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Revelation of Groundwater Possible Region Using Fuzzy Logic Based GIS Modeling

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Revelation of Groundwater Possible Region Using Fuzzy Logic Based GIS Modeling International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 22 (2017) pp. 12176-12183 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Revelation of Groundwater Possible Region Using Fuzzy Logic Based GIS Modeling Geetha Selvarani Arumaikkani 1, Sivakumar Chelliah 2 and Maheswaran Gopalan 3 1Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, 2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering 3Professor VSA School of Engineering and Management, Tamil Nadu, India. 1,2Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sangunthala R& D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. 3NH-47, Main Road, Uthamasolapuram, Salem – 636010, Tamil Nadu, India. 1,3Orcid Id: 0000-0001-5779-6765, 0000-0001-8786-8301 Abstract applied for investigating groundwater resources and it has the advantage of covering large and inaccessible areas within a Water is the most crucial necessity for existence sustaining short span of time. Remotely sensed data from satellite system to mankind. Within that, groundwater represents a provides quick and useful base line information on the factors major portion of the earth’s water circulatory structure controlling the occurrence, potential and movement of because it plays a vital resource required for drinking, groundwater such as lithology, geological structure, irrigation and industrialization purpose. Remote sensing and geomorphology, soils, land and land cover. So it has become a Fuzzy logic based concepts have found a very wide handy tool in assessing and monitoring the groundwater range of applications in different fields and it provides a resources. Several studies were carried out in the past two very precise approach for dealing with uncertainty which decades for identifying the groundwater potential zones using grows out of the complexity of human behavior and it become GIS and remote sensing data. The methodology proposed in inevitable tools for the analysis of groundwater at various the literature [ 3 to 13] to demarcate groundwater potential level. Fuzzy logic model is an attractive one because it is zone of an area. The present study attempts to delineate straight forward to understand and implement. And the suitable locations for groundwater exploration using membership functions assessed for overlay maps were mainly integrated approach of remote sensing, bore well and GIS extracted from the field data. The benefit is that they don’t techniques. ArcGIS 8.2 and ERDAS Imagine 8.1 software need to conduct a new analysis, or change the rules, or the have been used for the generation and analysis of the criteria, which saves time and effort. In fuzzy set theory thematic layers, such as- geomorphology, geology, lineament, membership can take any value between 0 and 1 where 0.0 slope, soil and landuse / landcover, which are assigned fuzzy represents absolute falseness and 1.0 represents absolute truth membership values according to their relative contribution reflecting the degree of certainty with respect to some towards the groundwater. The fuzzy operators such as Fuzzy attribute of interest. The study area is covered by hard rock Product, Fuzzy Sum and Fuzzy gamma are used for factor formations and faces acute water scarcity problem both for maps integration. The final water potential map generated irrigation as well as for drinking purposes. The specific has been classified into categories s based on the fuzzy objective of this study is to develop a spatial model using number obtained from map integration. remote sensing and fuzzy techniques under GIS environment to predict groundwater potential zones. Keywords: Salem District, GIS, Groundwater, Fuzzy STUDY AREA techniques Salem district lies in the western part of Tamil Nadu, located between 11°15’ - 12°00’ north latitudes and 77°35’ - 78°50’ east longitudes. The total geographical area is about 5207 INTRODUCTION sq.kms out of which the Stanley reservoir covers an area of Water is the elixir of life, a precious gift of nature to mankind about 164.5 sq.kms. Salem district is well known for its and other species in the earth. Thus the total availability of mineral deposits like magnesite, bauxite, limestone, quartzite, water is fixed and the present problem is to identify the iron ore and granite are available in this district. The existing resources and their proper utilization. Depletion of population of this district according to 2011 census is water level in aquifers and decline in yield of well due to 34,82,056. The districts comprises of twenty administrative excessive pumping in the absence of adequate knowledge on blocks which is shown in Figure 1. groundwater availability are becoming a major concern across the globe [1, 2]. Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be 12176 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 22 (2017) pp. 12176-12183 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com conditions for bore wells was collected from the C.G.W.B. (Central Ground Water Board). The thematic maps like geomorphology, geology, soil, land use and land cover, drainage density, lineament density and slope of the study area was overlaid using fuzzy logic theory and the final map was prepared and finally it was validated with bore well data. The figure 2 below illustrates the methodology adopted for the present work. Figure 1: Location Map of the Study Area Salem district is underlain entirely by Archaean Crystalline formations with Recent alluvial and Colluvial deposits of limited areal extents along the courses of major rivers and foothills respectively. Weathered and fractured crystalline rocks and the Recent Colluvial deposits constitute the important aquifer systems in the district. Ground water occurs under phreatic conditions in the weathered mantle and under semi-confined conditions in the fractured zones. Dug wells have traditionally been the most common ground water abstraction structures used for irrigation in the district. The yields of the open wells are low in the hill areas about 500 lpm for a drawdown of 2 m for four hours pumping, where as the open wells in the plains varies from 200 to 1000 lpm. In recent years, the declining water levels and reduction in yields of wells are being observed due to increased extraction of ground water by a large number of bore wells for irrigation Figure 2: Methodology Adopted for the Present Work purposes. The depth to water level in the district varied between 0.10 – 11.46 m bgl during premonsoon and 0.10 – 17.15 m bgl during post monsoon [14]. SOIL Thematic layer map of soil type reveals that the study area is having nine categories. They are red in situ, red colluvial, METHODOLOGY black soil, brown soil, mixed soil and soil association which In order to demarcate the groundwater possible region in the are shown in Figure 3. Major portion of the district is covered study area different thematic maps were prepared using GIS by red in situ soil. Red colluvial, black soil, brown soil and and remote sensing . The thematic map of soil association are covered over small areas of the district. landuse/landcover was prepared using IRS-1D LISS-III data Red soil was developed on the crystalline rocks like gneissic by visual interpretation. Geomorphology, geology, soil and and granite. It was formed due to the disintegration of lineament maps were prepared on 1: 50000 scale based on the metamorphic and igneous rocks. Presence of iron gives red maps published by State ground and surface water resources colour and it is rich in iron and aluminium. Red colluvial and data centre, Chennai. Drainage map and contour map of the red in situ are the types of red soil. study area was prepared from survey of India topographic maps in 1: 50000 scale. Data on existing ground water 12177 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 22 (2017) pp. 12176-12183 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com many hills viz. Shevaroys on north side, Kalrayan hills on north eastern side, Pachamalai hills on southwest and Palamalai hills on western side. The different land form includes structural hill, hill plateau, composite slope, bazada zone, pediment, shallow pediment and buried pediment which are shown in Figure 5. The entire district is mainly consists of shallow pediment, buried pediment and pediment. Boundary of the district is mainly covered by structural hills. Along the north and north eastern direction the district is covered by composite slopes and bazada zone. Figure 3: Soil Map of the Study Area Geology Geology is a science which deals with the different types of rocks units of this district are gneiss, charnockite, leptinite, amphibolites, dunite and magnesite, alluvium, calcareous gneiss and limestone, Ultra basic with magnetite and amphibole gneiss which is shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 Geomorphology Map of the Study Area Land Use / Land Cover Land use/land cover plays an important role in the occurrence and development of groundwater. The land use of the study area is classified into twelve classes: Built up land, Water bodies, Crop land, Fallow land, Scrub forest Dense forest, Open forest, Gully land, Land with Scrub, Land without Scrub,Mining area and Stony waste is shown in Figure. 6. Figure 4: Geology Map of the Study Area Geomorphology Geomorphology indicates the land form in that particular area. The relief, slope, depth of weathered material, types of the weathered material and the overall assemblage of different landforms play an important role in defining the groundwater regime more particularly in hard rock areas and as well in unconsolidated formations [15].The study area is blessed with Figure 6: Land Use Pattern of the Study Area 12178 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 22 (2017) pp. 12176-12183 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Approximately 22.48% of the total area is covered by forest land, and 22.88 % of the area is under cultivation as agriculture land.
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