Year 7 History: Shaping England Key Questions: 1. How were people ruled? 55 and 54 BC: Julius 2. What was life like? Caesar unsuccessfully June 1215: Signing of 1348-1350: The Black 1558 – 1603: Elizabeth 3. What did people believe? attempts to invade the Magna Carta Death I is Queen of England Britain. 4. What continued and changed? 5. How significant was the period? 6. How do we know about the period? 43AD: Roman invasion 1096-1396: The 1381: The Peasant’s 1553 – 1558: Mary I is of Britain under Crusades Revolt Queen of England What was England like pre Emperor Claudius. 1066? What was the impact of the Norman Conquest on AD 410: Last Roman 29th December 1170 – 1455: The War of the 1547 – 1553: Edward soldiers ordered to Murder of Thomas England? Roses begins. VI is King of England leave Britain. Beckett What was life like in Medieval England?

956: Ketter Ingas How did life change in the 1086: Kettering or Anglo-Saxon village 1483 – 1485: Richard 1509 – 1547: Henry Medieval Period? ‘Cateringe’ recorded in mentioned for the first III is King of England VIII is King of England. Domesday book time in History. How did a family feud shape the direction of a nation? 1070: William the 1492: Christopher 1066: Norman Conqueror orders the 1485 – 1509: Henry VII How significant were the Columbus discovers Conquest of England building of is King of England America. Tudors in shaping Rockingham Castle England? Timeline Knowledge Organiser: What was England like pre 1066? August 55 BC: Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain for the first time. They had an advantage but the weather meant they Key words: Definition had to leave. Chronology Arranging events or dates by the order they happened. July-August 54 BC: Julius Caesar Roman A citizen of the ancient Roman empire. attempted to invade Britain for the second time. Cause A person/event/action which makes something happen. 54 BC – 43 AD: Rome kept a tight hold Consequence A result or effect. over Britain through strong trading links. This increased the Roman influence in Conquer Overcome and take control of (a place or people) by military force. Britain. Rebellion An act of armed resistance to an established government or leader. May 43 AD: A Roman army led by Plautius invaded Britain on behalf of Emperor Significance The importance of events. Claudius. 43 AD – 50 AD: The Romans continued What was so appealing about invading England? their conquest and took the South of Romans Anglo-Saxons Britain. London was founded and roads were built. Precious metals such as gold and tin found there. Fish in plentiful supply in surrounding seas. 60-61 AD: Boudicca led her rebellion. She Wheat and other crops grew easily in fertile soil across Wheat and other crops grew easily in fertile soil across was eventually defeated. South and East England. South and East England. 75 AD – 77 AD: The Romans have now conquered ALL of Britain. Captured Britons could be sold as slaves. English wool sold across Europe. 77 AD – 410 AD: Roman life was adopted Wool and cloth produced here could be sold throughout London and other leading towns centres of trade and in Britain. Romans built roads and towns. the empire. wealth. The last Romans left Britain in 410 AD. 450 AD: First invasions of the Saxons from Whoever conquered nations to add to the growing Roman England was Europe’s chief supplier of tin. Also produced Germany. Britain is divided up into the Empire would be treated as a hero and receive riches from other precious metals such as silver, copper, iron and lead. Seven Kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, the conquered land. 60 mints issuing coins throughout the country made it very Anglia, Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Kent. easy for rulers to raise taxes. 596 AD: St Augustine brings Christianity to England. Life in Anglo-Saxon England Knowledge Organiser: What was England like pre 1066? • The population of England was much smaller than it is today. Roughly 1.5 Key Word Definition million people lived here – compared with over 60 million in the 21st century. Legacy What is left behind by previous civilisations. • Most people lived off the land in the Invade When an armed force enters a country/territory with the aim to occupy/conquer it. countryside in small villages and were peasant farmers. th Anglo-Saxon People from northern Germany that lived in England between the 5 century and the Norman • Living off the land meant most were Conquest. dependent on good harvests each year Earl A powerful noble and landowner who controlled parts of the country. to see them through the winter. Poor summers often meant starvation for Life in Roman Britain What did the Romans do for us? thousands of people. • From the evidence found by archaeologists we The Celtic tribes living in Britain would not • There was a small class of people who know that religion was very important to the made their money by buying and selling have welcomed the Roman invasion and Romans. Temple remains have been found in cities goods. These were known as fought against them, for example