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Downloaded and Installed at the DRM by Its Owner Grid Security and Integration with Minimal Performance Degradation Sugata Sanyal Rangarajan A. Vasudevan School of Technology and Computer Science Department of Computer Science and Engineering Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India [email protected] [email protected] Ajith Abraham Marcin Paprzycki Computer Science Department Computer Science Department Oklahoma State University, USA Oklahoma State University, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract- Computational grids are believed to be the question of grid security, while recognized as an ultimate framework to meet the growing important issue, remains somewhat on the computational needs of the scientific community. backburner. There is a reasonable explanation for Here, the processing power of geographically this situation. Security matters only if the distributed resources working under different computational infrastructure of the grid works well ownerships, having their own access policy, cost structure and the likes, is logically coupled to make and effectively. Until the desired work is correctly them perform as a unified resource. The continuous distributed to the appropriate resources on the grid increase of availability of high-bandwidth and the problem is efficiently solved and the results communication as well as powerful computers built of returned to the originator, there is no real reason to low-cost components further enhance chances of worry if the whole process can be done in a secure computational grids becoming a reality. However, the fashion. question of grid security remains one of the important Obviously, the research devoted to security has open research issues. Here, we present some novel proceeded in the meanwhile, and currently the state ideas about how to implement grid security, without of the art suggests the use of encryption techniques appreciable performance degradation in grids. A suitable alternative to the computationally expensive for security purposes [12] [14]. At the same time, encryption is suggested, which uses a key for message Foster et al. [6] suggest to avoid the use of authentication. Methods of secure transfer and encryption on the grounds of exportability issues. exchange of the required key(s) are also discussed. While one can discuss the validity of the latter’s arguments, it is obvious that the area of encryption- Keywords- Grid computing, Security, Temporal based solutions and encryption-oriented research is distribution, Spatial distribution rather controversial from the point of view of its social implications [17]. Therefore, it is important to seek solutions that do not rely directly on I. Introduction cryptography. Furthermore, another issue that arises is that use of encryption requires a substantial Grid computing started in the 1990s as a response amount of computational resources. This is to the need for large amount of computing power. particularly so since the size of the key has to Scientific problems needed such computing power increase to protect the encrypted data. This means but (a) were bound by financial constraints that that the computing power available on the grid, prevented investments in “supercomputers,” and (b) which is the primary reason for the grid's setup, is it was realized that there exists an enormous pool of utilized to encrypt and decrypt information rather available and unused resources among computers then to perform computations. This situation is connected across the internet. As a result, the particularly important when the grid is set up to concept of “coordinated resource sharing and complete a large number of short jobs rather then a problem solving among dynamic collections of very large job like the cancer research conducted by individuals, institutions and resources” arose [2]. United Devices [16]. In this case, each of these Currently, grid-related research is focused mostly smaller chunks has to be encrypted and decrypted on delivering the best available performance, and the portion of time used to perform these including questions of load balancing, on the functions (instead of solving the problem) is questions of resource discovery (which recently has relatively much larger than in the case when each been clouded due to some substantial changes in job takes hours to complete. Therefore, in this the underlying framework), grid-enabling existing paper, we propose less resource consuming legacy software and the likes. At the same time the methods of secure authentication and secure data transfer. For authentication, we discuss the idea of (reputation models) present in online auctions [22]. temporal distribution of key information. We also Online auctions like eBay have adopted such believe that Winnowing and Chaffing [3] provides reputation systems to help cope with trust a good substitute for encryption in terms of the uncertainties inherent in Internet applications. secure data transfer. Sarmenta addresses the grid security issues using a The organization of this paper is as follows. A