DOCSLIB.ORG

Urban-Planning Analysis of the Project of Infill Development in Terms of Sustainable Development of the City

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Urban-Planning Analysis of the Project of Infill Development in Terms of Sustainable Development of the City E3S Web of Conferences 135, 03014 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503014 ITESE-2019 Urban-planning analysis of the project of infill development in terms of sustainable development of the city Ekaterina Popova1,* , and Irina Ptuhina1 1 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Abstract. This study is devoted to two pressing problems of Russian urban development: infill development and sustainable development of territories. The authors put forward the concept of assessing effectiveness of land usage, based on urban-planning standards, which is substantiated relationship between planning parameters and sustainable development of the city. The authors also considered the project of residential infill development, and proposed alternative options for planning solutions that are more consistent with current regulations. 1 Introduction The modern city is a complex organism that unites many people with access to a complex of goods. According to the World Health Organization, in 2015, 54% of the world's population lived in cities, and the projected urban population growth from 2015 to 2020 was estimated at 1.84% per year [1]. Such high rate of urbanization was recorded for the first time in the history of mankind. The rapid growth of cities has many serious consequences — environmental, economic and social. The concept of sustainable urban development was proposed in 2012, during the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro [2]. Initially, this concept reflected only the environmental aspect: reducing emissions into the environment, monitoring the quality of water and air, and waste treatment programs. However, over time, the concept of "sustainable development" began to be applied also to the social and economic spheres. A large number of studies [3, 4, 5] indicate a significant impact of the construction industry on the environmental situation in cities. However, at the same time, construction is one of the main sectors of the urban economy, using the most valuable resource of the city — free territories. Poor urban development leads to the deterioration of transport, and then to the degradation of environmental situations. Also, according to studies, the quality of the urban environment affects the social sphere [6, 7, 8]. Thus, we can conclude that rational land use is an important aspect of sustainable urban development. However, in Russia, the land use management system is not perfect. The problems of building regulation combined with the lack of a comprehensive pre-project analysis of the * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 135, 03014 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503014 ITESE-2019 territory affected the quality of the urban environment. This problem is being actively studied by Russian researchers [9, 10]. Along with the imperfection of urban planning legislation, a serious obstacle to the development of urban environment is a lack of proper regulation in relations between investors and municipalities [11]. Today, implementation of all stages of construction, including laying of communications to the site and construction of roads, is a responsibility of the investor. As a result, in most Russian cities there is a problem of infill development, when investors build up by single multi-storey residential buildings small vacant plots of land in dense urban environment. As a result, it leads to degradation of the urban environment, increasing burden on existing social and transport infrastructure. Also often a situation occurs when an investor erects a residential complex in the suburbs, but does not provide future residents with necessary social and transport infrastructure. The quality of living environment also suffers, and correction of the situation is a burden on local municipality. A comprehensive development of territories may become a solution to the problem. However, this type of public-private partnership in construction is still not sufficiently regulated. Researchers suggest ways to solve this problem [12, 13], but they are based on legislative regulation, which requires a long development of bills, with their subsequent consideration and approval. It is necessary to find a more convenient and quick solution. The search for a compromise between the interests of investors, citizens and the municipality became the topic of this study. In this article, authors provide an analysis of compliance of residential building project with the urban planning standards of St. Petersburg and the Russian Federation, as well as assess effectiveness of land usage. According to the results of analysis, authors give alternative options for planning decisions and evaluate the effectiveness of usage of the land plot for development for each of the options. An example of a sealing development in St. Petersburg was taken as a case: the project of elite residential complex “Legenda” on Institutsky Prospekt 16. This project of a high- rise residential complex is being implemented in the existing residential area, and upon completion, it will potentially have a significant negative impact on existing transport, social and recreational infrastructure. 2 Materials and Methods Research based on set of urban-planning standards of Russia and St. Petersburg. Urban- planning standards were created for providing of high quality of urban space. This complex of documentation takes in account social, labor, leisure and domestic needs of people. Next set of tables contains main factors and special units, which were used in calculations. Table 1 includes main urban factors of effectiveness for plots usage – building factor (equal to ratio of area of the build-up area to area of the plot) and coefficient of density (equal to ratio of the common area of all above-ground floors to area of the plot). Also table contains recommended living area per person for residential buildings of business class, this data were taken according SP 42.13330.2011 “Town planning”. Parameters for parking are regulated by the Rules of land use and development of St. Petersburg. Table 1. Regulatory Indicators. Regulatory building factor (S building / S plot) 0,4 Regulatory coefficient of density of building (S build above ground / S plot) 1,2 Living area per person for business class, m2/person 40 Minimum area of parking space with driveways, m2 25 2 E3S Web of Conferences 135, 03014 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503014 ITESE-2019 Minimum specific number of parking spaces, parking space per 80 m2 of apartments 1 Minimum percentage of parking spaces in the open area, % 25 Table 2 contains specific dimensions of adjoined sites, according SP 42.13330.2010, Table 2. These parameters equal minimal area per person, and regulate sizes of places for rest and domestic needs. Table 2. Specific