The Species Composition of Rotifers in the Water Reservoirs of Central Vietnam S

ISSN 19950829, Inland Water Biology, 2011, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 425–434. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011. Original Russian Text © S.M. Zhdanova, 2011, published in Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod, No. 4, 2011, pp. 26–35. AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA

The Species Composition of Rotifers in the Water Reservoirs of Central Vietnam S. M. Zhdanova Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouzskii raion, Yaroslavl oblast, 152742 Russia email: [email protected] Received March 19, 2010

Abstract—The rotifer fauna has been studied in four water reservoirs in the Khanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam. A total of 65 species and subspecies and 22 genera representing 15 families have been found; 25 species and subspecies are identified as new to Vietnam. Morphometric characteristics are given for Filinia camascela Myers, Brachionus donneri Brehm, and B. dichotomus reductus Koste et Shiel. The rotifer fauna of Central Vietnam and those of other countries of Southeast Asia are compared. Some of the tropical and subtropical species recorded have been repeatedly reported from Russia.

Keywords: rotifers, tropical and subtropical species, water reservoirs of Central Vietnam. DOI: 10.1134/S1995082911030205

INTRODUCTION includes about 80 species. A collective monograph by Vietnamese scientists [17] contains a checklist of Rotifers (Rotifera) have universal distribution and freshwater invertebrates of Vietnam, where findings in account for a large proportion of zooplankton in different regions of the country are indicated, includ waterbodies and watercourses, playing a substantial ing the southern part of the Central Coast. In this part in the functioning of ecosystems. These animals region, 74 rotifer species have been found. More contribute considerably to the biodiversity of water recent studies of South Vietnam deal with waterbodies bodies and watercourses in the tropical and equatorial and watercourses of a national park in Tây Ninh Prov climate zones [19]. ince [18] and in the Mekong River basin [28]. There The Khanh Hoa Province (11°42′50′′–12°52′15′′N, are studies on rotifers (among other members of zoop 108°40′33′′–109°27′55′′E), where this study was per lankton) in waterbodies and watercourses of North formed, lies in the South Central Coast region of Viet Vietnam [16, 17, 25, 27, 41] and Central Vietnam [40]. nam (Nam Trung Boˆ. ). The average annual air temper The purpose of this study was to analyze the rotifer ature is 27–28°C, relative humidity is 80–82%, annual fauna of four water reservoirs in Central Vietnam. precipitation is 1800–2100 mm, and annual evaporation is 1000–1200 mm. Each year has two main seasons, dry and rainy. The rainy season lasts 3–4 months, usually MATERIALS AND METHODS from midSeptember to December, when 70–80% of Four reservoirs in the Khanh Hoa Province (Suoi the annual precipitation falls. In addition, another Trau, Suoi Dau, Kam Lam, and Da Ban) (Fig. 1) were brief rainy season takes place in April and May [21]. studied from January to June 2008. The principal The earliest data on the rotifers of southern and parameters of the waterbodies are given in Table 1. All central Vietnam were provided by Weber (1907) [cited these reservoirs are weakly mineralized (less than from [17]), who indicated that five species had been 100 mg/l); according to the content of chlorophyll а in recorded in the Saigon Province. Shirota’s study [37] the water and photosynthesis intensity (primary pro describes the Rotifera of fresh, brackish, and marine duction), the Suoi Trau Reservoir is eutrophic and the waterbodies of South Vietnam, but, as was noted by others are mesotrophic [21]. Segers [33], some of the species are misidentified (e.g., Zooplankton was studied in the littoral shallow Kellicottia longispina (Kellicott) is misidentified as zone and in the central part of the reservoirs. Samples K. bostoniensis (Rousselet)). Among the rotifers of (volume 64 l) from the surface horizon were taken with Vietnam, Lecanidae is an especially wellstudied fam a bucket; samples from deeper horizons (every 2–4 m; ily [33]. According to a summary of all available data volume 8 l) were taken with a Ruttner sampler. They (Weber, 1907; Shirota, 1966; Segers, 1995: cited from were subsequently filtered through a net (mesh size [33]), the fauna of monogonont rotifers of this country 64 μm) and preserved in 4% formaldehyde. Rotifers were

