Origins and a Tale of Two Hockeys

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Origins and a Tale of Two Hockeys Origins and a Tale of two Hockeys By Frank Cosentino Antique relief of a ball game. It was probably keretizein, a game similar to hockey. Two players hold sticks with hooked ends, and each tries to drag the ball. The base of the statue (around 510-500 BC) once stood on a pillar integrated in Athens into the city wall of Themistodes. Photo: National Archaeological Museum Athens "Hockey" has been an Olympic sport since 1908 but How to differentiate? Stick and ball games have been that depends on the type of hockey. To some it's only common throughout history'. Indeed there is an natural to speak of hockey as the "field" variety; others ancient Greek bas-relief snowing a game very similar to think of "ice". Each has its roots in so-called "ball hockey2. and stick" pastimes played throughout the ages. Each Similar images appeared in the stained glass windows was ritualised through the British Public School and of cathedrals in Canterbury and Gloucester during the eventually found the climate to support its growth and medieval period. This pastime was deemed to be so development. popular that townspeople were neglecting archery, the One of the facts that people ignore when they speak result being that they were ill prepared, it was felt, to about hockey is that like "football", the descriptor defend the realm should it be necessary to fight a war. "hockey" is a "family term". In "football" there is And there were many to be foughtin the century. So the Association (soccer) game. Its style of play was this game, as were many others, was banned by King understood and accepted until 1823. In that year Edward III in 1365.’ Rugby School student William Webb Ellis picked up the A feature of this pastime was its stick, bent like a hook association game ball and ran with it. It was against or a "J" at place where the object, a small ball of some the rules but students chased after him. The game sort, was to be struck. At some point, probably with the Rugby was born. Association Football came into formal establishment of the British Public Schools, the activity existence 8,hDecember 1863. Rugby Union followed in was given the name hockey. Some said it was because 1871. the stick was shaped like a shepherd's crook, the French Then came Rugby League, Aussie rules, American rules, Canadian rules, seven man football, touch Frank Cosentino *1937. Professor emeritus and senior football, women's football, etc. Each one is its own scholaYork University, Ontario, played ten years in the CFl style; each one differentiates itself from the others yet and coached t2 yea s intercollegiate football. He was on two Grey Cup winning teams and coached 2 Vanier (up winners. has some semblance to them at the same time. So too He has authored or co-authored 15 hooks. His new book is in "hockey". There is "field hockey" and "ice hockey", Canadian Football 1995-2014: Home Again published in indoors and out, rules for women and men, hockey 5s as JDecember, 2011* well as roller hockey, all with distinguishing variations. JOH 1 I 2015 Origins and a Tale of two Hockey: 39 Perhaps the oldest term "hocquet"; others ponder as to the blade is always used to strike the ball. representation of an whether the term came from the hook If "stickhandling" as it is called in ice ice-hockey player is shaped stick. (If this were the case hockey, is to occur, the stick must in the possession of one has to ask whether the term be rotated so that the blade is an American collector. "playing hookey" indicating pointing down allowing contact The hand-coloured that a student was skipping by the face side with the ball. g rap h ic, sh o w in g a school, also meant that he Unlike field hockey the ice player w ith a puck, was off indulging in this hockey stick may or may not b ears th e date activity). be straight or curved but in 1'1 Septem ber 1797. In any event, after the every case both sides of the It was published in game's appearance at stick are flat and may be London by Joseph Eton and Winchester in the used at an time. Le Petit Jr., a French 1750s, other public schools So it goes without saying im m igrant. adopted it. Each had its (but I’ll write it anyway), own local version. Graduates there is no question that national Hockey Research of these schools became the Canada is a nation formed by professional classes, leaders > British and French influences. of the military, members of the Field hockey, a British term for the civil service. The game also offered "stick and ball" sport made its way a cold season alternative to cricket, to the colony through immigration of perhaps the chief game in Britain at the settlers, graduates of public schools, the time; a frozen pond could be the setting, with or military and civil service people. Canada, having without skates. ice-producing winters presented the opportunity of At a time when the British Empire was expanding playing a field hockey type of game on ice. It is also very to the point that the sun never set on some part of it, possible tha: French influences in Canada might have games as developed and codified by the public schools used the term for a shepherd's crook (hocquet) which appeared in every part of the empire. So it is no surprise sounded much like the British term "hockey". It is also that Darwin or the Franklin expedition made mention of difficult to te I from a picture whether the ball, and later playing hockey, no skates or skates. puck, is being struck by only one side of the stick or if, The key to what differentiates