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COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension Under Potential Risk of Worsened Organ Injuries

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COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension Under Potential Risk of Worsened Organ Injuries COVID-19 patients with hypertension under potential risk of worsened organ injuries Fei Xia ( [email protected] ) the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5469- 6785 Mingwei Zhang the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7673- 6418 Bo Cui Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-030X Wei An the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Min Chen the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149- 5933 Ping Yang the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Tao Qin the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Xiaoyang Zhou the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Yaling Liao the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Xin Xu the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Shiguo Liu the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Kuangyu Li the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Qin Zhou the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Keke Wang the First Aliated Hospital of China Medical University Guangxu Hu the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Ming Du the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Songrui Chen the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Jianjun Zhang the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Yafang Zhang the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Wei Wei the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University) Ming Xiang Page 1/15 Huazhong University of Science and Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-3897 Research Article Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, ACE2, clinical characteristics Posted Date: June 15th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-34615/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 2/15 Abstract COVID -19 has rapidly spread from Wuhan to worldwide, and now has become a global health concern. Hypertension is the most common chronic illness in COVID-19, while the inuence on those patients have not been well described. In this retrospective study, 82 conrmed patients with COVID-19 were enrolled, with epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and therapies data analyzed and compared between COVID-19 patients with (29 cases) or without (53 cases) hypertension. Of all 82 patients with COVID-19, the median age of all patients was 60.5 years, including 49 females (59.8%) and 33 (40.2%) males. Hypertension (31[28.2%]) was the most chronic illness, followed by diabetes (16 [19.5%]) and cardiovascular disease (15 [18.3%]). Common symptoms included fatigue (55[67.1%]), dry cough (46 [56.1%]) and fever (≥37.3℃ (46 [56.1%]). The median time from illness onset to positive outcomes of RT-PCR analysis were 13.0 days, ranging from 3-25 days. In hypertension group, 6 (20.7%) patients died compared to 5 (9.4%) died in non- hypertension group. More hypertension patients with COVID-19 (8 [27.6%]) had at least one coexisting disease than those of non- hypertension patients (2 [3.8%]) (P=0.002). Compared with non-hypertension patients, higher levels of neutrophil counts, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and NT-proBNP were observed in hypertension group, whereas levels of lymphocyte count and eGFR were decreased. Dynamic observations displayed more signicant and worsened outcomes in hypertension group after hospital admission. COVID-19 patients with hypertension take more risks of severe inammatory reactions, worsened internal organ injuries, and deteriorated progress. Introduction In December 2019, several cases of acute pneumonia illness have been reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China [1]. The pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology were rstly ascribed to originate from a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan [2]. The disease has rapidly and widely spread in China and become pandemic, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia [3]. By Jan 7, 2020, a novel coronavirus was isolated by Chinese scientists from the throat swab sample of a patient, and was nally named SARS-CoV–2, from these patients with pneumonia, which was later designated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) by WHO in Feb 12. SARS-CoV–2 was categorized as the beta coronavirus 2β lineage, sharing 79.5% sequence identity to SARS-Co and 96% identical at the whole genome level to a bat coronavirus [4]. As of May 14, 2020, there have been more than 80,000 cases conrmed and 4633 deaths have resulted from COVID–19 in mainland china. Globally, the virus has spread in almost 200 countries and areas with more than 4,250,000 infected cases reported. To date, the person-to-person transmission is robustly supported by more evidences on COVID–19 [5, 6]. SARS-CoV–2 is evidenced to infect multiple systems and organs through spike binding angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) with higher anity than SARS-CoV spike. As the functional receptor, ACE2 protein is reported to abundantly expressed in humans in the epithelia of the lung and small intestine[7]. Thereby, clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV–2 infection appears to be wide, including fever, cough, dyspnea, decreased leukocyte counts or white blood cell counts, mild upper respiratory tract illness, and severe viral pneumonia[8]. System or organ malfunction, including shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute cardiac injury, and acute kidney injury and death can also occur in severe cases[9]. Notably, hypertension is the most coexisting chronic illness in Covid–19 patients as reported[2, 8, 10], implying population with hypertension under risks of SARS-CoV–2 infection due to the imbalance of ACE system. In this study, we aim to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and medicine therapies of hospitalized patients with COVID–19, and to further compare the available data between hypertension and non-hypertension patients admitted to the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University). Methods Study design and participants This retrospective, single-center study included patients from Dec 31, 2019 to Feb 01, 2020, and the nal date of follow-up was February 08, 2020, at the third people’s hospital of Hubei province, in Wuhan, China. The third people’s hospital of Hubei province is a hospital with over 1,500-bed accommodation, designated for COVID–19 treatment. Diagnosis of COVID–19 was based on current New Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control Program (6th edition, in Chinese) released by the National Health Commission of China [11] and was indicated by suspected symptoms, chest CT results and SARS-CoV–2 positivity by use of quantitative RT-PCR. On admission, throat-swab specimens from all patients were collected and kept in viral transport medium. Briey, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted SARS-CoV–2 detection in respiratory specimens by real-time RT-PCR methods or next-generation sequencing. Other respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (H1N1, H3N2, H7N9), influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Page 3/15 parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were also examined with real-time RT-PCR. Sputum or endotracheal aspirates were also inspected for identication of potential causative bacteria or fungi. Chest computed tomographic (CT) scans were carried out twice at least for each patient. The clinical classications of COVID–19 patients admitted to hospital compromised mild cases, moderate cases, and sever cases. These denitions are elucidated as follows: Mild cases: the clinical symptoms are mild and no pneumonia manifestation can be found in imaging; Moderate cases: Patients have symptoms like fever and respiratory tract symptoms, etc. and pneumonia manifestation can be seen in imaging; Severe cases: Meeting any of the following: Respiratory distress, respiratory rates ≥30 breaths/min; The SpO2 ≤93% at a rest state; PaO2/FIO2 ratio ≤300; Patients with >50% lesions progression within 24 to 48 hours in pulmonary imaging should be treated as severe cases. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee at the third people’s hospital of Hubei province (202004). All research procedures meet the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Data collection 82 hospitalized patients with COVID–19 were included in this retrospective study, and 29 of them were hypertension individuals. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, X ray and chest computed tomographic (CT) scans, treatments, and outcome data were extracted from electronic medical records with data collection forms. Eight researchers, including physicians and clinical pharmacist, reviewed the data collection forms to triple check the data independently. COVID–19 patients were categorized into two groups according to the presence and absence of hypertension.
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