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Hanoi City Da Ban Reservoir

Suoi Trau Reservoir

Cai River Nha Trang City Suoi Dau Reservoir Khanh Hoa Kam Lam Province Reservoir

Ho Chi Minh City

Fig. 1. Schematic map of the study area. identified to species by publications [2, 23, 24, 39]. A RESULTS total of 35 quantitative samples were taken and pro A total of 65 species and subspecies belonging to cessed. The morphological variation of some species 22 genera and 15 families of rotifers have been found was analyzed by measuring 15–40 specimens per sam in the studied reservoirs (Table 2). The families espe ple. Rotifers were measured with an eyepiece cially rich in species were Brachionidae (26% of the micrometer under an MBI3 light microscope and checklist), Lecanidae (19%), and Trichocercidae photographed with an Olympus C5060 Wide Zoom (13%). Rotifers were mainly represented by wide camera. The data were statistically processed using spread eurybiont species; the proportion of tropical Statistica 6.0 software. and subtropical forms was 20% of the total number of

Table 1. Coordinates and some parameters of reservoirs (from [21]) Reservoir Parameter Suoi Dau Kam Lam Da Ban Suoi Trau 12°10′ 12°06′ 12°38′ 12°30′ Geographic coordinates 109°03′ 109°05′ 109°06′ 109°02′ Area, km2 3 2.9 6.7 0.6 Maximum depth, m 22 18 24 9 Average depth, m 12 4 11 1.5 Transparence, m 1.1 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.1 Mineralization, mg/l 17 ± 2 26 ± 3 11 ± 1 73 ± 4 pH 7.8 ± 0.3 8.1 ± 0.6 8.6 ± 0.1 8.8 ± 0.3 Chlorophyll a, mg/l; 3.5 ± 0.4 5.0 ± 1.0 5.1 ± 0.4 9.9 ± 5.8 Primary production, mg C / (m3 ⋅ day) 171 ± 37 202 ± 55 157 ± 44 548 ± 81 Note: Average values for the period from January to June 2008 are given. Coordinates: above the line, N; below the line, E

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Table 2. Checklist of rotifer species of the studied reservoirs Reservoir Taxon Suoi Trau Suoi Dau Kam Lam Da Ban Fam. Trichocercidae Trichocerca (Diurella) inermis (Linder)* + – – – T. (D.) dixonnuttalli (Jennings)* + – – – T. (D.) similis (Wierzejski) + + – + T. elongata (Gosse)* + – – – T. pusilla (Lauterborn) + – – – T.cylindrica (Imhof) + – – – T. chattoni (De Beauchamp)* – + + + T. capucina (Wierzejski et Zacharias) + + + + T. sp. + – – + Fam. Gastropodidae Ascomorpha ecaudis Perty + – – – Fam. Synchaetidae Synchaeta pectinata Ehrenberg* + + – + Polyarthra luminosa Kutikova* – – + + P. vulgaris Carlin – – + + P. longiremis Carlin* + + – – P. remata Scoricov* + + – – P. major Bruckhardt* – + – – P. sp. + – – – Bipalpus hudsoni (Imhof) + +++ Fam. Dicranoforidae Dicranoforus forcipatus (Müller) + – – – Fam. Asplanchnidae Asplanchna henrietta Langhans* + – – – A. priodonta Gosse – – – + A. sielboldi (Leydig) + – – + Fam. Lecanidae Lecane luna (Müller) luna Müller + – + – L. curvicornis nitida (Murray) + – – – L. papuana (Murray) + – – – L. pusilla Harring et Myers* + – – – L. signifera signifera (Jennings)* + – – – L. hornemanni (Ehrenberg)* + – – – L. nana (Murray)* + – – – L. (Monostyla) goniata (Harring et Myers)* + – – – L. (M.) cornuta rotunda (Fadeev)* – – + – L. (M.) crenata (Harring) + + – – L. (M.) lunaris (Ehrenberg) – – + – L. (M.) bulla bulla (Gosse) + + – – L. (M.) unguitata (Fadeev)* + – – – Fam. Trichotriidae Trichotria similis (Stenroos) + – – – Macrochaetus sericus (Thorpe)* + – – –

