Creating the

Minutemen A Small Extremist Group’s Campaign Fueled by Misinformation

ACLU !e following is a report prepared by the ACLU of Arizona, the !e leaders of the Minuteman Project seek to portray to the media the image that they are a large neighborhood watch group made up of mainly senior citizens sitting in lawn chairs who ACLU of New Mexico and the ACLU of Texas in collaboration are only concerned about national security. However, the reality of the Minuteman Project witnessed by legal observers is a much smaller, radical group with ties to white supremacists with hundreds of legal observers who have dedicated their and anti-government militias. While these vigilantes have failed to muster wide support on the ground, based on our review it appears that the Minutemen spin doctors have been time to following the Minutemen to prevent abuse, document successful at manipulating the media. !is report finds six areas of consistent misperception and inaccuracy in media civil liberties violations, and highlight the real problems on the coverage of the Minuteman Project: N the extremist, xenophobic motivations of the Minutemen and participation and border. promotion of the Minuteman Project from the white supremacist community is significantly under-reported N the estimated number of volunteers the Minutemen claim they would have, and have since claimed they actually had, is significantly inflated !is report is a review of 581 print articles and editorials that N a lack of reporting on militia members within the Minutemen (only 1% of articles) N the media ignored the arrest of a Minuteman cofounder and a Minuteman accused have appeared in major U.S. newspapers between January 24, of putting migrants in his car while on patrol (only 1% of articles) N the media overlooked the KKK as the original civilian border patrol group (only 1% 1 2005 and February 28, 2006. of articles) N the media did not report on violence and illegal activity by the Minuteman Project and other vigilante groups

!e report details the inconsistencies found in the print Minutemen Come Together to Stop Invasion by media’s coverage of the Minutemen and the reality as “Illegal Aliens and their Offspring” !e original call for the Minuteman Project posted on their website made it clear that they experienced by legal observers. Legal observers for the were going to be patrolling the border to protest the changing demographics of our nation. !e call for volunteers was probably not very different from the call for volunteers for Minuteman Project were originally trained by the American the previous civilian border watch project organized by the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in October of 1977.3 Civil Liberties Union of Arizona and the American Friends At the current rate of invasion the United States will be completely over run with ILLEGAL Service Committee of Arizona. During the month of April aliens by the year 2025...only 20 years away. ILLEGAL aliens and their offspring will be the dominant population in the U.S. and will have made such inroads into the political and social 2005, when the Minutemen patrolled in Arizona, over 150 systems that they will have more influence than the U.S. Constitution over how the U.S. is governed. "at ugly consequence is already taking place. "e United States of America is volunteers were sent into the desert with two-way radios, under invasion. Future generations will inherit a tangle of rancorous, unassimilated, squabbling cultures video cameras and cell phones to stand up for human rights with no common bond to hold them together, and a certain guarantee of the death of this nation as a harmonious “melting pot.” and human dignity.2 "e result: political, economic and social mayhem. Historians will write about how a lax America let its unique and coveted form of government and society sink into a quagmire of mutual acrimony among the various sub- nations that will comprise the new self-destructing America.4

1 With language as strong as this it is no surprise that the Aryan Nation listed the Minuteman Project as a “White Pride Event.” When questioned about this fact by Alan Colmes on Fox News’ Hannity and Colmes, Minuteman Cofounder James Gilchrist responded by saying he has no control over what others write and posted a warning on his website saying supremacist groups were not welcome. However, he went on to ask Colmes, “Why are you picking on them (white supremacists)?”

White Supremacists Promote and Participate in the Minuteman Project While the presence of organized white supremacist groups supporting and participating in the Minuteman Project is well documented, the mainstream media omits this information in their articles and editorials. Only 29 of the 581 articles read mention that white supremacists participated in or promoted the Minuteman Project (see FIGURE 1 figure 1). Articles reporting that !e lack of coverage of white supremacist activity created by the white supremacists Minuteman Project is particularly disturbing given the severity of the participated in comments made on white supremacist websites. or promoted the Minuteman Project We are being invaded by mexicans who when the gravy train stops ain’t gonna be to thrilled with the gringo. If you aren’t gonna sign up for this project I don’t Yes 5% want to hear no bitchin about the illegal immigrant problem we got in this country. No doubt about it, we are at war, it is not the conventional white mans war, but they are taking our resources, and land by force. We must stop it. I am a missionary for racism and I see fertile recruiting ground! What happened to the white man? What happened to our outrage that has spawned Heros, and Martyrs. If I get arrested for defending my Country’s No Borders than so be it 95% Stopping that invader of our country will be the highlight of my white nationalist carreer. When my comrades and I are standing over an illegal we bagged and tagged in a citizens arrest I will finally see some sort of action that allthough miniscule has changed the course of our nation for the better, not some dumb flyer drop, or some secret meeting, but action.5 White Supremacist activity associated with the Minuteman Project has gone far beyond postings on their websites. !e Southern Poverty Law Center documented the presence of members of the Phoenix Chapter of the largest neo-Nazi group in the United States, National Alliance. National Alliance members were photographed while on patrol with the Minutemen on the “Naco Line” in Arizona during the first week of April.6 Dressed in full camouflage and Minutemen t-shirts stating “Undocumented Border Patrol Agent,” they displayed a handmade poster showing a map of North America with arrows coming from Mexico and pointing to different points throughout the United States. !is same National Alliance members on patrol during April 2005 Minuteman graphic is found on a National Alliance billboard in Las Vegas, Nevada, and on National Project. Photo courtesy of the Southern Poverty Law Center. Alliance flyers that were distributed throughout Southern Arizona in the days preceding the Minuteman Project.

