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Coastal Biodiversity and Introduced Species in Arctic Norway

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Coastal Biodiversity and Introduced Species in Arctic Norway Coastal biodiversity and introduced species in Arctic Norway Akvaplan-niva AS Rapport 60388-002 Picture front page: A colony of the invasive tunicate Botrylloides violaceus. Photo: Luis A. Solórzano Akvaplan-niva AS Rådgivning og forskning innen miljø og akvakultur Org.nr: NO 937 375 158 MVA Pirsenteret, Trondheim 7010 Trondheim Tlf: +47, Fax: +47 www.akvaplan.niva.no Report title Coastal biodiversity and introduced species in Arctic Norway Author(s) Akvaplan-niva report no 60388-002 Ragnhild Pettersen Paul Renaud Date 16.01.2019 Anneke van den Brink Martine van den Heuvel-Greve No. of pages 20 + 0 Arjen de Groot Distribution Public Client Client’s reference Miljødirektoratet 18087179 Summary Metabarcoding of 32 sediment samples from Kongsfjorden, Norway, identified more than 150 taxa from two areas of the genome (gene CO1 and 18S DNA). From these, one potential alien species, the tunicate Botrylloides violaceus was identified. The potential negative impacts of B. violaceus and other invasive colonial tunicates are significant and increased temperatures in the future are likely to enhance vegetative growth where it has established. The threat suggested by impacts in other invasion areas indicates that targeted action to prevent B. violaceus from entering Svalbard should be initiated. Knowledge of the biodiversity around Svalbard is more sparse than for the more available marine areas. Some species might have been overlooked in the past and received a status as invasive when they are possibly native. This results show that metabarcoding has great potential for monitoring the presence of alien species in environmental samples in the Arctic and could be used to establish a baseline. CBMP- coast expert groups from other arctic areas reports on ongoing initiatives to identify arctic aliens to have a proper baseline whereby further biodiversity monitoring effort can be performed. Project manager Quality controller _____________________ __________________________ Paul E. Renaud Mette Remen © 2018 Akvaplan-niva AS. This report may only be copied as a whole. Copying of part of this report (sections of text, illustrations, tables, conclusions, etc.) and/or reproduction in other ways, is only permitted with written consent from Akvaplan-niva AS. Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS............................................................................................... 7 2.1 DNA barcoding and reference-species ............................................................................. 7 2.2 Metabarcoding of sediment samples from Svalbard ........................................................ 7 3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1 DNA barcoding of reference-species ............................................................................... 9 3.2 Metabarcoding of sediment samples from Svalbard ........................................................ 9 4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Botrylloides violaceus on Svalbard ................................................................................ 10 4.2 National and international initiatives .............................................................................. 11 4.3 Monitoring, technology, and invasive species in a future Arctic ................................... 12 5 LITERATURE ...................................................................................................................... 15 Alien species in the Arctic Akvaplan-niva AS Rapport 0027 - 01 1 Akvaplan-niva AS, 7010 Trondheim 2 www.akvaplan.niva.no Preface Increased concern regarding the introduction of non-native species to Arctic habitats has brought attention to vectors of introduction, taxa expected to invade, and potential consequences of establishment of these introduced species. There is a general lack of coastal sampling and monitoring in Arctic Norway (and much of the Arctic), despite the recognition that many coastal areas are at disproportionately high risk for biodiversity change due to natural (e.g. warming, less shore-fast ice and ice scour) and human (introduction of alien species through economic activities) factors. In Norway, several initiatives have begun to focus on this topic. Foremost is the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP), a component of the Conservation of Artic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) under the Arctic Council. CBMP-Coast is the final element of a series of biodiversity monitoring programs to beinitiated under CAFF, and is now identifying target areas and focal ecosystem components that would provide a baseline and, hopefully, the foundation of time series across the entire Arctic (Anderson et al. 2016). In Norway, the habitats under the most focus are rocky shoreline and fjords, and the Økokyst program financed by the Norwegian Environmental Agency has begun monitoring activities in north Norway and Svalbard. Recently, two reports have been written based on coastal monitoring needs, partly inspired by CBMP. One highlights the knowledge gaps, prospects, and action plan for monitoring alien species on Svalbard (Thomassen et al. 2017), and the other describes a desired station network and sampling regime for performing Water Framework Directive-relevant activities on Svalbard (Evenset et al. 2017). Both reports suggest ambitious levels of activity, largely focused on the most accessible regions of Svalbard's west coast, and include strong sampling components directed at seafloor communities. "Marine aliens in Svalbard" a pilot project, financed by the Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund and the Knowledge Base program of Wageningen University and Research (17/25 2017-2018; RIS 10731), where Akvaplan-niva and Wageningen University in the Netherlands produce barcode sequences of potential invaders for future comparison of sampling records, and conduct metagenomics on shallow water sediments to detect possible arrivals of alien taxa in Svalbard. This study has been developed further into a new project, "Aliens on the beach" that is also funded by the Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund and Coastal biodiversity and introduced species in Arctic Norway Akvaplan-niva AS Rapport 0027 - 01 3 aims to explore more sites on Svalbard and compare those with and without regular tourist visitation. In this project, "Coastal biodiversity and introduced species in the Arctic, Norway" we will highlight any potential alien species to Svalbard identified from the "Marine aliens in Svalbard" and compare these results with relevant studies from other Arctic areas. Akvaplan-niva AS, 7010 Trondheim 4 www.akvaplan.niva.no 1 Introduction As climate change is driving the decrease in sea ice in polar regions, new shipping routes through the Arctic waters are becoming available. The increased human activity poses several risks for this relatively pristine area. Thomassen et al. 2017 recommended a closer monitoring of possible vectors for introduction of alien species in the Arctic. Especially marine and coastal ecosystems in the Arctic are vulnerable for introduction of alien species with shipping traffic highlighted as the most common vector of transportation. Several alien species are clear threats or have already arrived on Svalbard (king crab and snow crab). The region is also subject to establishment of populations of boreal species transported with ocean currents. The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre has identified 31 out of 47 evaluated species to be so-called threshold species (dørstokkarter) for Svalbard, species not yet established in the area but expected to establish within the next 50 years through different vectors of introduction. For the marine invertebrates evaluated for Svalbard, 23 out of the 24 species were identified as likely to soon become established in Svalbard (https://www.artsdatabanken.no). If alien species become established in a new location they can affect the natural environmental balance by disrupting the food web through competition, predation or by carrying diseases or parasites. In some areas, new species may cover large areas of the seafloor, significantly changing the habitat for many native species. It is therefore important to take steps to prevent these ‘invasive species’ from entering and becoming established in the Arctic environment. Before we can effectively manage invasive species in the Arctic, it is necessary to establish knowledge of native species and of those with the potential to be introduced so that we can identify and monitor them and better mitigate their introduction. The "Marine aliens in Svalbard" project enlarged the currently available DNA library by adding DNA barcodes for both native species to Svalbard and species with potential to be introduced there. Metabarcoding of sediment samples form Svalbard's coastal environment was applied to investigate the presence of invasive species. Current databases are incomplete, sometimes even lacking many of the most common taxa, including those already identified as potential/likely invaders. Further development of barcoding reference databases is essential for potential future discoveries using molecular methods. Metabarcoding is high-throughput sequencing that enables detection of multiple Coastal biodiversity and
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