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Table 2. (Contd.) Reservoir Taxon Suoi Trau Suoi Dau Kam Lam Da Ban Fam. Mytilinidae Mytilina ventralis (Ehrenberg) – + – – Fam. Colurellidae Lepadella sp. + – – – Fam. Euchlanidae Diplois sp. + – – – Euchlanis dilatata Ehrenberg + – + – E. sp. + – – – Fam. Brachionidae Brachionus quadridentatus brevispinus Ehrenberg – – – + B. q. ancylognathus Schmarda + – – – B. bennini Leissling* + – – – B. falcatus falcatus Zacharias ++–– B. bidentata jirovci Bartoš + – – – B. diversicornis diversicornis (Daday) + – – – B. forficula forficula Wierzejski ++++ B. f. minor Voronkov + – – + B. angularis aestivus Skorikov +–+– B. dichotomus reductus Koste et Shiel* +++– B. donneri Brehm* –+–– Platias quadricornis quadricornis (Ehrenberg) + – – – P. patulus (Müller) + – + – Keratella cochlearis robusta (Lauterborn) + – – – K. c. cochlearis (Gosse) –+++ K. tropica tropica (Apstein) + – + – Anureopsis fissa fissa (Gosse) + – – – A. coelata (De Beauchamp)* ++++ Fam. Conochilidae Conochilus hippocrepis (Schrank)* – – – + C. unicornis Rousselet + – – – Fam. Testudinellidae Testudinella patina patina (Hermann) + – – – T. p. intermedia (Anderson) + – – – Fam. Filiniidae Filinia camascela Myers* +++– F. terminalis (Plate)* ++++ F. longiseta (Ehrenberg) + – – – F. sp. + – – – F. (Tetramastix) opoliensis brevispina (Ahlstrom)–++– Fam. Hexarthridae Hexarthra intermedia (Wiszniewski) + – + + H. mira (Hudson) + + – – Note: (+) species present; (–) species absent. * New species for Vietnam.

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Table 3. Morphometric parameters of Filinia camascela (2008) l l l l w w Waterbody or watercourse Date n tot lor la pa lor lor um Source μm Waterbodies and watercourses –240––––– [14] of Sri Lanka Waterbodies and watercourses – – – – – of the Mekong Basin (Cambo –– [12] dia) 95–104 117–127 100–112 91–92 60–66 Waterbodies and watercourses – – – – –– – [38] of Singapore 84–88 80–90 114–116 82–100 Reservoir: 192± 3 98± 1 99± 2 94± 2 85± 1 57± 1 Suoi Dau 16.V 15 Author’s data 179–216 92–104 92–115 84–115 81–90 53–62 191± 2 96± 1 91± 2 95± 2 86± 1 58± 1 5.VI 25 Author’s data 174–218 84–104 76–115 84–118 78–92 44–64 191± 2 97± 1 94± 2 95± 1 86± 1 57± 1 Average – '' 174–218 84–104 76–115 84–118 78–92 44–64 201± 2 99± 1 86± 1 102± 1 90± 1 59± 1 Suoi Trau 21.I 40 '' 174–221 87–109 70–112 84–118 84–104 53–67 Note: Here and in Tables 4 and 5, (above the line) average value and error, (below the line) variation range, (–) no data, (n) number of individuals in sample, (ltot) body length with appendages (spines), (llor) length of lorica (without appendages and spines), (lla) length of lateral appendages, (lpa) length of posterior appendage, (wlor) maximum width of lorica, and (wlor um) width of upper margin of lorica. species and subspecies. The greatest number of species An analysis of the morphometric parameters of was found in the eutrophic Suoi Trau Reservoir, due to F. camascela revealed significant interpopulation dif the dominance of rotifers of the families Lecanidae ferences (р ≤ 0.05) in the size of individuals from the and Trichoceridae (Table 2). studied waterbodies (Table 3). The largest rotifers of The samples were shown to contain 22 of the this species were found in the Suoi Trau Reservoir; 74 species recorded in the checklist [17] for the South their lateral appendages (lla) were 1.1 times shorter Central Coast region of Vietnam; this is probably than those of individuals from the Suoi Dau Reservoir. explained by the limitedness of the studied material to Lateral appendages of specimens collected in the latter reservoirs of one province and by the absence of many reservoir in May were significantly longer than those of illoricate rotifers identifiable only by living specimens. specimens collected in June; other parameters, how A comparison of the results with the Rotifer fauna ever, revealed no significant differences. The lorica given in the literature [16–18, 25, 27, 28, 41] has size (llor) was close to that of rotifers of this species shown that 25 species and subspecies are recorded as found in Cambodian waterbodies [12]; the values of new to Vietnam (Table 2). The parameters of some of other morphometric parameters are on the whole them are described below. somewhat lower (Table 3). Specimens of F. camascela Filinia camascela Myers, 1938. D e s c r i p t i o n. from Singapore have smaller lengths of lorica (llor) The body has three cuticular appendages (Figs. 2a, 2b). than those found in Vietnam, but they have longer The lateral appendages are more than half as long as caudal appendages (lpa) (Table 3). the body. The posterior appendage is positioned at the Brachionus donneri Brehm, 1951 (Figs. 2c, 2d). very posterior margin of the body. The lorica is hard, Description. The lorica has six blunt spines on its rounded, truncate anteriorly. The lateral appendages anterior dorsal margin. There is a rather shallow are almost at the middle of the body. The bases of Ushaped sinus between the median dorsal spines. appendages are weakly widened [2, 39]. The anterior ventral margin has four spines [13], and The author found this species in the reservoirs there is a Ushaped sinus between the median ones. Suoi Trau, Kam Lam, and Da Ban. In Suoi Dau, the Some researchers indicate the presence of six spines rotifer occurred during the entire study period; the on the ventral surface [12, 14]. The posterior processes highest values of its abundance (8.2 thousand ind/m3) of the lorica are clubshaped, with a deep sinus were recorded in June at a depth of 5–7 m. In Suoi Trau, between them. The lateral processes of the lorica are the high density of this species (7.1 thousand ind/m3) visible. The rotifer is strongly flattened dorsoventrally. was recorded in January; in April, only sporadic indi This species was found in the Suoi Dau Reservoir; viduals were found. In the Kam Lam Reservoir, the its highest density (12.3 thousand ind/m3) was species was found in June; its concentration was, at recorded in March in the surface horizon; in other most, 2.5 thousand ind/m3. months, the species occurred sporadically. The indi