2 3 !e newspaper media data shows that the Minutemen have been successful in !e estimates in the first two weeks of March ranged from 500 to 900 with the San convincing mainstream media to buy into their newly created image describing their Antonio Express-News estimating 1,00011 and the Washington Times’ Seper reporting that efforts as intended to stop terrorists and drug dealers, which is very different from their the number of volunteers had more than tripled and included volunteers from every state original call for action. However, extremist groups continue to look for ways to form and 16 aircraft12 (Appendix 2). alliances with the Minutemen and certainly remember their call to save the country from As April 1 grew closer, the Minutemen’s estimations grew larger and the media “ILLEGAL ALIENS and their offspring.” continued to report their numbers. !e last two weeks of March show fifteen articles or !e media’s depiction of the Minuteman Project as a patriotic group “protecting editorials that claim the Minutemen will have at least 1,000 volunteers, with the highest their country” led individuals to join the Minuteman Project, only to learn the underlying estimate from those weeks being “over 2,000”13 (Appendix 3). motivations of the organization. !e racist motivations of the Minuteman volunteers in Despite the predictions, the articles from reporters who were actually in Arizona the Texas led the man who was President of the Goliad Chapter to resign.7 Bill Parmley quit first week of the Minuteman Project tell a different story. his post as director of the Texas chapter and alleged that the Minuteman members were plotting to overthrow the County Sheriff, who is Hispanic. He also stated the Minutemen Articles from First Week Report Dismal Turnout were “a recipe for disaster.” Other volunteers did not seem dissuaded by the Minutemen’s motivations. According !e 85 articles and editorials analyzed from the first week of the Minuteman Project, to an article in SF Weekly, a Minuteman told his commanding supervisor, Papa Bear, “I was April 1-7, ranged from saying the Minutemen had 50 volunteers14 to 1,200.15 Estimates of in town today, and I almost wanted to catch some of the Mexicans who are already over the number of people who showed up for the rallies and talks on the first weekend ranged here!” At a rally at the end of April, a Minuteman volunteer thanked Gilchrist for being from less than 10016 to nearly 450,17 with "e New York Times, Tucson Citizen, Houston a 21st Century Minuteman and another volunteer suggested he was a modern-day Paul Chronicle, Chicago Tribune, and Los Angeles Times putting the numbers between 100 and Revere. !e volunteer then threw her hands in the air and shouted, “!e Mexicans are 200. coming! !e Mexicans are coming!”8 In an article published April 8 in LA Weekly, Marc Cooper writes, “Despite organizers’ claims that 450 people showed up the first day (befittingly on April Fools’ Day), reporters 18 Minutemen Numbers Fail to Meet Lofty Predictions visibly equaled or outnumbered the actual participants.” Even Jerry Seper did not buy into the Minutemen’s exaggerations, as evidenced by his article, “Border-vigil Volunteers !e media’s coverage of the Minutemen has given the public the perception that the group Big in Spirit, Not Number,” in which he writes that fewer than 100 Minutemen showed up.19 is a much larger organization then it actually is. According to firsthand accounts, there were certainly more legal observers and press during the first weekend of patrols then Unexplainable Leap in Reported Number of Volunteers there were Minuteman volunteers. While the media who attended the first weekend of After Majority of Media Leave the Minuteman Project tended to report the dismal turnout, the printing of Minutemen’s exaggerations leading up to that date and the Minutemen’s inflated lies after the media !e Minuteman Project never came close to matching the number of people they had their left Cochise County, Arizona, gave the public the perception that the Minuteman Project first weekend of patrols. !e vast majority of volunteers left after the first few days and actually had hundreds and hundreds of volunteers on the border. others would occasionally trickle in. Yet, by the end of the month the Minutemen were While the actual number of Minutemen was difficult to count, we estimate that claiming they had 857 volunteers. throughout the entire month only a couple of hundred vigilante volunteers showed up. Despite the firsthand account of over 150 legal observers who monitored the Minutemen, the media continuously reports the Minutemen’s exaggerations. 2000

n Predicted number of e

m 1500 e

t Minutemen prior to u n i

M April 2005 and Estimates of Volunteers Grow as Patrols Near 1000 f o

r

e reported number of b

m 500 !e coverage of the Minutemen before their starting date led the public to think that a u Minutemen from first N large number of vigilantes were going to be coming to Arizona in April. Prior to the start 0 week of April 2005 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of the Minuteman Project on April 1, 2005, the numbers circulating in the media tended 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 4 7 4 1 1 1 4 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 6 7 2 2 5 9 0 / / / / / / / / / / / / / 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 / / / / / 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to range from a few hundred to 1,500. !e first report in January, from Jerry Seper of / / / / / 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 9 the Washington Times, claimed 240 volunteers. Reports in February ranged from 240 to Date Article Published 1,00010 (Appendix 1).