the type of hockey being indeed, the back of the stick blade is rounded. played, it is submitted, lies in the stick and a particular All of that notwithstanding, of all the areas in Canada rule of field hockey. Both cricket and field hockey use which claim the birthplace of (ice) hockey, Kingston, a bat or stick, the contact part of which have a basic Ontario, Windsor, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia similarity: only one side is used, the flat side. Moreover, have to measure their criteria to those established the back of the striking surface is rounded, deepened by Montreal, 3rd March 1875. where the first indoor ice along the so called "sweet spot". There are other hockey game notably different from field hockey was peculiarities: All sticks are right handed, i.e. the face of played unde'specific rules. Canada is considered the mother country of ice hockey. In the early years people played on iced-up rivers, lakes and bays. Some rules of play formulated in 1875 are still in force today. The first ice hockey club in the world was founded in 1880 at McGill University in Montreal. "Field" hockey developed fixed rules at Eton in 1868 and in North America, beginning with the International Ice an English Hockey Association was reconstituted in 1886 Hockey League in 1896 culminating with the National after first having been formed in 1875. Based in London Hockey Association which became the National Hockey itwasquicklyfollowed by similar associations in Ireland League in 1917. in 1893, Wales in 1897 and Scotland in 1901. The outdoor The International Ice Hockey Federation was formed game quickly moved to the colonies through the British in 1907 to convene European Championships, the first military and immigrants. India, Pakistan, Australia and one taking place in 1910. Interestingly, Canadian teams New Zealand became hotbeds of the sport. England were not allowed to compete in those tournaments; won the Olympic gold in 1908, Great Britain was the they were not then known as World Championships, winner of the 1920 tournament in Antwerp. Two times Canadians were gaining a reputation for their skill: in (1912 and 1924.) hockey was missing in the Olympic 1911, a team of Canadians who were studying at Oxford programme. played the university rep team and won handily, so Thereafter, the Asian period began. India won six much so that Cambridge University would not play consecutive gold medals beginning in 1928 among a Oxford if the latter'steam included Canadian players, total of 8 and Pakistan 3. Germany (a), the Netherlands students or otherwise. (2), Australia (1), New Zealand (1) have also won gold. The British side won its last gold in 1988. Field hockey for women wasn't included in the Olympic programme until 1980 when two rival organisations, the Women's International Hockey Federation (IFWHA) and the International Hockey Federation (FIH) merged. Zimbabwe was the gold medal winner of the 1980 Games to be followed by Netherlands (1984, 2008, 2012), Australia (1988,1996, 2000), Spain (1992) and Germany (200/4.). As for ice hockey, its manifestation appeared under several forms including "shinny”, "hurley", "bandy" "ice polo" or "hockey". All could be played on land or in cold regions on ice; forms of skates have appeared for 2000 years. Early rules in Canada were an amalgam of lacrosse, polo, shinny, rugby anc field hockey. The so-called Halifax rules of hockey (01850) did not allow Ice hockey was also part of the 1920 Antwerp Olympics. Field hockey entered any lifting or raising of the puck, a flat disc which had The Canadians, represented by the Winnipeg Falcons, the Olympic pro­ replaced the ball but it did allow forward passing.
Recommended publications
  • Sports-Related Eye Injuries: Floorball Endangers the Eyes of Young Players
    Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007: 17: 556–563 Copyright & 2006 The Authors Printed in Singapore . All rights reserved Journal compilation & 2006 Blackwell Munksgaard DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00607.x Sports-related eye injuries: floorball endangers the eyes of young players T. Leivo, I. Puusaari, T. Ma¨kitie Helsinki University Central Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, HUS, Finland Corresponding author: T. Leivo, MD, PhD, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, PL 220, 00029 HUS, Finland. Tel: 1358 9 4711, E-mail: tiina.leivo@pp.fimnet.fi Accepted for publication 19 September 2006 The objectives of this study were to determine the distribu- CI 228–415) floorball eye injuries occur annually. The tion of different sports-related eye injuries and to identify mean age of floorball patients was 22 years. The most injury types to enable recommendations to be made about common finding (55%) in sports injury patients was hy- the use of protective eyewear. The study population phema. Clinically severe eye injuries during this period comprises all 565 eye trauma patients examined at the accounted for one-fourth of all cases. During the study Ophthalmology Emergency Clinic of the Helsinki Univer- period, no eye injury was found in an organized junior ice sity Central Hospital over a 6-month period. Data were hockey, where facial protection is mandatory. Floorball is collected from patient histories and questionnaires. In estimated to belong to the highest risk group in sports, and addition, three severe floorball eye injury cases are pre- thus, the use of protective eyewear is strongly recommended. sented. Of the 565 eye traumas, 94 (17%) were sports We conclude that national floorball federations should make related.
