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Bees Nd Protection UNDERSTANDING, CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF PRECIOUS NATURAL RESOURCES - BEES Authored by: Cynthia Li, B.A., M.A. Research Fellow Lenox Institute of Water Technology P.O. Box 405, Newtonville, NY 12128-0405, USA Tel: (651) 321-8442 Email: [email protected] Mailing Address: 1568 Quail Ridge Road, St. Paul, MN 55125, USA Li, Cynthia (2019). Understanding, conservation and protection of precious natural resources -- bees. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung- ping (editors). Volume 1, Number 10, October 2019; 65 pages. Lenox Institute Press, Newtonville, NY, 12128-0405, USA. No. STEAM-VOL1-NUM10-OCT2019; ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5301 Shawnee Road, Alexandria, VA 22312, USA. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE TECHNICAL REPORT 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) JAN 15-10-2019 2015-OCT2019 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER N/A UNDERSTANDING, CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF 5b. GRANT NUMBER N/A PRECIOUS NATURAL RESOURCES - BEES 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER N/A 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER STEAM-VOL1-NUM10-OCT2019 Cynthia Li 5e. TASK NUMBER N/A 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER N/A 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER STEAM-VOL1-NUM10-OCT2019 LENOX INSTITUTE PRESS OF THE LENOX INSTITUTE OF WATER TECHNOLOGY, Newtonville, NY 12128-0405, USA [email protected] 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) LENOX Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Volume 1, Number 10, October 2019; Lenox Institute 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT Press, Newtonville, NY, 12128-0405, USA; 160 Pine Street, Suite 19, Auburndale, MA 02466, USA NUMBER(S) STEAM-VOL1-NUM10-OCT2019 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT NO RESTRICTION 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES REGISTRATION ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2 14. ABSTRACT This publication concerns the role of pollinators, especially bees, in relation to our agriculture and economy. Besides being a critical participant in the reproductive process of most flowering plants, the bees' pollination services increase flowering crop yields, improve nutritional quality, and contribute significantly to the global economy. However, beekeepers that manage the domesticated European honey bee had noticed that huge numbers of their bees were dying in recent years, and apiculture is closely wedded to agriculture. Honey bees suffer from a variety of maladies attributed to pesticides, climate change, parasites, and disease, all of which contribute to increased bee mortality and catastrophic hive death such as Colony Collapse Disorder. A number of these issues appear to affect wild pollinators as well. In order to conserve and protect our pollinator resources, this chapter describes a number of major stressors that lead to bee mortality and offers suggestions to improve bee and ultimately general pollinator survival. Recommended actions for beekeepers include adoption of honey bee strains that are bred for specific climates and survival traits as well as maintaining diverse forage around the apiary. Farmers are recommended to maintain areas of wild plants for diverse foraging sources, where a healthy bee diet also aids in crop pollination. In order to protect food availability, control prices, and support agricultural sustainability, governments can review ongoing research concerning known bee and pollinator stressors and implement legislation and guidelines to control human-created stressors such as pesticides while encouraging pollinator-friendly land management. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Pollinators, Pollination, Wild bees, Honey bees, Agriculture, Crops, Bee conservation and protection. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: UNCLASSIFIED UNLIMITED 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE (UU) OF ABSTRACT UU OF PAGES 65 PERSON Wang, Lawrence K. a. REPORT UU b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19a. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area UU UU code) (518) 250-0012 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39. 3 UNDERSTANDING, CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF PRECIOUS NATURAL RESOURCES - BEES Cynthia Li, B.A., M.A. Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Key Words ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction of Pollinators and Pollination ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1. Wild Bees ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Honey Bees ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1. Honey Bee Colony Social Structure ........................................................................................... 11 1.2.2. Honey Bee Reproduction .......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3. Honey Bee Communication ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2.4. European Honey Bees ............................................................................................................... 15 1.2.5. Africanized Honey Bee .............................................................................................................. 16 2. Pollinator Contributions to Agriculture................................................................................................... 20 3. Pollinator Decline: Bees .......................................................................................................................... 22 3.1. History, Statistics .............................................................................................................................. 22 3.2. Causes .............................................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1. Colony Collapse Disorder: Honey Bee ....................................................................................... 23 3.2.2. Insecticides ................................................................................................................................ 26 3.2.3. Fungicides ................................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.4. Herbicides ................................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.5. Habitat Loss ............................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.6. Parasites .................................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.7. Disease ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.8. Climate change .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Effects of Pollinator Decline (Bee Loss)............................................................................................ 33 3.3.1. Direct Crop Yield Reduction ...................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2. Economic Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.3. Human Health Impacts ............................................................................................................. 35 4 4. Conservation and Protection of Bees ..................................................................................................... 37 4.1. Beekeepers....................................................................................................................................... 37
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