4 5 Beginning the second week of April, subsequent news coverage of the patrols relied on estimates provided by the Minutemen, since most reporters had already left the scene. In an April 10 article, the San Antonio Express-News quotes Minuteman Project Cofounder James Gilchrist as saying that 1,500 had registered but fewer then 500 showed up.20 In an April 12 article, Minutemen organizers claimed that 1,000 more volunteers were on the way to serve as replacements.21 An April 14th article from the Press Enterprise quoted Minuteman security chief James Chase claiming they had 600 to 700 volunteers staffing lookout posts around the clock and that organizers had to turn away 10,000 more because they were unable to process their applications.22 But legal observers say these numbers were greatly exaggerated. Chase would often approach legal observers and identify himself as the sector chief of the Huachuca Line and tell confusing stories about his days in Vietnam, the “ninja turtles” he was trying to stop, and the dangers of the border. It was quite apparent to the observers that Chase was overseeing only a handful of vigilantes and not 600 to 700. In fact, during the weekend of April 16-17 there were 32 legal observers and a count of 36 Minutemen. During April 16 through 25, the unexplainable surge in the amount of volunteers the Minutemen claimed continued. On the 16th of April, Washington Times reporter Jerry Seper wrote that over 600 volunteers had completed a four hour training session and spent at least one eight hour shift on the border. According to Seper’s earlier report this would have required more than 500 volunteers showing up within thirteen days of when he reported fewer than 100 had shown up the first weekend. A 500% increase in volunteers would certainly have been noteworthy, but in Seper’s articles on April 8, April 11, April 12, and April 13, he does not even mention how many Minutemen volunteers were on patrol. !ree days later he adds another 200 volunteers and stays around that number until after the end of the month. It did not take long for this unexplained leap to appear in other media sources. !ree days after Seper’s article, the Arizona Republic quotes Minuteman Project Cofounder Chris Simcox as saying they have had 760 volunteers since the beginning of the month and that there were 10,000 volunteers for future patrols.23 Simcox and his colleagues repeat this exaggeration in numerous other interviews. In an article published the same day, Gilchrist claims there are 1,200 Minutemen volunteers and that organizers have trained 770 volunteers.24 Another Seper article, also from April 19, claims that nearly 800 volunteers had been on patrol at one time or another throughout the month.25 Despite the large numbers that were now being reported, the following weekend saw a count of 36 legal observers and 31 Minutemen. !e final week of April started with another Seper article claiming a total of 820 volunteers had completed the training and spent time in the desert and that Simcox reported he would have 15,000 volunteers for patrols in October.26 In an article the next day, Seper repeated Simcox’s statement that he had more than 15,000 volunteers and stated that more than 800 volunteers had patrolled.27 !e San Francisco Chronicle soon followed that lead and on April 30 published that the Minutemen had 857 volunteers.28 Minutemen Project training session on April 1, 2005, in Tombstone, Arizona.

6 7 n

e 1200 m e t 1000 u n n i e 1200 M 800 m f e o t

1000 r u 600 e n i b M

800 m 400 f u o

N r 600 e 200 b m 400 0 u N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 200 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 38 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Minuteman Project Ends, But Estimates For Next Patrol Keep Growing of the time they were the same people. !e only other state where Minute2 men activity / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 took place was California, and the Minuteman group there reportedly had fewer the1 n 100 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / / / / / / / / / / / / / Articles from the month of May tended to p/ ut the number of volunteers between 800 and 39 Date Article Published 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 29 volunteers. / / / / / / / / / / / / / 900, with the Denver Post claiming there we/ re over 1,000 volunteers. 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 1 1

1 Despite the dismal turnout during the Minutemen’s second month of patrolling, on Date Article Publish e d Articles from the remaining months tended to avoid quoting January 13, 2006, Seper claimed that over 2,000 civilian volunteers showed up during the Number of Minutemen actual numbers, with the exception of those written by Seper. month of October.40 predicted and reported According to ACLU research, the Washington Times’ Jerry by Jerry Seper of the Seper was the first reporter to write about the Minutemen in an Washington Times for article that appeared January 24, 2005. Since his original article, Number of Minutemen From Right-Wing, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

April 2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 0 , , , 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 Anti-Government

and until the end of February 2006, Seper has written about, or 0 2 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 Number of Minutemen mentioned, the Minutemen 52 times, an astounding 38 times more Militiamen to Number of 4/26/2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 then the next closest journalist. Coincidentally, he was also the Mainstream 0 2 4 6 8 1 Minutemen predicted 4/27/2005

reporter that legal observers witnessed most often fraternizing with 5/13/2005 1/24/2005 and reported by d Minutemen e h s i Minutemen volunteers. Jerry Seper of the l 6/2/2005 2/9/2005 b u P

!e Minutemen

Washington Times for e 6/17/2005 2/17/2005 Even after the month of April, Seper continued to print l c i t r recently announced

October 2005 A

7/15/2005

3/16/2005 outlandish numbers put out by the Minutemen. While other e t a

D 7/22/2005 their national 3/21/2005 journalists seemed to stay away from printing the Minutemen’s 10/1/2005 leadership and the 3/28/2005 inflated predictions of how many volunteers they would have after 1/13/2006 media did not report 3/29/2005 they were duped into reporting large numbers before April, Seper that the position of 3/30/2005 continued. 3/31/2005 Director of National !e Minutemen planned on duplicating their effort in October 4/2/2005 Training went to a man who is also the Commander of the 1st Brigade New Mexico Militia and setting up posts all along the southern and northern borders. In

d 4/3/2005 e 31 (Bob Wright). In fact, the presence of militiamen like Wright, Steve Studley (Master h s

i three articles (April 26, April 27, May 13 ), Seper printed that the l 4/5/2005 b

u Sergeant, 1st Brigade New Mexico Militia), Mike Vanderboegh (Colonel, 1st Alabama P Minutemen expected 15,000 volunteers. On June 2 he dropped that e

l 4/7/2005 c i

t Cavalry Regiment, Constitutional Militia), and Chris Simcox (Founder, Civil Homeland

r 32 A 4/16/2005 number to 10,000. On three more occasions (June 17, July 15, and e t