dimensions of sites. Children's playground, m2/person 0,7 Recreation areas for adults, m2/person 0,1 Sport fields, m2/person 2 Area for litter containers and dog walking, m2/person 0,3 Landscaping area, m2 / 100 m2 of apartments 23 Territory of any house includes building spot, adjoined site and technical and fire passages. Table 3 contains general parameters of fire passes from SP 4.13130.2013 Systems of fire protection. Restriction of fire spread at object of defense. Table 3. Parameters of fire passages. Width of pass, if height of building from 13 m to 46 m, m 4,2 Width of pass, if height of building more than 46 m, m 6 Minimum space between wall of building and border of pass (if height of building is 5 less than 28 m), m Minimum space between wall of building and border of pass (if height of building is 8 more than 28 m), m If building is higher than 28 m, the fire passage must be organized on two longitudinal sides. Figure 1 shows configuration of passage, which was chosen for building layout according set of rules. For further calculations, a minimum area of fire passages is used, including travel along the perimeter of the building. The distance from main facade to the Likhachev alley is unknown; therefore it is impossible to find out the full area of passages. Fig. 1. Configuration of fire passage (in meters). Task of analysis is to compare area of the building plot with standard dimensions of adjoining sites required for a building of such height. Table 4 includes constant parameters of model. It was taken from project documentation, published on official web-site [14], from public cadastre map [15], from the Rules of land use and development of St. Petersburg, and from set of rules 54.13330.2016 “Multicompartment residential buildings”. 3 E3S Web of Conferences 135, 03014 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503014 ITESE-2019 Table 4. Constant parameters of model. Area of Land Plot, m2 6305 Type of Usage TZZh2 Floor height, m 3,3 3 Results Table 5 presents the main parameters of the original project and alternatives, as well as the associated regulatory dimensions of the house adjoining sites. Column “Existing project” contains all data about project of residential complex “Legenda”. Building factor of this project (equals 0.14) is less then normative (equals 0.4), but coefficient of density (equals 2.83) is much more than normative (equals 1.2). It means that footprint of building can be bigger, but height is too huge for this plot. Column “Project in the same building spot” contains fixed parameters of height – there are less floors, and one type (with biggest flats) not used. In this case, coefficient of density (equals 1.13) is less than normative (equals 1.2), but footprint still too small. Third column, “Project, matching to normative factors” contains new concept of building. These parameters were taken by multiplying area of plot on normal factors from table 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65
    SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 by Jesse Lewis Horst Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jesse Horst It was defended on July 28, 2016 and approved by Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University ii Copyright © by Jesse Horst 2016 iii SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socio- racial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Assessment Report
    FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNT PROJECT 14/15 AK April 2018 Strengthening national capacities to design and implement rights-based policies and programmes that address care of dependent populations and women’s economic autonomy in urban development and planning FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNT PROJECT 14/15 AK Strengthening national capacities to design and implement rights-based policies and programmes that address care of dependent populations and women’s economic autonomy in urban development and planning April 2018 This report was prepared by Eva Otero, an external consultant, who led the evaluation and worked under the overall guidance of Raul García-Buchaca, Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and Sandra Manuelito, Chief of the Programme Planning and Evaluation Unit. The work was directly supervised by Irene Barquero, Programme Management Officer of the same unit, who provided strategic and technical guidance, coordination, and methodological and logistical support. The evaluation team is grateful for the support provided by its project partners at ECLAC, all of whom were represented in the Evaluation Reference Group. Warm thanks go to the programme managers and technical advisors of ECLAC for their cooperation throughout the evaluation process and their assistance in the review of the report. All comments on the evaluation report by the Evaluation Reference Group and the evaluation team of the Programme Planning and Evaluation Unit were considered by the evaluator and duly addressed, where appropriate, in the final text of the report. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Density, Creativity, and Innovation
    URBAN DENSITY, CREATIVITY, AND INNOVATION May 2007 Brian Knudsen, Richard Florida, Gary Gates, and Kevin Stolarick Abstract: Geographers and social scientists have probed the effects of agglomeration and spatial clustering on innovation and economic growth. Economists and others have identified the role of knowledge spillovers in driving the innovation process. While innovation is thus assumed to be a function of proximity, there has been little systematic research on the role of density in innovation. Thus, this research investigates density, and more specifically the density of creative workers, as a key factor influencing regional innovation. It uses principal components analysis to create and implement a composite measure of density and presents a model of innovation as a function of creative-density. Statistical analyses including multivariate regression finds that density and creativity separately and jointly affect innovation in metropolitan areas. The regression analysis finds a positive relationship between the density of creative workers and metropolitan patenting activity. This suggests that density is a key component of knowledge spillovers and a key component of innovation. Keywords: Creativity, Density, Innovation, Learning, Spillovers 1 I. Introduction Geographers and social scientists have long been interested in the effects of proximity and agglomeration on innovation and economic growth. Ever since Alfred Marshall, geographers have examined the economic consequences of dense linkages in industrial and economic agglomerations. These geographic agglomerations create external economies of scale through the sharing of technology and managerial expertise, thus increasing the productivity of inputs. For the past two decades, economic geographers have been especially interested in the rise of specialized innovation districts in the innovation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Densification --A Sustainable Urban Policy?
    © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: The Sustainable City II, CA Brebbia, JF Martin-Duque & LC Wadhwa (Editors). ISBN 1-85312-917-8 Urban densification --a sustainable urban policy? A. Skovbro Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Department of urban and regional planning, Denmark Abstract Planning policies in many European countries advocate for the Compact City or some sort of compaction process, as a strategy to obtain a more sustainable urban development, It contrasts the car-oriented urban sprawl of many modern cities, creating longer distances between urban functions, poor access to facilities and services, less efficient infrastructure provision, loss of open land, social segregation, etc. A Compact City policy in contrast should by regeneration and densification of the urban area crei~te the opposite, thus contributing to a more sustainable development in its broadest sense, social, economic and environmental, This paper explores the implications of urban densification, Based on a case study of a Copenhagen district, the paper will show the pros and cons of urban densification and the impacts on the urban environment, focussing on the local urban environment. The casestudy will be used to conclude whether densification and compact city policies can lead to a more sustainable urban environment. 1 Towards higher densities and sustainability in the 1990s Danish national government has supported a sort of densification policy since the mid 1990s. The turn in the 1990s Itowards higher densities in urban areas was happening due to several circumsti~nces.
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanistica N. 146 April-June 2011
    Urbanistica n. 146 April-June 2011 Distribution by www.planum.net Index and english translation of the articles Paolo Avarello The plan is dead, long live the plan edited by Gianfranco Gorelli Urban regeneration: fundamental strategy of the new structural Plan of Prato Paolo Maria Vannucchi The ‘factory town’: a problematic reality Michela Brachi, Pamela Bracciotti, Massimo Fabbri The project (pre)view Riccardo Pecorario The path from structure Plan to urban design edited by Carla Ferrari A structural plan for a ‘City of the wine’: the Ps of the Municipality of Bomporto Projects and implementation Raffaella Radoccia Co-planning Pto in the Val Pescara Mariangela Virno Temporal policies in the Abruzzo Region Stefano Stabilini, Roberto Zedda Chronographic analysis of the Urban systems. The case of Pescara edited by Simone Ombuen The geographical digital information in the planning ‘knowledge frameworks’ Simone Ombuen The european implementation of the Inspire directive and the Plan4all project Flavio Camerata, Simone Ombuen, Interoperability and spatial planners: a proposal for a land use Franco Vico ‘data model’ Flavio Camerata, Simone Ombuen What is a land use data model? Giuseppe De Marco Interoperability and metadata catalogues Stefano Magaudda Relationships among regional planning laws, ‘knowledge fra- meworks’ and Territorial information systems in Italy Gaia Caramellino Towards a national Plan. Shaping cuban planning during the fifties Profiles and practices Rosario Pavia Waterfrontstory Carlos Smaniotto Costa, Monica Bocci Brasilia, the city of the future is 50 years old. The urban design and the challenges of the Brazilian national capital Michele Talia To research of one impossible balance Antonella Radicchi On the sonic image of the city Marco Barbieri Urban grapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Growth and Economic Success: Benefits for Real Estate Developers, Investors, Businesses, and Local Governments
    United States December 2012 Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov/smartgrowth SMART GROWTH AND ECONOMIC SUCCESS: BENEFITS FOR REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS, INVESTORS, BUSINESSES, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Office of Sustainable Communities Smart Growth Program (Distributed at 1/14/13 Sustainable Thurston Task Force meeting) Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the EPA’s Office of Sustainable Communities with the assistance of Renaissance Planning Group under contract number EP-W-11-009/010/11. Principal Staff Contacts: Melissa Kramer and Lee Sobel Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Cover photos (left to right, top to bottom): Barracks Row in Washington, D.C., courtesy of Lee Sobel; TRAX light rail in Sandy, Utah, courtesy of Melissa Kramer; Mission Creek Senior Community in San Francisco, California, courtesy of Alan Karchmer and Mercy Housing Inc. (Distributed at 1/14/13 Sustainable Thurston Task Force meeting) Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................ i I. Economic Advantages of Smart Growth Strategies .............................................................................. 1 II. Economic Advantages of Compact Development ................................................................................. 4 A. Higher Revenue Generation per Acre of Land .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Planning and Urban Design
