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1 Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism ™ 1 CONTEMPORARY 1 CRITIQUE OF HISTORICAL MATERIALISM A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism Vol. 1 Power, property and the state Anthony G id dens University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles Material protegido por derechos deautor University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-43382 ISBN 0-520-04535-1 (cloth) ISBN 0-520-04490-8 (paper) ® 1981 by Anthony Giddens Printed in Great Britain Viewed pathetically, a single second has infinite value; viewed com­ ically, ten thousand years are but a trifle, like yesterday when it is gone. If one were to say simply and directly that ten thousand years are but a trifle, many a fool would give his assent, and find it wis­ dom; but he forgets the other, that a second has infinite value. Kierkegaard Material protegido por derechos deautor Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 1 The Time-Space Constitution of Social Systems 26 2 Domination, Power and Exploitation: an Analysis 49 3 Society as Time-Traveller: Capitalism and World History 69 4 Time-Space Distanciation and the Generation of Power 90 5 Property and Class Society 109 6 Time, Labour and the City 129 7 Capitalism: Integration, Surveillance and Class Power 157 8 The Nation-State, Nationalism and Capitalist Development 182 9 The State: Class Conflict and Political Order 203 10 Between Capitalism and Socialism: Contradiction and Exploitation 230 Notes and References 253 Index 285 Material protegido por derechos deautor Acknowledgements I should like to thank a number of people who have helped with the writing of this book. Among others, Michael Mann and Theda Skocpol commented usefully upon an earlier version of the manuscript. I have tried to meet some of their objections, though 1 fear they will not be fully satisfied with the result. I owe a particular debt to David Held, who read through the whole book in the most minute detail, suggesting numerous valuable improve­ ments. John Winckler has been an indispensable source of editorial support. The book was written mostly in Cambridge, but partly in New York. I owe a special indebtedness to the facilities of apartment 17M in 4 Washington Square Village, and to the kindness of Eliot Freidson. Finally, I want to thank Sam Hollick for her constant help and encouragement. Anthony Giddens Material protegido por derechos deautor Introduction This study is the first part of a projected two-volume critical appraisal of some of the main themes of Marx's historical materialism. In the volume to follow - as yet unwritten -1 shall be concerned with Marx's conceptions of the transition from capital­ ism to socialism, and of the nature of socialist society itself. In the present book my objectives are concentrated upon phenomena relevant to the rise of capitalism, in conjunction with prior phases of world history. My intention is not to produce a critique of historical materialism written in hostile mien, declaring Marxism to be redundant or exhausted. There has been an abundance of attempts of that sort, written either by implacable opponents of Marx or by disillusioned ex-believers.11 belong in neither of these categories, though nor do I accept the label 'Marxist'. Marx's analysis of the mechanisms of capitalist production, I believe, remains the necessary core of any attempt to come to terms with the massive transformations that have swept through the world since the eighteenth century. But there is much in Marx that is mistaken, ambiguous or inconsistent; and in many respects Marx's writings exemplify features of nineteenth-century thought which are plainly defective when looked at from the perspective of our century.2 Let me try to put the facts of the matter as bluntly as possible. If by 'historical materialism* we mean the conception that the history of human societies can be understood in terms of the progressive augmentation of the forces of production, then it is based on false premises, and the time has come finally to abandon it. If historical materialism means that 'the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles1, it is so patently erroneous that it is Material protegido por derechos deautor 2 A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism difficult to see why so many have felt obliged to take it seriously. If, finally, historical materialism means that Marx's scheme of the evolution of societies (from tribal society, Ancient society, feudalism, to capitalism; and thence to socialism, together with the 'stagnant' offshoot of the 'Asiatic Mode of Production' in the East) provides a defensible basis for analysing world history, then it is also to be rejected. Only if historical materialism is regarded as embodying the more abstract elements of a theory of human Praxis, snippets of which can be gleaned from the diversity of Marx's writings, does it remain an indispensable contribution to social theory today,3 These are my arguments in the book, and they imply that Marx's more general pronouncements upon human history, especially in those most famous of all passages, in the * Preface' to A Contri­ bution to the Critique of Political Economy, have to be treated with great caution and, in some major respects, simply discarded. Of course, this is not to say that Marx's comments upon pre-capitalist, or what I shall prefer to call 'non-capitalist', societies are wholly without value. One of the most frustrating and compelling things about Marx's writings is that, having found in one section a sweepingly implausible series of assertions, the reader turns to other parts of Marx's work only to discover apparently contrary views developed with the most subtle insight. Thus, as many commentators have discovered, Marx can be used against himself. This is essentially my way of proceeding in Chapter 3, in analysing those celebrated few pages in what has come to be known as the Grundrisse, in which Marx discusses the 'Forms of Society that Precede Capitalist Production* (the Formen).4 In these pages Marx develops views that are arguably inconsistent with some of his general formulae about the course of human history. The ideas offered by Marx in the Formen are very important for what I have to say in this book, since one of my main aims is to follow through what he suggests there: to pick out just what is most distinctive about the social world that capitalism has created, as contrasted to other forms of societal organisation. Marx's comments on non-capitalist societies, in the Formen and elsewhere, are relatively scrappy and often unoriginal. Some of them, in my view, are just as erroneous as are certain of his more general statements. It is not their unsatisfactory character but rather the tenacity with which many Marxists have sought to cling to Material protegido por derechos deautor Introduction 3 whatever gems they claim to find there which is astonishing. We have today a much wider range of comparative evidence about the range and diversity of human societies than was ever available to Marx. Although it is not my purpose to formulate a detailed classification of types of society, I have drawn upon a considerable span of contemporary disciplines in developing my arguments: particularly work from anthropology, archaeology and geography. In formulating the conclusions I have reached, I have given special attention to those societies that Marx barely mentioned, or could not have studied in any case since little or nothing of them was known in his time: such as the ancient civilisations of Mesopota­ mia, or those of Meso-America. Not only in respect of *Europo- centric' interpretations of 'Oriental Despotism' do we need to escape from the deeply entrenched tendency to read history from the vantage-point of the West. This book stands in the closest possible connection with an earlier study, Central Problems in Social Theory. It invokes the theoretical notions developed in the work as a whole; at the same time it is in large part a direct expansion of a few pages in Central Problems.5 In that study, influenced abstractly by the philosophy of Heidegger, and more substantively by the writings of modem geographers, I argued that time-space relations have to be brought into the very core of social theory. In Central Problems and the present book I continually revert to the issues that this concern brings to the fore: issues that are epistemological, methodological and empirical. Let me attempt to summarise here some of the main empirical themes of this book, before coming to the more abstract suppositions which it involves - reversing the actual organisation of the book itself. I have called it A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, but my concerns are by no means wholly critical or destructive; in diverging from Marx I want to propose the elements of an alternative interpretation of history. A fundamental component of my arguments is the supposition that the articulation of time-space relations in social systems has to be examined in conjunction with the generation of power. A preoccupation with power forms a leading thread of this book. I maintain that power was never satisfactorily theorised by Marx, and that this failure is at origin of some of the chief limitations of his scheme of historical analysis. But in analysing power and domination, I do not seek to replace Marx by Nietzsche - a Material protegido por derechos deautor 4 A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism tendency that can readily be discerned in the writings of Max Weber, but which has recently become fashionable in a new guise in the writings of the so-called 'new philosophers' and others in France.
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