a 33 Defense) is significantly overlooked in the mainstream media, with only three of the 581 D 4/19/2005 July 22 ) Seper again raised the number to 15,000. articles and editorials read mentioning the militia ties (see figure 2). 4/21/2005 It is not difficult to understand why militia members are strongly IGURE 4/26/2005 F 2 Minutemen Fail Even Worse in October than in April Articles reporting 4/27/2005 attracted to the Minuteman Project. As Studley put it in an article in the at Reaching Stated Number of Volunteers that members of the 5/2/2005 Albuquerque Journal, “If you stop and think about it, this is a direct job the 41 Minuteman Project 5/9/2005 militia’s supposed to be doing anyway.” In the same article Wright noted the Based on estimates from legal observers and media reports the are or were members 5/13/2005 militia mentality behind the Minutemen. “!e job of ensuring a safe nation Minutemen were able to turn out even fewer people in October than of private militias 5/19/2005 they did in April. However, on October 1 Seper wrote that more belongs to every citizen,” Wright said. “It is not the job of the government... 6/9/2005 than 4,000 volunteers were expected throughout the month.34 !at is just a delegation of that power.” Yes 7/15/2005 1% A report from the Seattle Times claimed that there were 15 In October of 2002, the headline on Minuteman cofounder Chris 8/5/2005 Simcox’s newspaper, the Tombstone Tumbleweed, stated in bold print, 1/13/2006 Minutemen on patrol in Washington and organizers expected between 60 and 100 people throughout the month, but this number “Enough is Enough! A Public Call to Arms! Citizens Border Patrol Militia could not be verified.35 !e Minuteman battalion in South Texas Now Forming.” Simcox’s bold call for a border patrol militia originally drew was claiming they had 300 people on the ground, but a reporter with the San Antonio media attention but only a small number of volunteers. It was not until he News-Express was only able to verify 22.36 Meanwhile, in Arizona a reporter writing about partnered with James Gilchrist and re-framed his outfit as a “neighborhood watch group” instead of a militia that he was able to gather national and three Colorado state legislators volunteering with the Minutemen reported that there were No 30 people in the training session.37 According to a report from the Associated Press, the international media attention. 99% New Mexico Minutemen claimed they had 200 volunteers throughout the entire month. It appears that the militiamen have given themselves a makeover to However, legal observers noted that there were less then two dozen every day and most appeal to the mainstream media in an attempt to win public support for their extremist agenda. While they certainly still have a strong base in the “Timothy McVeigh” crowd,

8 9 they have now found their way into the homes of millions of Americans through their !e Border Patrol Agent was less forgiving than the National Director of Training for numerous quotes in newspapers and appearances on television and radio shows. !e the Minutemen and wondered whether the Minuteman was trying to take the migrants anti-immigrant climate has gotten so bad in America that far-right wing militiamen are further out into the desert to harm them. !e Minutemen have since denied requests from being looked to as reasonable voices in our nation’s debate about what we should do about the media to speak with the Minuteman who put the migrants in his vehicle. immigration and our borders. Minutemen Mimic the KKK, Original Border Watchers Minutemen Leader and Volunteer Violate the Law !e media has also overlooked the fact that Gilchrist and Simcox are not the original Another aspect of the Minutemen that has been overlooked is the previous arrest of masterminds behind using private citizens to patrol the border in an effort to garner Simcox and the suspicious activity of a Minuteman volunteer patrolling in New Mexico. media attention. !at distinction goes to the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Only five of the 581 articles made mention of either the arrest of Simcox or According to a report put out by the Center for New Community, the KKK launched FIGURE 3 the incident involving the Minuteman patrolling in New Mexico (see their patrols on October 16, 1977. Leading the charge in California were Grand Dragon Articles reporting figure 3). Tom Metzger and Imperial Wizard David Duke, while Louis Beam headed efforts in Texas. Minuteman While on patrol with his Civil Homeland Defense Militia, Simcox was !e rhetoric of the KKK at the time was virtually identical to the current rhetoric of co-organizer Chris Simcox’s arrest or arrested on January 26, 2003. According to a report by the Anti-Defamation the Minutemen. !e Imperial Wizard thought that the Border Watch was a necessary part 43 Minuteman putting League, the chief ranger of the Coronado National Memorial in Hereford, of “the battle to halt the flow of illegal aliens streaming across the border from Mexico.” migrants in his vehicle Arizona, issued Simcox three citations for carrying a loaded weapon in In addition to the Minutemen’s rhetoric being similar to the KKK’s, their stated goal a national park, disorderly conduct, and conducting a special operation seems to be almost identical to the words Gilchrist and Simcox have been Yes 42 1% without a permit. repeating throughout the country. FIGURE 4 In January of 2004, U.S. Magistrate Judge Nancy F. Fiora found Simcox Articles that mention More important than actually stopping border crossers, the Klan Border guilty of carrying a firearm on the grounds of Coronado National Memorial the Knights of the Watch was conceived as a way to “arouse public opinion to such a degree while on one of his patrols hunting for migrants, and lying about it to a Ku Klux Klan (KKK) that they [the Federal Government] would be forced to better equip the border watch park ranger. Simcox claims he was arrested by the agent because she was beleaguered U.S. Border Patrol.”44 Hispanic. Yes In a personal interview with the arresting agent, who is not Hispanic, Despite the virtually parallel action, some media outlets claim that the 1% No she stated she asked Simcox if he was carrying a weapon and he lied to her Minutemen are the first group to engage in such patrols. Only three of the 99% and said “no.” Simcox was sentenced to two years probation and has since 581 articles and editorials read allude to the previous patrol by the KKK (see been unable to carry the shotgun he previously used to patrol the border. figure 4), and some even credit the Minutemen as having the original idea. Not only was the incident of the leader of the Minutemen lying to a federal agent not In an article from the San Antonio Express-News, Hernan Rozemberg writes, widely reported in the media, neither was the October incident of a Minuteman who put “...the Minuteman Project, an unprecedented civilian border watch group....”45 two migrants in his vehicle while on patrol with Bob Wright’s New Mexico Minutemen. Similarly in an article from the Press Enterprise, Sharon McNary writes, No In early October, a Border Patrol Agent knocked on a legal observer’s window to thank “!e Minuteman Project, April’s unprecedented mass volunteer patrol of 99% them for their presence. !e Border Patrol Agent then told the group of legal observers the Arizona-Mexico border...”46 By making such statements, the media has that he thought the Minutemen “are crazy” and said one of his fellow Border Patrol Agents helped mainstream the Minutemen instead of allowing the public access to had arrested a Minuteman a few days before. all relevant information so they can determine the real origin of the Minuteman concept. According to the Border Patrol Agent, the Minuteman had two migrants in his car but when asked by the officer if he had any migrants he said he did not. Incidents of Violence and Illegal Activity from Minutemen !e Border Patrol investigated the incident and sent a report to the United States Attorney’s Office. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request was denied but when While the media has given heavy coverage to the Minutemen, they have not given much Commander Wright was asked to talk about the “arrest” on two separate occasions on attention to allegations of unlawful actions by the Minutemen or vigilante activity along New Mexico Public Television programs, he claimed the Minuteman mistakenly put the the border. !e lack of coverage of documented cases creates an image that the Minutemen migrants in his car thinking they were ranch hands. are purely good old-fashioned, law-abiding citizens staying within the rule of the law.

