itself as an alternative to Russian arms exports while also counterbalancing the influence of Western pow- ers. Consequently, China has a growing capability to shape the direction and character of the varying regional arms competitions—not only through its military- technological development and diffusion of arms ex- ports but, more importantly, through its strategic choices that influence the development of strategic alliances and balance of power in different geographic areas. ***** hina’s rising global geopolitical aspirations—backed up by grow- ing economic clout—shape the direction and character of its military- technological choices, including its strategic interests to Cstrengthen its position on global arms markets. Since 2010, China has been able to accelerate its transition from a large arms importer into a net exporter, with the potential to become one of the world’s leading arms exporters.
    [Show full text]