Boudicca's such as Bath and London, and altars have been merchants. One of the most important revolt. However, Roman occupation of Britain found throughout the country. trades for England at this time was the brought plenty of advantages, as they cloth trade. Raw wool was exported to • Although Britain was invaded by the Roman army introduced various aspects of their civilisation Europe to be made into fine clothes. on three occasions, life was not entirely based which did not exist here previously: • To help the king govern the country around war. Archaeological finds show us that • Sanitation: aqueducts, water fountains, well, he divided it into regions called people also enjoyed playing board games in the earldoms, and each of these was public baths, medical knowledge, sewers, past, as well as nicely decorated homes (shown by controlled by an earl. central heating systems the Fishbourne mosaic). • St Augustine brought Christianity to • Government: law & order • We also know that the nation was not just British England in 597 AD and soon converted • Architecture: roads, flats, villas, towns the King. Monasteries and churches tribes living separately from the soldiers in their • Education: Latin language, numerals, started to appear across the country. forts. There is evidence of Britons living inside the writing • There were very few big towns or cities; towns built by the Romans, where they would have • Food: carrots, grapes, apples, leeks, in fact there were only 7 towns with enjoyed the bath houses, shops and homes with more than 7,500 inhabitants. radishes, peas, celery, turnips etc. central heating. Knowledge Organiser: What was the impact of the Norman Conquest on England?

Heir A person who inherits property, possession or title after the 5th January 1066 – Edward the Confessor dies Key words and definitions death of another. with no clear heir. Harold Godwinson crowned Medieval The period between 1066-1500 Pope Head of the Catholic Church the next King of England. Feudal System The social structure of Medieval England. Conquest Taking an area by using force September 1066 – Harald Hardrada, King of Fyrd Local farmers that fight for Harold Godwinson’s army Norway, invades England. Villein Peasant at the bottom of the Feudal system. th Housecarls Paid, experienced soldiers that fought for Harold’s army 20 September – Hardrada defeats the English at Anglo-Saxons People that lived in England before the Norman Conquest the Battle of Fulford. 25th September – Harold Godwinson defeats and Normans People from the Normandy region of France, led Cavalry William’s soldiers that fought on horses by William Harrying To completely destroy kills Harald Hardrada. 28th September – William Duke of Normandy Bayeux Tapestry An embroidery telling the story of the Norman Baron Noble land owner that pledged their loyalty to the King Conquest lands at Pevensey on the south coast of England. Motte and The first type of castle made by William. It was made out of 14th October – William defeats and kills Harold Taxes Money collected from people by the King. Bailey wood and had a higher Motte part and a lower Bailey part. Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. Tithe One tenth of annual produce or earnings. th Stone Keep Similar to Motte and Bailey but made of stronger materials such 25 December 1066 – William of Normandy is castle as stone. crowned King of England.

Key batlle: Battle of Stamford Bridge – 25/09/1066 Key battle: Battle of Hastings – 14/10/1066 Battle between Harold Godwinson and Harald Hardrada fought in Yorkshire. Godwinson had to march his army as fast as possible down to Hasting’s back in the The English army had marched all the way from the south of England and south after the battle of Stamford Bridge. This rapid march meant some soldiers were caught the Norwegians by surprise (many didn’t have their armour on). left behind and the Saxons were much more tired than the well rested Normans. Many of Hardrada’s army were attacked and killed as they tried to cross a Godwinson had the high ground in a strong defensive position at the top of a ridge, river. while William’s army was at the bottom of a hill in marshy ground. On the other side of the river the Viking soldiers formed a strong, defensive Harold was winning at the start because the Normans were having to attack uphill. shield wall. Supposedly the English army were delayed from crossing the However at one point in the battle some Saxon soldiers chased after the fleeing river by one Norse axeman who killed up to 40 English soldiers as they tried Norman troops, losing the protection of the shield wall, and were killed. to cross. William used the tactic of pretending to run away several times in order to weaken the After several hours the English had the upper hand and forced the Viking English defences. Eventually, in a final assault, Harold was killed. This caused the army to run away. Hardrada was killed and Godwinson was victorious. English army to flee and left William as the victor. Knowledge Organiser: What was the impact of the Norman Conquest on England?