10 11 It is occasionally reported in the media that there were no reported incidents of violence during the Minuteman Project in April 2005.47 However, a public records request to the Cochise County Sheriff’s Office revealed three cases. Incident number 05-06473 recounts a story from a woman who alleges that on April 2, 2005, between 12:30 a.m. and 1:00 a.m., three vehicles cornered her vehicle and a man in the vehicle in front of her exited and pointed a pistol at her. Men in the other vehicles also got out and brandished weapons at her claiming that they were Minutemen and wanted to search her vehicle for illegal drugs and undocumented aliens. In Incident number 05-06490, Ray Ybarra of the ACLU states that he was assaulted by Minuteman volunteer Joe H. McCutchen. McCutchen, who the Southern Poverty Law Center claims was reportedly a member of a leading white supremacist group and stands behinds anti-Semitic comments he has made to various reporters, attempted to use his flashlight to knock a video camera out of Ybarra’s hand.48 In a separate incident involving a documentary filmmaker named Cameron Sawyer, Minutemen “Security Personnel” made threatening remarks to the filmmaker and physically restrained him. In an argument over a tape in Sawyer’s camera, a Minuteman security person stated, “In a minute or so, there are going to be six people here with guns on you and we are going to take you into the basement, handcuff you, and take the film from the camera.” Sawyer stated he felt he was in danger and gave the tape to the “Security Personnel.” One of the persons named in the report is the Minutemen’s Director of National Vetting, Connie Foust. Sawyer declined to seek prosecution after the Sheriff’s officers talked to the Minutemen “Security Personnel” – including Foust, Ken Hofstra, Will Marriott, and Gilchrist – and was assured that the tape would be returned. In an additional incident that was reported to the Cochise County Sheriff’s Department but was not received as part of the public records request, a legal observer was assaulted by a Minuteman volunteer named Tammy. Tammy was aggressively questioning legal observers, and legal observers were adhering to their policy of non-violence and non- confrontation. Frustrated by her inability to get a charged response from a legal observer, Tammy grabbed the forearm of the legal observer and shook it violently. Tammy continues to be involved and is often seen harassing day laborers in Phoenix, Arizona. Vigilante activity on the U.S.-Mexico border, and particularly in Cochise County, is nothing new. Previous Freedom of Information Act requests and Public Records Requests by the ACLU revealed a string of disturbing incidents dating back to 1999. Some of these incidents include migrants reporting being shot at, bitten by dogs, hit with flashlights, kicked, taunted, and unlawfully imprisoned.49

Commander Wright addressing Minutemen volunteers wearing camouflage and bulletproof vests, April 2005.

12 13 n n e e 1200 1200 m m e e t t 1000 1000 u u n n i i M

M 800

800

f f o o

r r 600 600 e e b b m m 400 400 u u N N 200 200 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Conclusion Appendices 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 !e reality of the Minuteman Project that legal observers have witnessed is a much 1 Date Article Published APPENDIXD 1ate Article Published APPENDIX 3 smaller, more radical group than that portrayed in the media. !e vigilantes try to portray Predicted number Predicted number to the media that they are a large neighborhood watch group made up of mainly senior of Minutemen of Minutemen citizens sitting in lawn chairs who are only concerned about national security. As this January-February, March 16-31, report shows, the media has for the most part propagated the image the Minutemen are 2005 2005 attempting to portray.

When the media was no longer around, the younger, more militant vigilantes would Number of Minutemen Number of Minutemen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 come out with bows and arrows and night vision goggles. While no one is stating they do 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 1 1 2 2 not have a right to express their points of view, the media should be accurate in portraying 0 5 1 1 2 2 the reality of the situation and fully investigate allegations made by these individuals, 1/24/2005 3/16/2005 especially those coming from a man who was put on probation for lying to a federal agent. 2/2/2005 3/17/2005 2/14/2005 3/18/2005 n

!e Minutemen’s extreme rhetoric about the destruction of America because of e 1200 2/14/2005 3/19/2005 m d e e the invasion of “illegal aliens and their offspring” drew a volunteer base and supporters t 1000 h 2/17/2005 3/21/2005 u s i l n b i from the white supremacists and militia movements. !eir ability to hide facts, such u 2/21/2005 3/22/2005 P M

800

e f l c i o t as the origins of civilian border patrols, arrests of their leader, the Minuteman who put 2/22/2005 3/23/2005 r r