    [Show full text]
  • Floorball As a New Sport
    Rositsa Bliznakova Floorball as a New Sport Case Study: Bulgaria as a Floorball Destination from Insider’s Point of View University of Jyväskylä Department of Sport Sciences Social Sciences of Sport Master’s Thesis Spring 2011 2 UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Department of Sport Sciences/Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences Master’s Degree Programme in Sport Science and Management BLIZNAKOVA, ROSITSA Floorball as a New Sport Case Study: Bulgaria as a Floorball Destination from Insider’s Point of View Master’s Thesis, 95 pages (Appendices 3 pages) Social Sciences of Sport Spring 2011 ABSTRACT Floorball is a relatively new but quickly growing sport. Together with its development and spreading its importance grows as well. However previously conducted research on floorball from its managerial point of view is rare, especially on an international scale. The present investigation makes an attempt to fill this gap in a holistic manner. It explores the research problem of finding the potentials of floorball as a sustainably successful sport – worldwide and in the case country, Bulgaria. For this purpose the study utilizes the tasks of collecting and systematizing existing relevant data, binding floorball to theoretical frameworks of contemporary science and observing its development level and current issues globally and locally. The research uses a qualitative, ethnographic approach to obtain its goals, and includes participant observation, unstructured and semi-structured interviews. Data is analysed through a combination of qualitative analysis tools – thematic analysis, discourse analysis, content analysis, visual data analysis, etc. The primary data has been gathered in Finland, as well as in Bulgaria and consists of observation of key events and interaction with key informants.
    [Show full text]
  • Inline Hockey Registration Form
    Adult Roller Hockey Registration Form Epic Sports Center Indoor Adult League® Epic Center is proud to offer one of the best Roller Hockey leagues in Western New York. Come play on our Sport Court floor, with dasher boards and glass installed by Athletica Sport Systems, the company that’s built rinks for 29 NHL teams. Our Winter and Summer sessions utilize our single-elimination playoff format, where even the lowest ranking team in league play can still win the Championship! League Champions are recognized on our brand new Trophy and receive T-shirts. Team picture is emailed to the team captain if requested and goes on our Wall of Champions. The Top Goal Scorer, Top Playmaker, and Top Goalie of each division receive a custom made prize with their individual stats listed for the session. Ties in regular season go to a 3 v. 3 three-minute-overtime, then sudden death shootout. Ties in playoffs go to sudden death overtime. 3 points for a reg- ulation win. 0 points for regulation loss. 2 points for OT/shootout win. 1 point for OT/shootout loss. The AAU Rulebook will be followed, but Epic Center’s house rules supersede some of them. For a complete list of league details, please see the back of this flier. *Please be aware that Start Week and End Week below may fluctuate as teams register. Session League League Regular Minimum Maximum League Register Number: Start Ending Season Total Total Fee: By: Week: Week: Games: Games: Games: Rink Rental Fees I 9/06/21 10/31/21 6 8 8 $700 8/23/21 Per Hour II 11/01/21 1/02/22 6 8 8 $700 10/18/21 Current Player*:$150
    [Show full text]
  • POLO+10 World 02/2020
    WOR L D POLO+10 WORLD – The Polo Magazine • Est. 2004 • Published Worldwide I I/ 2020, Volume 9 • No 25 100,00 AED 1.500,00 ARS 35,00 AUD 10,00 BHD 25,00 CHF 165,00 CNY 20,00 EUR 30,00 GBP 190,00 HKD 1.700,00 INR 2.700,00 JPY 90,00 QAR 1.600,00 RUB 35,00 SGD 25,00 USD 350,00 ZAR 1972 DPV + EDITORIAL POLO 10 WORLD II / 2020 3 D . V E . U E T S D C N H A ER RB POLO VE DEAR FRIENDS OF POLO+10, DEAR POLO FRIENDS, the Covid-19 pandemic and its consequences influence our everyday life during these weeks. The first concern of course is for our families and friends. Protecting their health and limiting the spread of the virus still is our grea- test common obligation. We are all asked to adapt to the current circumstances, follow the restrictions in our sport and the advice for per- sonal distancing where necessary. And we can see that in following official advice we are successfully fighting Covid-19. As a result in more and more countries the strict measures will be eased in the upcoming weeks, a return to limited training slowly is possible. Polo clubs and stables affected from the restric- tions have mastered the special challenges very well. Des- pite the sometimes limiting possibilities, the care for the horses was and is always upheld. And fortunately the good and close cooperation with the authorities has made it possible to quickly implement individual training plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Rink Feasibility Study Community Presentation