Potential heirs to the English throne in 1066: Who should become king? Methods of control used by William the Conqueror Harold Godwinson Harald Hardrada William of Normandy Castles: William also kept control by building castles throughout England. Over time 3 types of castles developed throughout Britain. Anglo-Saxon. Earl of Wessex, one of Viking King of Norway Duke of Normandy, France. the most powerful men in England Vikings had ruled Britain before. William came from a fighting family. Motte and Bailey – The first castles built to help Harold’s sister was married to King Most feared warrior in Europe – He was a brave solider. fight against rebellions. They were built Edward. Harold was a brave and Hardrada means ‘hard ruler’ and his Edward’s cousin. Edward had lived quickly and made out of wood, meaning respected solder with a tough nickname was ‘the Ruthless’. Harald in Normandy from 1016-1042. streak. was supported by Tostig, Harold Edward had supposedly promised that they were not very strong, The Witan, wanted Harold to be the Godwinson’s brother who wanted that William should become King of and could be easily destroyed. next king. revenge. England The Bailey was on flat land, where majority Armies at the Battle of Hastings of the people lived. The Motte was the higher land of the castle, where the William’s army Harold’s army fort was. His soldiers were well trained and well equipped. Harold’s army was made up of professional soldiers Stone Keep – This castle was now made They wore chain mail armour which gave them much and conscripts, peasant farmers who were forced to out of stone and had towers as a form protection. His army was made up of infantry, join the army and fight. Harold’s best professional of defence. The main part of the castle archers and cavalry. His cavalry rode specially bred soldiers were the Saxon Huscarls. They were the horses which could carry the weight of these horse king’s elite bodyguard. They fought with large axes was the Keep, a large square tower, used as the main defence. soldiers and still ride at speed. They were the elite of and round shields. The Domesday Book William’s army. The Feudal System After taking the throne in 1066, William has a few problems: - He does not trust the English lords, who do not like him. In 1086, William sent out surveyors to Why did William win the battle of Hastings? - He has to force the English to accept him as King. every part of England, with orders to list: Leadership - Many of the English are rebelling and fighting against William. •how much land was there - He has to pay the French Knights who helped him to win Preparations Luck William was very brave and led the throne. •who had owned it in 1066, and who William had well trained and his men very well. owned it now professional soldiers. Large parts The weather changed when William showed his face during Solution: William crushes the rebellions and took the land away •what was the place like, and who lived of Harold’s army was untrained William was trying to from the English lords and gave it to his supporters instead. the battle to keep his solders there and made up of farmers. Many of Harold had to fight the Vikings from running away. William now has his supporters helping him to control the whole Harolds men had left the army to first this gave William the country. •how much it was worth in 1066 and how collect the harvest in. Harold was advantage. William also sets up the Feudal System. This forces the English much now to give William their taxes and promises of loyalty, in return for not prepared for the battle. The Saxons left the shield wall to William did this to allow him to effectively William's army was fresh and well chase the Normans down the protection and land to farm. William is at the top of the system, as he holds all the land and money, which he gives to the Barons. rested. He had lots of supplies. hill. tax the land and earn money. They promise William their money, soldiers and loyalty. They give William also needed to have an idea of Harold’s was tried and reduced in At a key moment in the battle the land to the Knights in return for loyalty and military service. size following the Battle of Harold was killed. Finally the knights give the land to the peasants. The peasants what could be seized from landowners Stanford Bridge. farm the land and give food, money and services to the knights. who did not show him loyalty.