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The Divine Right of Kings

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The Divine Right of Kings Context: Machiavellian Politics & Principles The Divine Right of Kings BANQUO In reality, Banquo was Niccolò Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was ‘The state of monarchy is the supremest thing Thou hast it now: king, Cawdor, Glamis, all, upon earth, for kings are not only God's As the weird women promised, and I fear involved in the an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's Thou played’st most foully for ’t. Yet it was said killing of King writer, playwright and poet of throne, but even by God himself they are called Duncan; the Renaissance period. It should not stand in thy posterity, gods’ however, as But that myself should be the root and father James is a While a political advisor and theorist, Machiavelli is This is the belief that kings are God's deputies on Of many kings. If there come truth from them— Earth. By going against a king, from a verbal As upon thee, Macbeth, their speeches shine— descendent of most widely known for his work of The Prince, a point to a plot to assassinate a king, you are Why, by the verities on thee made good, Banquo, it mirror for princes work which dictates to the reader actually going against God. This is not only would not be a how a leader should lead, from attaining power to treason, but it is sacrilegious (going against a May they not be my oracles as well, sacred belief) (A3, S1) good idea to holding their office against the threat of usurpation. To summarise, Machiavelli believes that to seek the . suggest that Always remember, ‘Macbeth’ is a tragedy, written in 1605 James’s rule is love of the people is not to lead, nor should it be the following the Gunpowder Plot. The play is, therefore, a connected with principle point of the ruler. Instead, the ruler should LENNOX moral tale which focuses upon the dangers one must face regicide, even be revered as strict. The night has been unruly. Where we lay, Our chimneys were blown down, and (as they if they commit the greatest sin of all: regicide. if it is SIX say) HUNDRED If necessary, they should be feared by the people as Lamentings heard i’ th’ air; strange screams of YEARS LATER his enemies should. A good prince, in essence, must death, prioritise the governance of the kingdom, and not And prophesying, with accents terrible, the adoration of their subjects. To be loved is not a Of dire combustion and confus’d events New hatch’d to th’ woeful time. The obscure negative attribute, but it is one often too difficult to bird fully achieve. Instead, strategy and bravery are far Clamor’d the livelong night. Some say, the earth more useful for a king; if necessary, violence should Was feverous, and did shake. be used. Where else is God’s judgement seen within the play? Context: He Faced the Slave Macbeth’s mutilation of Macdonwald’s body is graphic and disturbing, and is performed as an act of humiliation. Not only is he disembowelled, Context: The Witch-Hunter King Is Macbeth Insane? Macdonaldwald is then decapitated, with his head placed atop a pike. What happens here is very similar, but not identical, to a brutal deterrent known This is view is too simplistic. He understands that what he sees is Of all of European countries at the time, Scotland questionable and unnatural. At the beginning of the soliloquy, the use as being ‘Hanged, Drawn and Quartered’ (HDQ). Originating in the mid- burnt over 4,000 suspected witches. of succinct rhetorical questions presents Macbeth as a figure troubled 1300, the punishment was unforgiving: performed with the prisoner alive, a by the uncertainty that now plagues his thoughts. So, when he sees person would be disembowelled, before then being hanged, decapitated The year 1590 witnessed the largest and most the daggers remember that he could be being controlled. and then cut in to four segments, or quartered. high-profile witch trials in Scottish history. No fewer than 70 suspects were rounded up in North To suffer such a sentence would highlight the severity of the prisoner’s Berwick, on suspicion of raising a storm to destroy MACBETH crime. Macbeth’s treatment of Macdonwald does just that: it conveys King James’s fleet as he conveyed his new bride, Is this a dagger which I see before me, Macdonaldwald’s high-treason against King Duncan. Further to this, the Anne of Denmark, across the North Sea. The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. punishment of being HDQ, was a public affair, performed to humiliate. It Convinced the tempest that had almost cost his I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. was also used as a