    BROOKLINE RINK + RECREATION FACILITY FEASIBILITY STUDY COMMUNITY MEETING #1 JUNE 24, 2021 6-8PM AGENDA Welcome & Introductions History & Background of the Project What is a Feasibility Study KMDG Team Introductions & Project Goals Existing Conditions & Community Polling Facility Use Parameters & Community Polling Activity Programming Parameters & Community Polling Community Discussion & Feedback Next Steps 1. TEAM INTRODUCTIONS TEAM Mark Klopfer Jennifer Ng George Fantauzza Adam Meyerring Randy Lieberg Technical Joyful Ecological Exciting Multi-recreational Inviting PROJECT GOALS As a team, our approach will be grounded in these shared goals: 1. The feasibility study will support ongoing planning efforts, existing investments, and Climate Action initiatives. 2. The ice rink and future recreation programming will serve as a neighborhood and town-wide destination. 3. The project needs to serve a wide spectrum of use from the occasional weekend visitor to the hockey families. 4. The feasibility project should look to expand the ice rink’s current spring season. The project should look for opportunities to integrate with summer camps, and existing events and programming. 5. Create an engaging and inclusive process for the community. PROJECT TIMELINE 2. EXISTING CONDITIONS LARZ ANDERSON PARK EXISTING CONDITIONS - SITE EXISTING CONDITIONS - EXPERIENCE SITE PHOTOS - WINTER SITE PHOTOS - SUMMER EXISTING CONDITIONS - FACILITY TEMPORARY REFRIGERATION RESURFACER BUILDING IS TRAILERS - TAKE UP ROOM ON AGING AND IN POOR SHAPE SITE, ARE COSTING 30%
    [Show full text]
  • In an Effort to Standardize Ringette Line Markings Across the Country, the CRFC Has Worked in Consultation with Ringette Canada
    In an effort to standardize ringette line markings across the country, the CRFC has worked in consultation with Ringette Canada on how best to layout a ringette ice sheet. The CRFC supports the revised layout and encourages facility managers to consider the benefits of conforming to these layout guidelines whenever possible. New construction and/or retrofits to a facility should give consideration to these measurements, however, other ice sport marking requirements should be overlayed prior to making any changes so that all ice sports are given the same consideration. The following drawings are offered as a support tool for ice technicians to your planning and annual ice painting activities. As ice markings may change at any time, be reminded of the importance for you to annually recheck all local and regional ice sport marking requirements prior to undertaking the ice painting task! VERSION 2013-7 CRFC - RINGETTE CANADA LINE MARKINGS Ice rinks that offer the sport of Ringette will be required to install additional painted/fabric markings. Ringette utilizes most of the standard Hockey Canada (HC) ice hockey markings with additional free pass dots in each of the attacking zones and centre zone areas as well as a larger defined crease area. Two (2) additonal free play lines (1 in each attacking zone) are also required. Free Play Lines In both attacking zones located above the 30 ft. (9.14 m) circles is a 5.08 cm (2 in.) red “Free Play Line”. These lines shall be installed to completely overlap the top of each of the 30 ft. circles.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Field Hockey Rules and Concepts
    Basic Field Hockey Rules and Concepts WYB Middle School Field Hockey 2013 Basic Field Hockey Rules The Game: • Two 20 minute halves each with a 5 minute half time • 11 players per side, including the goalie • Can only play the ball with the flat side of the stick • A goal is scored when an attacker shoots the ball into the goal from within the shooting circle. The shooting “circle” is a 16-yard half-circle around the front of the goal. Fouls—a player may not: • Shield or obstruct the ball from an opponent with the body or stick. All players must have an equal chance to gain control of the ball as it is dribbled or passed down the field. • Play the ball with the rounded side of the stick • Charge, hit, shove or trip an opponent • Play the ball in a potentially dangerous way • Raise the stick above the waist in a dangerous manner while attempting to play or stop the ball • Advance the ball by any means other than with the stick • Touch the ball with their feet—cannot stop or deflect the ball in the air or on the ground with any part of the body • Hit, hook, hold or interfere with an opponent’s stick • “Hack,” or continuously whack an opponent’s stick while trying to get the ball Penalty corners: • A penalty corner is awarded if a defender fouls inside the shooting circle, or if a defender intentionally hits the ball over the goal line from any part of the field • On a penalty corner, the ball is placed on the goal line 10 yards from the nearest goal post.