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μ μ (а) 50 m (b) 50 m

μ (c) 50 m (d) 50 μm

Fig. 2. (a, b) Filinia camascela, (c, d) Brachionus donneri, and (e, f) B. dichotomus reductus: (a, c, e) in dorsal view; (b, d, f) in ventral view; reservoirs: (a, b) Suoi Trau; (c, d) Suoi Dau; and (e, f) Kam Lam.

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μ (e) 50 m (f) 50 μm

Fig. 2. (Contd.) viduals found were considerably smaller than those ward on each side [23]. B. d. reductus is similar to from Grand Lake (Cambodia) and the waterbody in B. dichotomus in lorica shape, but there are some dif Madras City (recently renamed Chennai), India ferences in the size of summer eggs and juvenile (Table 4). forms [22]. Brachionus dichotomus reductus Koste et Shiel, This species was found in the reservoirs Suoi Trau, 1979 (Figs. 2e, 2f). D e s c r i p t i o n. The lorica of Kam Lam, and Suoi Dau. In Suoi Dau, the species B. dichotomus Shephard, 1911 with elongate dorsal was found over the entire period of study; its highest median anterior and posterior spines; characteristi abundance (6.9 thousand ind/m3) was observed in cally, the median dorsal process is present, covering June in the surface layer. In Suoi Trau, individuals of footopening. This plate has an external curve in the this species were found only sporadically. In the center and two short pointed endings protruding out Kam Lam Reservoir, the species was recorded in all

Table 4. Morphometric parameters of Brachionus donneri l w w h h w Waterbody or watercourse n tot lor um lor um s ls ls Source μm Waterbody in Madras City (In 206 170 – –––– [13] dia) – – – – – 17 – – Grand Lake (Cambodia) – [12] 175–190 82–86 165–172 – 57–67 30–35 154± 1 62± 1 132± 1 13± 0 47± 1 31± 1 Suoi Dau Reservoir 40 Author’s data 134–171 62–78 112–148 11–17 39–62 22–36

Note: (hum s) depth of upper median sinus, (hls) depth of lower sinus, and (wls) maximum width of lower sinus.