deterrent, as a warning to those who may wish to plot life had been summoned by witchcraft, James was Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible against the King. The audience in attendance at the play would be aware of intent upon bringing the perpetrators to justice. To feeling as to sight? or art thou but this punishment, and would, therefore, see Macdonaldwald’s crime as one A dagger of the mind, a false creation, treason. Witches, therefore, are not to be Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? trusted. I see thee yet, in form as palpable In which scenes do we see a similar punishment As this which now I draw. inflicted upon another character? (A2, S1) Themes for MACBETH MACBETH When Macbeth enters, he is bloodied and fouled by the King’s blood. One Macbeth If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well Methought I heard a voice cry 'Sleep no more! of the reasons why Lady Macbeth assumes control is because her It were done quickly: if the assassination Macbeth does murder sleep', the innocent sleep, husband is incapable of thinking logically. Here, you see a man struggling Leadership Could trammel up the consequence, and catch Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care, to comprehend what he has done to his King. It is important to note that With his surcease success; that but this blow The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath, Macbeth’s worry centres upon his inability to say ‘Amen’. The word is Betrayal Might be the be-all and the end-all here, Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second ‘stuck in his throat’. The verb ‘stuck’ is also in reference to the act of But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, course, stabbing. Already, he is haunted by his act. Loyalty We'ld jump the life to come. Chief nourisher in life's feast,-- Context: Between the Scenes (A1, S7) LADY MACBETH Bravery What do you mean? The murder of King Duncan is committed off-stage for several reasons. By Form Madness MACBETH omitting the actual act of assassination from the play, Shakespeare allows This is a soliloquy and it divulges Macbeth’s inner Still it cried 'Sleep no more!' to all the house: the audience to picture the murder. And, by doing so, permits your thoughts about the plot to assassinate his King. Notice Power 'Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore imagination freedom to design the event yourself. Typically, with the state how he is already speaking as though he shouldn’t of Macbeth’s hands when he meets with Lady Macbeth, it is fair to say commit the crime: ‘If’ is used here to explain that he Cawdor Fear Shall sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no that he savagely stabbed the King multiple times. would consider killing the King ‘if’ his death brought an end to the consequence. more.' (A2, S2) Macbeth’s Leadership While shown to be an adept and capable warrior, the thane of Cawdor is too wrought with guilt and doubt to be an effective king. By Act IV, an army, led by the rightful heir, Malcolm, and the vengeful Macduff, have mustered to usurp the ‘fiend of Scotland’ (A4, S3). As you read the play, consider how Macbeth, often blinded by immediate objectives, does not think ahead. Is this the principle reason for his poor leadership? Context: Succession Macbeth becomes King, ironically, because of his name. He is the King’s most worthy servant, and has MACDUFF LADY MACBETH been gifted ‘golden opinions’ (A1, S7, l. 33) by the late Macduff was from his mother's womb How now, my lord! why do you keep alone, King. Naturally, succession entitles the King’s sons to Untimely ripp'd. Of sorriest fancies your companions making, the throne, but they, following Duncan’s murder, are Using those thoughts which should indeed have died the principle suspects of regicide. Due to this, the The Witches MACBETH With them they think on? Things without all remedy thane’s elect Macbeth: Scotland is, therefore, an Never forget about the importance of the ‘Weird Accursed be that tongue that tells Should be without regard: what's done is done. elective monarchy. Sisters’. Despite only meeting Macbeth twice me so, throughout his tragic journey, their influence For it hath cow'd my better part of Context: Deterrent However, in Act III, Macbeth realises a harsh truth: over the young thane is powerful and man! Banquo’s sons will be kings. Macbeth, blinkered to the manipulative. Within Act IV, Scene I, their And be these juggling fiends no more Remember, Macbeth centres upon the consequences of grave task of assassinating King Duncan, did not think prophecies lead to a headstrong Macbeth believed, regicide.
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