    [Show full text]
  • A National Tradition
    Baseball A National Tradition. by Phyllis McIntosh. “As American as baseball and apple pie” is a phrase Americans use to describe any ultimate symbol of life and culture in the United States. Baseball, long dubbed the national pastime, is such a symbol. It is first and foremost a beloved game played at some level in virtually every American town, on dusty sandlots and in gleaming billion-dollar stadiums. But it is also a cultural phenom- enon that has provided a host of colorful characters and cherished traditions. Most Americans can sing at least a few lines of the song “Take Me Out to the Ball Game.” Generations of children have collected baseball cards with players’ pictures and statistics, the most valuable of which are now worth several million dollars. More than any other sport, baseball has reflected the best and worst of American society. Today, it also mirrors the nation’s increasing diversity, as countries that have embraced America’s favorite sport now send some of their best players to compete in the “big leagues” in the United States. Baseball is played on a Baseball’s Origins: after hitting a ball with a stick. Imported diamond-shaped field, a to the New World, these games evolved configuration set by the rules Truth and Tall Tale. for the game that were into American baseball. established in 1845. In the early days of baseball, it seemed Just a few years ago, a researcher dis- fitting that the national pastime had origi- covered what is believed to be the first nated on home soil.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY FEDERATION Multi-Sports Areas Gen 2 Maximising Sporting Opportunities
    INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY FEDERATION multi-sports areas Gen 2 maximising sporting opportunities Web fih.ch/facilities Email [email protected] Hockey is the world’s third most popular team sport. Unfortunately, there is not a single type of synthetic Fast, technically skilful, and requiring good levels of turf that meets the needs of every sport. Small or large personal fitness, the sport is renowned for its social ball, contact or non-contact sport, high grip or low foot inclusiveness, gender equality, and ability to attract grip; all these factors affect how players rate a surface. and engage with players for many years. Finding the right compromises is key to success. With an innovative approach to improving the game, The GEN 2 concept shows how surfaces designed for hockey recognises the benefits synthetic turf surfaces hockey, can also be used by other sports. offer, and embraces their use at all levels of the game. Creating opportunities for people to discover and play hockey is often difficult. For some, the challenge is providing suitable areas to play, for others, ensuring facilities are sustainable is key to their long-term success. Many sports face these challenges, and this is making the concept of multi-sports fields increasingly attractive; sharing facilities and maximising opportunities is often the best way to secure investment. Community and school hockey is best played on 2G synthetic turf. Unlike longer pile turfs, the short dense pile of a 2G surface allows a hockey ball to travel quickly and predictably across the surface; just what the players want. By laying the correct shockpad under the 2G synthetic turf, you can also provide a great playing surface for community level: • Futsal • Soccer • Tennis • Netball • Lacrosse • Softball • Athletics training / jogging tracks Outdoors, the are two versions of hockey Hockey – played by two teams, each with 11 players on a full-size field Hockey5s - played by two teams, each with 5 players 2G synthetic turf surfaces on a court.
