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Review of Structural Materials and Methods U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research REVIEW OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR HOME BUILDING IN THE UNITED STATES: 1900 to 2000 PATH (Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing) is a new private/public effort to develop, demonstrate, and gain widespread market acceptance for the Next Generation" of American Housing. Through the use of new or innovative technologies, the goal of PATH is to improve the quality, durability, environmental efficiency, and affordability of tomorrow's homes. PATH, initiated jointly by the Administration and Congress, is managed and supported by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). In addition, all Federal Agencies that engage in housing research and technology development are PATH Partners, including the Departments of Energy and Commerce, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). State and local governments and other participants from the private sector are also partners in PATH. Product manufacturers, home builders, insurance companies, and lenders represent private industry in the PATH Partnership. To learn more about PATH, please contact: 451 7th Street, SW, Suite B 133 Washington, DC 20410 202-708-4250 (fax) e-mail: [email protected] website: www.pathnet.org Visit PD&R's Web Site www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R's Research Information Service, include listservs; special interest, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources); access to public use databases; hotline 1-800-245-2691 for help accessing the information you need. REVIEW OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR HOME BUILDING IN THE UNITED STATES: 1900 to 2000 Prepared for U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, DC Contract No.: C-OPC-21289 by NAHB Research Center, Inc. Upper Marlboro, MD January 25, 2001 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much gratitude is owed to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development for its sponsorship of this work. Special appreciation is given to William Freeborne for his interest in all aspects of housing construction and technology. The principle author of this document, Jay H. Crandell, also wishes to recognize the thorough review provided by Don Luebs, the research assistance provided by Dan Priest, and the administrative support provided by Lynda Marchman and Donna Woodhurst. "In dedication to my grandfather, John O. Crandell, Sr., (1904-2000) whose experience in carpentry, home building, and construction stemmed from his desire to work and to provide for his family and others." Jay H. Crandell January 16, 2001 NOTICE The work that provided the basis for this publication was supported by funding under a grant with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The substance and findings of the work are dedicated to the public. The author is solely responsible for the accuracy of the statements and interpretations contained in this publication. Such interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. DISCLAIMER This publication has been prepared by the NAHB Research Center, Inc., which makes no warranty, express or implied, and assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, and makes no representation that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The contents of this report are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the U.S. Government, or any other person or organization. Cover Photo Courtesy of Bonotom Studios ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.0 GENERAL HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ..............................................................................................................................2 1.1 Early 1900s ..........................................................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Mid-1900s ............................................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Late 1900s............................................................................................................................................................................5 2.0 DESIGN LOADS .............................................................................................................................................................................7 3.0 FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................9 4.0 WOOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION............................................................................................................................................10 4.1 Wood Materials..................................................................................................................................................................15 4.1.1 Size.........................................................................................................................................................................15 4.1.2 Type/Species ..........................................................................................................................................................15 4.1.3 Structural Properties...............................................................................................................................................16 4.2 Floor Framing ....................................................................................................................................................................23 4.3 Wall Framing .....................................................................................................................................................................25 4.3.1 Studding .................................................................................................................................................................25 4.3.2 Plates ......................................................................................................................................................................25 4.3.3 Corners...................................................................................................................................................................25 4.3.4 Headers...................................................................................................................................................................26 4.3.5 Bracing ...................................................................................................................................................................26 4.4 Roof Framing .....................................................................................................................................................................31 4.4.1 Rafters ....................................................................................................................................................................31 4.4.2 Roof Sheathing.......................................................................................................................................................32 4.5 Fasteners and Connections.................................................................................................................................................32 4.5.1 Early 1900s ............................................................................................................................................................33 4.5.2 Late 1900s..............................................................................................................................................................34 iii 5.0 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY......................................................................................................................................................35 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................35 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................................................................37 8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................................................................37 APPENDIX A - THERMAL INSULATION iv LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1 - Basic New Housing Construction Statistics in Late 1900s ......................................................................................................... 6 Table 2 - Age Distribution of Existing U.S. Single-Family Homes (1995) ..............................................................................................
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