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Table 5. Morphometric parameters of Brachionus dichotomus reductus (2008)

Waterbody ltot llor lla lpsl lpsr Date n Source or watercourse μm Waterbodies – – – – – and watercourses – [22] of Australia 145–180 60–64 18–28 30–36 40–45 Reservoir: 149± 2 103± 1 13± 0 32± 1 32± 1 Suoi Dau 15.III 25 Author’s data 123–160 92–112 11–17 20–42 17–39 138± 2 99± 1 12± 0 27± 1 27± 1 5.VI 25 Ditto 112–154 76–109 11–14 22–31 22–31 144± 2 101± 1 13± 0 30± 1 30± 1 Average – '' 112–160 76–112 11–17 20–42 17–39 160± 2 112± 1 14± 0 34± 1 34± 1 Kam Lam 11.IV 25 '' 143–174 100–123 12–17 28–39 28–39 138± 2 99± 1 12± 0 27± 1 27± 1 5.VI 25 '' 112–154 76–109 12–14 22–31 25–34 151± 2 107± 1 13± 0 32± 1 32± 1 Average – '' 112–174 76–123 12–17 22–39 25–39

Note: (lms) length of median spines, (lpsl) length of posterior left spine, and (lpsr) length of posterior right spine. months of study; its maximum abundance (4.2 thou the author are typical of waterbodies and watercourses sand ind/m3) was recorded in the bottom layer of water of neighboring countries (Laos, China, Cambodia, in April. Thailand, etc.). For example, species such as Filinia Morphometric analysis of B. d. reductus has revealed camascela, Brachionus donneri, and B. dichotomus significant interpopulation differences (р ≤ 0.05) in most reductus had not been reported from Vietnam earlier. size parameters of individuals from the studied water Filinia camascela is considered a common oriental bodies; only the length of median spines (lms) was species [34]. It was originally described by Myers in equal (Table 5). The largest specimens were found in 1938 from a lake in the Panama Canal area (cited from the Kam Lam Reservoir. Spring individuals were sig [12]). After that the species was not recorded in the nificantly larger than summer individuals (р ≤ 0.05). waterbodies and watercourses of America for a long The total body size (ltot) is close to that of B. d. reductus time [34], but in recent years it was reported in some from waterbodies of Australia (Table 5); however, the publications from Brazil [11]. F. camascela was length of lorica (llor) in individuals from the reservoirs repeatedly recorded in the Mekong River basin, Cam of Vietnam is higher, while the size of spines (lpsl and bodia [12, 26], and in fresh waterbodies and water lpsr) is smaller. The asymmetry in the length of poste courses of Thailand [15, 31, 32], China [42, 43], rior spines that was observed in Australian rotifers [22] Northeast India [36], and Singapore [38]. has not been found in individuals from Vietnam. Brachionus donneri is a common eastern pantropi cal species [34]. It is known from the Mekong basin, Cambodia [12, 26], and from fresh waterbodies DISCUSSION of Thailand [29–32], Northeast India [36], and One typical feature of the tropical rotifer fauna of Sri Lanka [20]. Southeast Asia is the prevalence (according to the B. dichotomus was described by Shephard in 1911 number of species) of the families Brachionidae, from the waters of eastern Australia [22]. This species Lecanidae, and Trichoceridae; in the pelagic part, the was earlier treated by researchers as a doubtful taxon family Brachionidae is prevalent; in the littoral part, [22]. Currently it is recognized as a valid species Lecanidae [19, 33]. Most members of the genera belonging to the B. caudatus group. B. dichotomus Lecane and Brachionus found in Southeast Asia [33] reductus is considered to be its Australian and Asian are cosmopolitan species and species of the tropical form, recorded in waterbodies and watercourses of zone. The species composition of rotifers found in res Australia, Laos [23], and Thailand [30–32], in the ervoirs in the Khanh Hoa Province in the South Cen Mekong basin, Cambodia [26], and in floodplain tral Coast region of Vietnam is similar to those waterbodies of northeastern India [35]. described for other tropical areas. The rotifer fauna of Some of the tropical and subtropical species have Vietnam is poorly studied; most species and subspecies been repeatedly recorded in waterbodies and water of Rotifera recorded in Vietnam for the first time by courses of Russia. For instance, Brachionus forficula