    [Show full text]
  • The Game of Bocce-Baseball Bocce-Baseball Combines Concepts
    The Game of Bocce-Baseball Bocce-Baseball combines concepts from the games of Bocce Ball and Baseball into one exciting new game! Bocce Ball (pronounced “bachi”) is a well-known and popular yard game played around the world. It is a ball game closely related to British “Bowls” and French “Pétanque” with common roots from the ancient games played in the Roman Empire. While on the other hand, Baseball is a popular sport played around the world using bats and balls where two teams compete by advancing around the 4 bases on the field. Come discover the new combination game of Bocce- Baseball - an exciting and inclusive new game that combines game-play from both Bocce Ball and Baseball into one game! Physical Education Benefits of the Game: “Bocce-Baseball” is an exciting, out-of-the-box, inclusive and new PE game based on two well-known games (Bocce Ball and Baseball). This game provides players, of all ages and skill levels, with the opportunity to participate in activities involving running, ball throwing/rolling, aiming, critical thinking, and team play. Equipment of the Game: - 4 Bocce-Baseball Bases – 1st Base, 2nd Base, 3rd Base and Home Plate - 12 Multicolor Bocce-Baseballs - Carrying Bag for 12 game balls Setting up the Game: Setup the Bocce-Baseball play area by placing the 4 Bases (1st Base, 2nd Base, 3rd Base and Home Plate) in the shape of a baseball diamond anywhere from 30 to 90 feet apart depending on the age and skill level of the players. The play area can be either a real baseball diamond, or grass field, or wooden gym floor or paved area.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Anti-Doping Testing Figures Report
    2017 Anti‐Doping Testing Figures Please click on the sub‐report title to access it directly. To print, please insert the pages indicated below. Executive Summary – pp. 2‐9 (7 pages) Laboratory Report – pp. 10‐36 (26 pages) Sport Report – pp. 37‐158 (121 pages) Testing Authority Report – pp. 159‐298 (139 pages) ABP Report‐Blood Analysis – pp. 299‐336 (37 pages) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2017 Anti‐Doping Testing Figures Executive Summary ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2017 Anti-Doping Testing Figures Samples Analyzed and Reported by Accredited Laboratories in ADAMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Executive Summary is intended to assist stakeholders in navigating the data outlined within the 2017 Anti -Doping Testing Figures Report (2017 Report) and to highlight overall trends. The 2017 Report summarizes the results of all the samples WADA-accredited laboratories analyzed and reported into WADA’s Anti-Doping Administration and Management System (ADAMS) in 2017. This is the third set of global testing results since the revised World Anti-Doping Code (Code) came into effect in January 2015. The 2017 Report – which includes this Executive Summary and sub-reports by Laboratory , Sport, Testing Authority (TA) and Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) Blood Analysis – includes in- and out-of-competition urine samples; blood and ABP blood data; and, the resulting Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) and Atypical Findings (ATFs). REPORT HIGHLIGHTS • A analyzed: 300,565 in 2016 to 322,050 in 2017. 7.1 % increase in the overall number of samples • A de crease in the number of AAFs: 1.60% in 2016 (4,822 AAFs from 300,565 samples) to 1.43% in 2017 (4,596 AAFs from 322,050 samples).
    [Show full text]
  • Field Hockey Glossary All Terms General Terms Slang Terms
    Field Hockey Field Hockey Glossary All Terms General Terms Slang Terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # 16 - Another name for a "16-yard hit," a free hit for the defense at 16 yards from the end line. 16-yard hit - A free hit for the defense that comes 16 yards from its goal after an opposing player hits the ball over the end line or commits a foul within the shooting circle. 25-yard area - The area enclosed by and including: The line that runs across the field 25 yards (23 meters) from each backline, the relevant part of the sideline, and the backline. A Add-ten - A delay-of-game foul called by the referee. The result of the call is the referee giving the fouled team a free hit with the ball placed ten yards closer to the goal it is attacking. Advantage - A call made by the referee to continue a game after a foul has been committed if the fouled team gains an advantage. Aerial - A pass across the field where the ball is lifted into the air over the players’ heads with a scooping or flicking motion. Artificial turf - A synthetic material used for the field of play in place of grass. Assist - The pass or last two passes made that lead to the scoring of a goal. Attack - The team that is trying to score a goal. Attacker - A player who is trying to score a goal.
    [Show full text]