voting and spot-checking technique [15]. brief summary of research, carried out in the field of grid security, is presented in Section 2; then, we III. Encryptionless Security discuss our ideas about security methods for key exchange and offer a brief description of We begin this section with a technical comparison Winnowing and Chaffing, in Section 3 and finally, between encryption versus Winnowing and we conclude in Section 4. Chaffing (W&C) with an emphasis on the computational cost. Firstly, any encryption method II. Related Research like RSA and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) does not guarantee data integrity and Currently, the most renowned grid-related therefore it becomes essential to use a system of research is concentrated around the Globus project Message Authentication Codes (MAC) in addition [1]. It consists of the work done by the Globus to the encryption algorithm. Compared to this, project researchers themselves and all the W&C provides both data privacy and data integrity subsequent research that utilizes the Globus toolkit. using MAC only. Hence, by a clear margin, W&C Our brief introduction to the research activities in has smaller computational cost by avoiding the the area of grid computing is therefore based encryption completely. In the case when encryption mainly on the work done under the Globus project is used with other forms of data integrity that are umbrella. Foster et al. [2] offer an exposition of the less computationally expensive than MAC – “grid problem”. They present a comprehensive calculated using hashing functions – we will show introduction to the issues involved in grid that W&C is still cheaper than encryption. The only computing. The Open Grid Services Architecture computationally intensive step in this method is the (OGSA) model is presented in [2] and [8]. A calculation of the MAC, which is done at the thorough overview of computational grids and sender's and receiver's end. MACs are calculated technologies that existed at that time was presented using a combination of HMAC with a secure in [9] though it is now outdated. hashing algorithm like SHA-1 or MD-5. Let us now Coming now to the security aspect, [6] presents look at the cost involved in the AES encryption and the security issues coexisting within a grid, and in the HMAC-SHA1. builds an architecture to address them. Some For a common data block size of 512-bits, approaches to handle the issue of interoperability of calculation of the MAC using HMAC-SHA1 local security solutions with global grid security effectively requires around 700 of 32-bit XOR policies are proposed in [7] and [10]. The topics of operations and 132 shifts of 32-bit words. Note that dynamic creation of services and trust domains, and the maximum message size supported by SHA-1 is diverse local mechanisms, as viewed from the angle 264, and the algorithm deals with messages in block of implementation for the Globus Project are increments of 512-bits. AES has no limit on the presented in [11]. Data integrity is also one of the maximum data size and handles 128 message bits at central concerns of large-scale distributed a time. For a 128-bit message block, assuming the computing systems such as the grid, whose primary least key length of 128-bits, AES requires products are the results of computation. In order to effectively nearly 400 32-bit XORs and 33 shift maintain the integrity of this data, the system must operations on 32-bit words. Including the be resilient to diverse attacks. Gilbert et al. multiplication and inverse operations, and scaling proposes a trust-based model for grid participants the above values for a message size of 512-bits, we based on use of reputation systems and associated find that AES effectively requires more than 1000 feedback mechanisms [14]. Trust is essential 32-bit XORs, an equal number of 32-bit word shifts especially to maintain the integrity of data being as W&C, 68 operations of calculating processed/produced in a grid environment. The multiplicative inverses of 8-bit words and more problem of determining which resources to trust than 350, 8-bit multiplications [18][19]. and distrust for the purposes of data integrity closely resembles some of the trust issues Figure 1. Computational grid model For data sizes of lesser than 512-bits, the MAC AES algorithm pads the data to fit the 512-bit limit and 132 shift operations on 32-bit words; 1214 XOR then performs the operations. Padding is a low-cost operations on 32-bit words; 320 modulo operation that is comparative to a bit shift plus multiplications in Finite Field of 28 on 8-bit words; XOR operation. Thus across all data sizes, 44 multiplications of 8-bit words; and, 68 winnowing and chaffing is definitely cheaper than multiplicative inverse calculations in Finite Field of an encryption algorithm like AES. As for 28 on 8-bit words. asymmetric key algorithms like RSA, the While the computational nodes become computational cost involved is more prohibitive constantly more powerful, the size of the key has to than symmetric key encryption algorithms.
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