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Wierzejski was found in eutrophic waterbodies in the 5. Popov, A.I., Modern composition of zooplankton of the floodplains of the Kostroma and Volga Rivers in Kos Saratov Reservoir, in Ekol. Sb. Tr. molodykh uchenykh troma oblast [1, 7], nonfloodplain lakes of the Oksky Povolzh’ya (Collected Papers on Ecology of Young Sci State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Ryazan oblast [8]; entists of the Volga Region), Togliatti: Inst. Ekologii the species has not been recorded north of Kostroma Volzh. Basseina RAN, 2007, pp. 126–131. oblast [2]. B. forficula is distributed in the southern 6. Riv’er, I.K., Sovremennoe sostoyanie zooplanktona, most areas of the European part of the former Soviet Sovremennoe Sostoyanie Ekosistemy Rybinskogo Union: from Moldavia to the Caucasus and Western Vodokhranilishcha, (Current Status of Zooplankton, in Current State of Rybinsk Reservoir Ecosystem) Spb.: Kazakhstan [2]. B. falcatus Zacharias was recorded in Gidrometeoizdat., 1993, pp. 205–233. summer in waterbodies of the Upper, Middle, and Lower Volga, in Moscow oblast, and in Gomel oblast 7. Smirnov, N.S., Materials on the Rotatoria Fauna of the Kostroma Province, Tr. Kostrom. Nauch. Obshch. (Belarus) [2, 3, 10]. Keratella tropica (Apstein) was Izuch. Mestn. Kraya, 1929, no. 43, pp. 1–30. also found in waterbodies of the Upper Volga (Rybinsk 8. Smirnova, S.M., Zooplankton of Some Water Basins of Reservoir) [6], Middle Volga (basins of the Saratov and the Okskii Nature Reserve, in Tr. Oksk. Gos. Prirod. Kuibyshev Reservoirs), and Lower Volga [5, 9, 10]. Biosfer. Zapoved., Ryazan’: Golos Gubernii, 2008, Lecane unguitata is a subtropical species; it has been issue 26, pp. 196–211. recorded in waterbodies of Krasnoyarsk Krai [2, 4]. 9. Timokhina, A.F., Zooplankton kak komponent eko Macrochaetus sericus was found in waterbodies of the sistemy Kuibyshevskogo vodokhranilishcha (Zooplank Volga delta [10]. ton as a Component of the Ecosystem of the Kuibyshev Reservoir), Togliatti: Inst. Ekol. Volzh. Basseina RAN, 2000. CONCLUSIONS 10. Chuikov, Yu.S., Materialy k kadastru planktonnykh A total of 65 species and subspecies of Rotifera bespozvonochnykh basseina Volgi i Severnogo Kaspiya. belonging to 15 families have been found in the reser Kolovratki (Rotatoria) (Materials to the Inventory of voirs of Central Vietnam; 25 species and subspecies are Planktonic Invertebrates of the Volga and Northern recorded as new for the fauna of Vietnam. The families Caspian Sea. Rotifers (Rotatoria)), Togliatti: Inst. especially rich in species are Brachionidae (26% of the Ekologii Volzh. Basseina RAN, 2000. checklist), Lecanidae (19%), and Trichoceridae 11. Barros, A.C., Evoluçã de Fatores Hidrobiológicos no (13%). Most recorded species are widespread eury Reservatório de Itaparica, Rio São Francisco, 1987, 1989, Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, bionts; tropical and subtropical forms account for 20% 2004. URL: http://www.passavante.pro.br/teses/ of the checklist. In comparison to other countries of dissertacao_aldemir.pdf. Southeast Asia, the known fauna of Central Vietnam is 12. Berzin, B., Some Rotifers from Cambodia, Hydrobiologia, relatively small, reflecting the fact that this region is 1973, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 453–459. insufficiently studied. It is shown that some tropical and subtropical species have been repeatedly recorded 13. Brehm, V., Eine Neue Brachionus Aus Indien (Bra chionus donneri), Zool. Anz., 1951, vol. 146, pp. 54–55. in Russia. 14. Chengalath, R., Fernando, C.H., and Koste, W., Rotifera from Sri Lanka (Ceylon). 2. Further Studies ACKNOWLEGMENTS on the Eurotatoria Including New Records, Bull. Fish. Res. Stn. Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 1973, vol. 24, nos. (1/2), The author is grateful to E.S. Gusev and members pp. 29–62. of the Primorye Branch of the Vietnam–Russia Trop 15. Chittapun, S., Pholpunthin, P., and Sanoamuang, L., ical Research and Technological Center for the oppor Diversity and Composition of Zooplankton in Rice tunity to study zooplankton samples. Fields during a Crop Cycle at Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2009, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 261–267. REFERENCES 16. Dang Dinh Kim, Tran Van Tua, Cuong, Ho Tu, et al., 1. Greze, B.S., The Biology and Distribution of Brachio Study on Phytoplankton and Zooplankton at Some nus forficula Wierz. in the Middle Volga Basin, Rus. Stations in the NhueTolich Rivers System, URL:

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