    5 Urban Planning and Urban Design Coordinating Lead Author Jeffrey Raven (New York) Lead Authors Brian Stone (Atlanta), Gerald Mills (Dublin), Joel Towers (New York), Lutz Katzschner (Kassel), Mattia Federico Leone (Naples), Pascaline Gaborit (Brussels), Matei Georgescu (Tempe), Maryam Hariri (New York) Contributing Authors James Lee (Shanghai/Boston), Jeffrey LeJava (White Plains), Ayyoob Sharifi (Tsukuba/Paveh), Cristina Visconti (Naples), Andrew Rudd (Nairobi/New York) This chapter should be cited as Raven, J., Stone, B., Mills, G., Towers, J., Katzschner, L., Leone, M., Gaborit, P., Georgescu, M., and Hariri, M. (2018). Urban planning and design. In Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S. Ali Ibrahim (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press. New York. 139–172 139 ARC3.2 Climate Change and Cities Embedding Climate Change in Urban Key Messages Planning and Urban Design Urban planning and urban design have a critical role to play Integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the global response to climate change. Actions that simul- should form a core element in urban planning and urban design, taneously reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and build taking into account local conditions. This is because decisions resilience to climate risks should be prioritized at all urban on urban form have long-term (>50 years) consequences and scales – metropolitan region, city, district/neighborhood, block, thus strongly affect a city’s capacity to reduce GHG emissions and building. This needs to be done in ways that are responsive and to respond to climate hazards over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Doxiadis, from Ekistics to the Delos Meetings
    17th IPHS Conference, Delft 2016 | HISTORY URBANISM RESILIENCE | VOLUME 06 Scales and Systems | Policy Making Systems of City,Culture and Society- | Urbanism and- Politics in the 1960s: Permanence, Rupture and Tensions in Brazilian Urbanism and Development URBAN pLANNING IN GUANABARA STATE, BRAZIL: DOXIADIS, FROM EKISTICS TO THE DELOS MEETINGS Vera Rezende Universidade Federal Fluminense This article looks into the evolution of the Ekistics Theory as formulated by Constantinos A. Doxiadis for the drawing up of a concept of Network. Following the Delos Meetings, this theory, a science of human settlements, subsequently evolved into the idea of human activity networks and how they could apply to different fields, especially architecture and urbanism. Those meeting were held during cruises around the Greek Islands with intellectuals from different areas of knowledge and countries. , Moreover, Ekistics theory was used as a basic for the formulation of the Plan for Guanabara State, Brazil, whose launch in 1964 took place a few months after the first Delos Meeting in 1963. The plan was developed for Guanabara State following the transfer of the country’s capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília in 1960. Carlos Lacerda, the first elected governor, invited Doxiadis, hoping that by using technical instruments devised by the Greek architect and by relying on a foreign consultant, the plan would turn the city-state into a model of administration, apart from political pressures. The article highlights the rationality based on the Ekistics, strongly
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Urban Sprawl; How Can We Deal with It? Amnon Frenkel, Maya Ashkenazi
    Measuring Urban Sprawl; How Can We Deal With It? Amnon Frenkel, Maya Ashkenazi Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, and Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Tel: +972-4-8293956, Fax: +972-4-8294071, E-mail: [email protected],ac,il Abstract Measuring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars who investigate the urban landscape. This study attempts to measure sprawl from a landscape perspective. The measures and indices used derive from various research disciplines, such as urban research, ecological research, and fractal geometry. The examination was based on an urban land-use survey performed in 78 urban settlements in Israel over the course of 15 years. Measures of sprawl were calculated at each settlement and then weighted into one integrated sprawl index through factor analysis, thus enabling a description of sprawl rates and their dynamics during a time period of two decades. The results reveal that urban sprawl is a multidimensional phenomenon that is better quantified by various measures. Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Sprawl Indices, Land Use, Growth Management Policy 1 1. Introduction During the past two decades urban sprawl has become a subject of particular interest among planners and policy-makers. Critics of sprawl all over the world are concerned by its many alleged negative impacts, such as lack of scale economies, which reduces the level of public services in the suburbs and weakens the economic base of central cities; increased energy consumption through encouraging the use of private vehicles, thereby causing traffic congestion and air pollution; and irreversible damage to ecosystems, caused by scattered and fragmented urban development in open lands (Ewing 1997; Burchell et al., 1998; Downs, 1998; Brueckner, 2000; Johnson, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing a Career in Urban and Regional Planning
    Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Choosing a Career 6311 Mallard Trace Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32312 Phone: 850.385.2054 • Fax: 850.385.2084 in Urban and Email: [email protected] www.acsp.org Regional Planning 2008 Edition This CAREER GUIDE was prepared as a public service by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP), a consortium of university based programs offering degrees and credentials in urban and regional planning. ACSP hopes to encourage a wide range of high school and undergraduate students to consider a rewarding and challenging career in planning. ACSP promotes education, research, service, and outreach in the United States and throughout the world by seeking to: • recognize diverse needs and interests in planning; • strengthen the role of planning education in colleges and universities through publications, conferences, and community engagement; • improve and enhance the accreditation process, and; • extend planning beyond the classroom into the world of practice. If you are interested in a career in which you can help your community, influence the direction of growth and change, and build a better future, you should read this CAREER GUIDE. Our Objectives This GUIDE is designed to show you: • how fulfilling a career in planning might be; • the wide variety of jobs which urban and regional planners do; • the kind of education and training you need to become a planner; • the range of universities which offer planning education and training; and; • how you might choose a university planning program matched
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Cities, Planning for People
    Designing cities, planning for people The guide books of Otto-Iivari Meurman and Edmund Bacon Minna Chudoba Tampere University of Technology School of Architecture [email protected] Abstract Urban theorists and critics write with an individual knowledge of the good urban life. Recently, writing about such life has boldly called for smart cities or even happy cities, stressing the importance of social connections and nearness to nature, or social and environmental capital. Although modernist planning has often been blamed for many current urban problems, the social and the environmental dimensions were not completely absent from earlier 20th century approaches to urban planning. Links can be found between the urban utopia of today and the mid-20th century ideas about good urban life. Changes in the ideas of what constitutes good urban life are investigated in this paper through two texts by two different 20th century planners: Otto-Iivari Meurman and Edmund Bacon. Both were taught by the Finnish planner Eliel Saarinen, and according to their teacher’s example, also wrote about their planning ideas. Meurman’s guide book for planners was published in 1947, and was a major influence on Finnish post-war planning. In Meurman’s case, the book answered a pedagogical need, as planners were trained to meet the demands of the structural changes of society and the needs of rapidly growing Finnish cities. Bacon, in a different context, stressed the importance of an urban design attitude even when planning the movement systems of a modern metropolis. Bacon’s book from 1967 was meant for both designers and city dwellers, exploring the dynamic nature of modern urbanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating Urban Densification: What Factors Should Be Used? Buildings and Cities, 2(1), Pp
    Regulating urban SPECIAL COLLECTION: densification: what factors URBAN DENSIFICATION should be used? EDITORIAL JACQUES TELLER HIGHLIGHTS CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Jacques Teller Urban densification is increasingly accepted as a necessity and is important for no-net Department of Urban and land take. Densification occurs in many places, especially fast-growing cities with a Environmental Engineering, combination of demographic change, economic pressure and large transport infrastructure University of Liège, Liege, projects. The costs and benefits of density require a nuanced understanding: potential Belgium direct, indirect and cumulative effects (environmental, economic and social), both on- [email protected] and off-site. The optimisation of densities implies a need to identify the conditions that can create the most value for the city, specify the places most appropriate for future inhabitants and activities, and promote spatial justice. The papers published in this special KEYWORDS: issue converge in depicting urban densification as a complex, nonlinear process, which affordable housing; cities; has to be addressed at various scales. Multifactorial metrics of density are superior to density; land take; land aggregated ones because they offer a better understanding of the urban forms and how use; social practices; urban densification; urban planning they are experienced by inhabitants and users. Both hard and soft densification have to be duly monitored and regulated if cities are to avoid overcrowding of places and buildings, which can be detrimental to urban resilience. The relation between urban densification TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Teller, J. (2021). Regulating and housing affordability is a critical factor that policymakers must address. urban densification: what factors should be used? Buildings and Cities, 2(1), pp.
    [Show full text]