600 A

e e t b 2/22/2005 3/24/2005 migrants in his vehicle, and reports of violence and illegal activity, have allowed them to a D m 400 mainstream hate and a violent response to immigration. u 2/22/2005 3/25/2005 N 200 As our nation prepares to possibly pass another anti-immigrant piece of legislation, 2/22/2005 3/25/2005

0 2/25/2005 d 3/27/2005 e

community groups throughout the country are organizing to demand respect for human h s i l 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 3/27/2005

2/28/2005 b u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rights and human dignity. !ey are protesting against more than 3,600 deaths that have P

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e

l 3/28/2005 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 c i t / / / / / / / / / / / / / / occurred on the U.S.-Mexico border since the mid-90’s, against the Minutemen, and most r A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3/29/2005 e 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t / / / / / / / / / / / / / / importantly, for a positive solution. a D 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 3/29/2005 1 1 1 !e Minutemen are certainly a polarizing force. While they remain a small group of Date Article Published 3/30/2005 extremists attempting to achieve mainstream acceptance, to some they are a symbol of APPENDIX 2 3/30/2005 the hatred and oppression that people of color have faced in the Americas for centuries. Predicted number 3/30/2005 On March 10, 2006 an Immigrant’s Rights march in Chicago attracted an estimated of Minutemen 3/30/2005 crowd of 100,000-450,000 people. Even at the lowest estimate, there were more people on March 1-15, 2005 3/31/2005 the streets of Chicago standing up for human rights than legal observers have witnessed 3/31/2005 at all vigilante patrols, protests, rallies, and conferences combined throughout the entire Number of Minutemen 3/31/2005 0 0 0 0 3/31/2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 country in the last year. !e number of people participating in this traditional form of 0 0 5 1 1 2 2 unarmed, mass demonstration continues to escalate, with an estimated 10,000 people 3/31/2005 3/1/2005 3/31/2005 in Milwaukee; 20,000 in Phoenix; 50,000 in Denver; and 500,000 in Los Angeles. While 3/3/2005 anti-immigrant groups appear to be winning the battle in the media, those standing up for d 3/14/2005 e h s i human rights and human dignity appear to be winning the battle in the streets. l 3/4/2005 b u P

e Communities across the country are organizing for respect and dignity and one can l 3/4/2005 c i t r A

3/5/2005

only hope that the media will give them as much attention as they have given to a small e t a group of militant extremists. D 3/5/2005 3/5/2005

3/9/2005

14 15 Data Analysis 5/9/2005 when more than 800 volunteers from throughout the U.S. !e following data is based on an analysis of 581 articles and editorials from major U.S. 5/13/2005 more than 15,000 people offering to man border observation posts this fall from CA to newspapers. For more on methodology see footnote 1. TX 5/13/2005 more than 850 volunteers Table 1 5/19/2005 whose 850 volunteers shut down the flow of illegal aliens, FBP more than 500, 857 Articles written by Jerry Seper and published in the Washington Times that focus on or volunteers mention Minutemen, including description of number of Minutemen printed in article 5/23/2005 Minutemen served as model for a government effort 1/24/2005 has 240 volunteers, 7 pilots 5/25/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 2/9/2005 444 men and women from 41 states, has doubled, has nearly doubled 6/2/2005 Mr. Simcox, publisher of a Tombstone, AZ, newspaper, said more than 10,000 civilians 2/17/2005 a 500 person blockade have volunteered for patrols in Texas, New Mexico and CA... 3/8/2005 list of volunteers has more than tripled, reps from every state, 16 aircraft 6/3/2005 there were no reported incidents of violence involving the volunteers 3/16/2005 more than 1,000 volunteers are expected 6/9/2005 We want to avoid preparing for 1,000 volunteers and having 3,000 show up, a total of 3/21/2005 the 950 volunteers expected to take part next month 857 3/24/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 6/17/2005 !e coalition’s first Michigan-Ontario Minuteman Border Neighborhood Watch Meeting 3/28/2005 More than 1,000 volunteers are expected is scheduled for July 12 in Windsor, where the group will announce its primary goal to 3/29/2005 the 1,000 “Minutemen Project” volunteers who this weekend will begin... recruit and train more than 5,000 members and begin the campaign to implement its 3/30/2005 more than 1,000 volunteers will take part plans to expand its number of trained members to 15,000 across the entire U.S.-Canada 3/31/2005 more than 1,000 volunteers will being patrolling the border border 4/2/2005 More than 100 Minuteman Project volunteers 7/1/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 4/3/2005 Fewer than 100 “minutemen” 7/15/2005 More than 15,000 volunteers will man observation posts and conduct foot and 4/4/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included horseback patrols this fall along the Mexican border town....are signing up in record 4/5/2005 only about 200 have shown up numbers...more than 850 volunteers stood watch 4/7/2005 about 200 Minuteman volunteers 7/22/2005 More than 15,000 civilian volunteers are expected to man observation posts and 4/8/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included conduct foot and horseback patrols...Volunteers will be deployed in CA, AZ, NM, TX... 4/11/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, ND, VT, WA 4/12/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 8/5/2005 A total of 857 volunteers participated... 4/13/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 8/18/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 4/16/2005 Volunteers - more than 600 of whom have completed a four hour training session and 8/26/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included spent at least one eight hour shift on the border 9/12/2005 857 volunteers participated in a 30-day Arizona vigil 4/18/2005 At eight observation posts... two to four men and a few women gather 9/23/2005 More than 500 volunteers have signed up...for Oct. 1 operation 4/19/2005 Nearly 800 Minuteman volunteers have been on duty at one time or another 10/1/2005 More than 4,000 civilian volunteers are expected to man observation posts...In Arizona 4/21/2005 Nearly 800 Minuteman volunteers have participated 850 volunteers stood watch 4/24/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 10/5/2005 they will adjust more than 500 civilian volunteers, looking to recruit 1,000 volunteers 4/26/2005 More than 200 people rallied... for permanent patrols until relieved by National Guard, the announced figure of 500 A border vigil by hundreds of volunteers could not be independently confirmed, but dozens of vehicles and campsites were 15,000 new volunteers are ready observed.... 820 volunteers completed a four-hour training session and spent at least one eight hour 857 volunteers shut down 23-mile section... shift on the border 12/19/2005 Minuteman related article; no figures included 4/27/2005 15,000 new volunteers are “ready, willing and able to do the job our president and 1/13/2006 More than 2,000 civilian volunteers manned observations posts and conducted foot Congress will not do” and horse patrols along with U.S.-Mexico border from CA to Texas for 30 days in Oct.... More than 800 Minutemen volunteers have been on duty along the border about 850 volunteers did the same in April 5/2/2005 more than 800 volunteers manned observation posts 2/18/2006 Minuteman related article; no figures included 2/26/2006 Minuteman related article; no figures included

