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The Early Islamic Period (622 - 750 A.D.) ISLAMIC CITY: THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD (622 - 750 A.D.) A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by JAFAR A. R. ZAMEL In partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts June, 2009 © Jafar Zamel, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-68603-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-68603-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 14-1 Canada ABSTRACT ISLAMIC CITY: THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD (622 - 750 A.D.) Jafar Zam el Supervisor: University of Guelph, 2009 Renée Worringer The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the origin of the Islamic city as an entity that developed over historical stages, so the research focuses on the early period of emergence of the Islamic city. This thesis thus discusses and corrects Eurocentric misconceptions about the establishment and development of the Islamic city by explaining its structure and the factors which influenced the planning of Islamic cities during Early Islamic era (622-750 AD). This study will also discuss many Islamic cities as a separate unit, such as al- Madina, al-Basra, al-Küfa, al-Fustat, Damascus, al-Qayrawän and Wasit. Such cities flourished under the rule of Muslims in their efforts to develop urban life. The goal of Islamic city thus was to provide the security, wealth, and piety to the Muslim community and the minorities who live among that community. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Renée Worringer, for the guidance she provided throughout the process of writing this thesis. I am particularly grateful for the numerous insights she provided and the clarifications she required of me. I would also like to thank Dr. Peter Goddard for supporting me, and making my graduate study in Canada possible. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Gavin Brockett, Dr. Alan Gordon and the external examiner, Dr. Susannah Ferreira, for their advice and insight. Special thanks to Dr. Susan Nance, also a committee member, who pointed me in the right direction of my study. The financial assistance of the Student Financial Services in the University of Guelph is gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to thank Cairo University in Egypt for allowing me to use their library and providing me with many primary and secondary sources which I used in my thesis. I am grateful for the support of all my family members and friends. However, to my wife Suher Hassan, I would like to express my fullest appreciation for sharing the burdens, anxieties and pleasures through each stage of the preparation of this study. Without her love, this dissertation could not have been written. To Suher I owe an immeasurable debt and deep affection. Jafar Zamel June, 2009 ? To the souls of my two brothers and my sister, ? bd-Al Wahäb, 'Ammär and Zaynab Table of Contents Introduction 1-9 Chapter One: Orientalist and Eastern Thought Regarding the Islamic City 1 0 - 47 Orientalist Thought about the Islamic City 10-32 Muslim Thought about the Islamic City 32-47 Chapter Two: The Emergence and Construction of Islamic City in the 49-85 Era of the Prophet Muhammad and Räshidün Caliphs (622- 661 A.D.) The Emergence of Islamic City in the Era of the Prophet 49-81 Muhammad and Räshidün Caliphs (622 - 661 A.D.) Construction during the Eras of the Prophet and the 82 - 84 Räshidün Caliphs Chapter Three: The Islamic City and its Development during the 85 - 116 Umayyad Era (661-750) Islamic Cities during the Umayyad Era 85 - 94 The Development of Islamic Cities during the Umayyad 94 - 1 1 6 Era Conclusion 1 1 7 - 1 24 Bibliography 125-134 Appendix 135-138 111 Introduction It is necessary to study the Islamic city in order to highlight and understand the specific Islamic characteristics and the roles that it played over the centuries, as well as to correct many misconceptions made by Orientalists about the Islamic city. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the origin of the Islamic city as an entity that developed in historical stages, so the research focuses on the early period of its emergence. The Muslim scholar al-Qazwinï (d. 1283) defined a city, in brief, as a bordered and fortified land which was home to a social community, had a governor, and an administrative as well as a legal system.1 The city also provided safety and security features for its residents. My research covers the Islamic period between 622-750 A.D., which is considered the most important era for those wanting to study and understand broadly the emergence and the development of Islamic cities. Consequently, this leads to a better understanding of the evolution of Islamic cities throughout Muslim history. This thesis, which deals specifically with Islamic cities during the historical periods of the Prophet, the Räshidün Caliphate2 and the Umayyad period reveals that the Islamic city during this early period envisioned and generated its own distinct features and characteristics. The goal of this study is to discuss and correct Western misconceptions about the establishment and development of the Islamic city by explaining its structure, and the factors which influenced its planning. Islamic cities during the Early Islamic era (622-750 ' Al-Qazwinï , Äthär al-Bïlâd wa-Akhbär al- '!bad (Monument of Places and History of God's Bondsmen) (Beirut: Dar Sader, n.d.), pp 7-8. 2 The Räshidün Caliphate is a term used to refer to the "Rightly Guided era" of the first four caliphs to rule after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. In the order of succession, the Räshidün were: 1. AbO Bakr (632-634 A.D.), 2. 'Umar bin al-Khattäb (634-644 A.D.), 3. 'Uthmân bin 'Affän (644-656 A.D.) and 4. Alîbin AbïTâlib (656-661 A.D.). 1 A.D.) including al-Madina, al-Basra, al-Küfa, al-Fustat, Damascus, al-Qayrawän, and Wasit will all be explored. Early Muslims planned and constructed these new cities with specific characteristics and standards in order to meet their life needs and, in the process, developed an original set of urban and civil structures that became standards for later cities in the Islamic world. Although many early Western Orientalists and thinkers claimed that there were no special characteristics in Islamic civilization which made a specifically Islamic city, Muslim expansion into pre-existing cities was far more than just an occupation of the previously-existing urban structure. For example, some Orientalists mentioned that Islam did not have a positive motive and support for urbanization, while ignoring any case in which Muslims built cities by themselves. Others have gone even further and claimed that Islamic civilization was actually opposed to urbanization; they further claimed that Islam considered the city in Islamic lands only to be for religious practices and not as a centre for politics. This Orientalist view will be refuted below during a discussion of the planning and design of Islamic cities, which corresponded to emerging Islamic societal needs and circumstances. Additionally, Islamic cities during the medieval era can be considered an ideal city from the point-of-view of modern theories of planning, because there was parity between the material needs of Islamic society and its moral needs, in consideration of social, economic, cultural, and religious factors. This study will also demonstrate that Islamic cities were more than just religious centres; they also served important political, social, economic, and cultural functions. Some Orientalists who have made statements to the contrary have done so without much critical evidence. Thus, this thesis will study and 2 analyze the criteria and Islamic values used in city planning during the early Islamic period by searching for factors which influenced city planning and development. This study will also discuss each Islamic city as a separate unit, such as Al- Madina, which was the first city to exhibit the basic Islamic design.
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