16 17 Footnotes 17 “450 anti-illegal-immigrant activists report for duty in Arizona,” San Bernardino Sun, Sara Carter, April 3, 2005.

1 !e report focuses only on articles and editorial stances taken by newspapers, it does not include opinion columns, 18 “Lawn-chair Militias,” LA Weekly, Marc Cooper, April 8, 2005. letters to the editors, magazines, television or radio coverage. A search was done on the “Major Newspapers” tab on the LexisNexis© search engine for the respected dates and the words ‘Minuteman Project’ next to each other. 19 “Border-vigil volunteers big in spirit, not number,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 3, 2005. In an article two days later Seper increases his estimate and writes that less then 200 Minutemen had shown up, “Civilian Blockade 2 !e legal observer project was replicated in San Diego by a coalition of four groups: American Civil Liberties Union of Effective at Border,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 5, 2005. See also “Mexican Cops Warn Migrants at the San Diego, American Immigration Lawyers Association, La Raza Lawyers of San Diego and National Lawyers Guild of Border,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 7, 2005, when Seper again says about 200 Minutemen have shown up. In San Diego. Additionally, in October of 2005 legal observers trained by the ACLU of Texas and the ACLU of New Mexico articles written by Seper on April 8, 11, 12, and 13, Seper did not give a count of the volunteers. followed Minutemen in their respective states. Legal observers have also continuously monitored Minutemen activity in front of day labor centers in Phoenix, Arizona, and training has been given to monitor Minutemen at other sites in 20 “Border brouhaha,” San Antonio Express-News, Hernan Rozemberg, April 10, 2005. Austin, Houston, and Maryland. 21 “Controversial volunteers try to deter illegal immigrants,” Ventura County Star, Zeke Barlow, April 12, 2005. 3 See page 11, Minutemen Mimic the KKK, Original Border-Watchers. 22 “!e Buzz on the Border; Sifting hoopla from hard facts can be tricky, but Minuteman Project has succeeded in key 4 Original Minuteman Project website, March 19, 2005. Interestingly enough, this language can no longer be found on goal - shifting nation’s eyes to illegal immigration,” Press Enterprise, Chris Richard, April 14, 2005. their official website. 23 “Border Watch to Widen; Minuteman Project Plans to Patrol More States,” Arizona Republic, Susan Carroll, April 19, 5 Taken from White Supremacists website, www.stormfront.org, March 30, 2005. 2005.

6 For an in-depth report see, Arizona Showdown: High Powered Firearms, Militia Maneuvers, and Racism at the Minuteman 24 “Minutemen Shift Focus to Target Employers,” Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, Sara A. Carter, April 19, 2005. Project, Intelligence Report, David Holthouse, Summer 2005, Issue 10, available at www.splcenter.org/intel/ intelreport/article.jsp?aid=557. 25 “Minutemen Pronounce Border Vigil a Success,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 19, 2005.

7 See “Minuteman Chief Disputes Texan’s E-mail,” San Antonio Express-News-News, Hernan Rozemberg, July 28, 2005. 26 “Border Vigil Calls for Immigration Reform,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 26, 2005.

8 “!e Minuteman’s 15 Minutes of Fame (Minute 14.5) at the Arizona border, infiltrator checks in with Americans who 27 “Minutemen To Push Congress,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 27, 2005. help the government look for illegal aliens,” SF Weekly, Harmon Leon, June 22, 2005. 28 “Governor Signals He’d Welcome Minutemen on California Border,” San Francisco Chronicle, James Sterngold and 9 “Volunteers Set to Monitor Border Crossings,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, January 24, 2005. Mark Martin, April 30, 2005.

10 See “Taking Border Patrol Into !eir Own Hands,” Los Angeles Times, David Kelly, February 2, 2005, claiming 416 29 “Tancredo Assails Border Patrol Agent, the Colorado Congressman Demands his resignation, claiming officers were volunteers; and “Making a stand on the border: Minuteman Project aims to police immigrants in Arizona, but leaders told to minimize detentions so it wouldn’t appear that a citizen patrol was successful,” Denver Post, Michael Riley, May reject vigilante label,” San Antonio Express-News, Hernan Rozemberg, May 6, 2005, claiming a Texas man planned to 22, 2005. join 1,000 other volunteers in Arizona in April; and “Illegal Aliens: Wake-Up Call,” Pittsburgh Tribune Review, Editorial, February 14, 2005. 30 It is worth nothing that a subsequent search on the LexisNexis© database in the “Major Newspapers” section using the search words “minuteman and Seper” reveals nine more articles written by Seper about, or mentioning, the 11 See “Rice in Mexican Capital for Fox Meeting; Talk will set the stage for Bush’s March Summit,” San Antonio Express- Minutemen that did not show up in the original search of “Minuteman Project.” !e San Antonio Express-News-News News, Dane Schiller, March 4, 2005. See also “Border Group Fears Infiltration by Supremacists; Volunteer Patrols, FBI (TX) reporter Hernan Rozemberg wrote 14 articles that focused on or mentioned the Minutemen; Sara A. Carter also Wary As Stakeout Nears,” Arizona Republic, Susan Carroll, March 5, 2005, claiming Minutemen have attracted more had 14 articles printed but many of her articles were the same ones printed in different California newspapers. Other than 700 volunteers; and “900 Border Watchers Now Expected,” Tucson Citizen, Claudine LoMonaco, March 4, 2005. journalists who have reported frequently on the Minutemen are Deborah Bullekely of the Deseret Morning News (13), Claudine LoMonaco of the Tucson Citizen (12), Leslie Berestein of the San Diego Union Tribune (11), Sharon McNary 12 “Mexico Seeks Protection for Illegals,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, March 8, 2005. of the Press Enterprise (9), Susan Carroll of the Arizona Republic (8), Brenda Gazaar with articles printed in the San Bernardino Sun and Inland Valley Daily Bulletin (8), and Rene Romo of the Albuquerque Journal (8). 13 “2,000 volunteers expected for Minuteman Project,” Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, Sara A. Carter, March 23, 2005. 31 See “Border Vigil Group Calls For Immigration Reform,” “ ‘Minutemen’ to push Congress,” and “Border Patrol Told to 14 “Migrants keep eyes on Minutemen; the group, about 50 strong, beings month long ‘patrols’ during weekend with Stand Down in Arizona.” SUVs, binoculars and an official denouncement from Border Patrol,” Tucson Citizen, Claudine LoMonaco, April 4, 2005. 32 See “Governor of Texas to allow Minuteman vigil at border.” 15 “High Noon,” Pittsburgh Tribune Review, Editorial, April 2, 2005, claiming “But this drama in the Arizona desert features a cast of 1,200 volunteers for the Minuteman Project…” 33 “U.S.-Canadian Coalition to check border crossings,” “!ousands to Join Vigil Along both U.S. borders,” and “Department brass buck border chief on civilian patrols.” 16 “Border-vigil volunteers big in spirit, not number,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, April 3, 2005. See also “Mexicans protest, block border; arrival of U.S. group fighting illegal immigration stirs anger,” Dallas Morning News, Isabel Rojas, 34 “Civilian monitors on both borders; more than 4,000 Minutemen look for illegal aliens,” Washington Times, Jerry April 2, 2005. Seper, October 1, 2005.

18 19 35 “Minutemen watch Canada border,” Seattle Times, Lornet Turnbull and Janet I. Tu, October 4, 2005.

36 “Minuteman volunteers on lookout in South Texas,” San Antonio Express-News-News, Hernan Rozemberg, October 2, 2005.

37 “Border Watchers Must Observe the Rules, Too: Lawmaker says scale of problem of illegals ‘Blows My Mind’,” Rocky Mountain News, Fernando Quintero, October 6, 2005.

38 “Minuteman Group to Leave New Mexico Border,” Associated Press, October 31, 2005. !is article did not appear in the Lexis-Nexis© search for articles and was therefore not analyzed in this report.

39 “Measuring the Success of Border Watchers,” North County Times, William Finn Bennett, October 8, 2005. !is article did not appear in the Lexis-Nexis© search for articles and was therefore not analyzed in this report.

40 “Civilians set three-day patrol on Mexico Border,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, January 13, 2006.

41 “Some Border Watchers are Involved in Militias,” Albuquerque Journal, Rene Romo, October 2, 2005. Special thanks in preparing this report 42 Border Disputes: Armed Vigilantes in Arizona, Anti-Defamation League, 2003. Available at http://www.adl.org/ to Emily Ryo, students at Stanford Law extremism/arizona/arizonaborder.pdf. School, students at Harvard Law School, 43 Shell Games: "e “Minutemen” and Vigilante Anti-Immigrant Politics, Center for New Community, October 2005, Gloria Borges, Gladys Limon, Sean Reed, available at http://bdi.newcomm.org/shellgames.pdf quoting “Klan Border Watch Continues,” "e Crusader, Issue 28, Molly !omas-Jensen, Christine Reimer 1977. Wegler, Audrey Martinez, Trent Lierman, 44 Ibid. For more information on the Klan’s Border Watch see "e Crusader, Issue. 27, November 1977. Elizabeth Venable, and Sandra Pullman.

45 “Minutemen Border On Chaos,” San Antonio Express-News, Metro Edition, 1A, Hernan Rozemberg, May 6, 2005.

46 “Minuteman splinter groups plan California border patrols,” !e Press Enterprise, A1, Sharon McNary, May 7, 2005.

47 See “Mexico Jobs May Deter Migration,” Washington Times, Jerry Seper, June 3, 2005.

48 See “Extremist Leads New Anti-Immigrant Group,” Southern Poverty Law Center, January 25, 2005, http://www. splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?aid=8.

49 Not included in this report is information on Legal Observers in California being shot at and on a separate occasion being threatened with a weapon. See “Border observers to carry GPS units for their safety; Decision made after gun-waving incident,” San Diego Union-Tribune, Leslie Berestein, October 19, 2005. !ese incidents occurred when observing James Chase’s Minuteman group, which he created after having disagreements with the original Minuteman Project.

20 13 AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION of ARIZONA

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION of NEW MEXICO

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION of TEXAS

ACLU