The Critical and Constructive Tasks of Naim Ateek's Palestinian Liberation

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The Critical and Constructive Tasks of Naim Ateek's Palestinian Liberation The Critical and Constructive Tasks of Naim Ateek’s Palestinian Liberation Theology Kristian Melander Master’s Thesis in Systematic Theology April 2016 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO − HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET Tiedekunta/Osasto − Fakultet/Sektion Laitos − Institution Faculty of Theology The Department of Systematic Theology Tekijä − Författare Kristian Melander Työn nimi − Arbetets titel The Critical and Constructive Tasks of Naim Ateek’s Palestinian Liberation Theology Oppiaine − Läroämne Theological and Social Ethics Työn laji − Arbetets art Aika − Datum Sivumäärä − Sidoantal Master’s Thesis April 2016 118 Tiivistelmä − Referat Tutkielma käsittelee Naim Ateekin palestiinalaisen vapautuksen teologian kriittisiä ja rakentavia tehtäviä. Yleisesti vapautuksen teologian ja postkoloniaalisen teologian tehtäviin kuuluu sekä sortoa aiheuttavien rakenteiden ja ajattelutapojen kritisoiminen että vapautusta edistävien ajattelumallien rakentaminen. Tutkielman tavoite on esittää Ateekin teologia näiden tehtävien kautta ja osoittaa yhteyksiä ja eroja Ateekin ajattelun ja vapautuksen teologian sekä postkoloniaalisen teologian metodologioiden ja keskeisten teemojen välillä. Lisäksi tutkielmassa hyödynnetään aiheen kannalta oleellisten teologien ja ajattelijoiden näkemyksiä, joiden avulla selvennetään, täydennetään ja osoitetaan jännitteitä Ateekin teologiassa. Menetelmänä on systemaattinen analyysi. Ateekin kaksi pääteosta sekä kahdeksan hänen artikkeliaan ovat tutkielman primaarilähteitä. Ensin esitellään Ateek osana palestiinalaista kristillisyyttä ja vapautuksen teologian sekä postkoloniaalisen teologian kriittiset ja rakentavat tehtävät. Tutkielman toinen luku käsittelee Ateekin kriittistä tehtävää, johon sisältyy sorron paljastaminen ja ymmärtäminen. Ateek ymmärtää sorron vallan väärinkäytön, väkivallan ja sionistisen imperiumiteologian kautta. Vapautuksen teologialle ominaisella tavalla hän käyttää Raamattua sorron tuomitsemiseen ja havainnollistaa sortoa väkivallan kierteenä. Postkoloniaalisen teologian tapaan hän käyttää imperiumin käsitettä ja ymmärtää rakenteellisen väkivallan laajemmin kuin vapautuksen teologia, joka korostaa köyhyyttä väkivallan muotona. Keskeisin ero Ateekin ja vapautuksen teologian välillä on suhtautuminen Vanhaan testamenttiin, jonka väkivaltaiset, eksklusiiviset tekstit eivät Ateekin mukaan tarjoa totuudenmukaista kuvaa Jumalasta Kristuksen ilmoittaman Jumalan inklusiivisen rakkauden valossa. Tässä hän seuraa postkoloniaalista teologiaa, joka Ateekin tavoin dekolonisoi tekstejä eli riisuu ne sortavista rakenteista omaksumalla sorrettujen, esimerkiksi kanaanilaisten, näkökulman. Ateekin oletus on, että väkivaltaiset tekstit ja niihin perustuva sionistinen teologia ovat keskeinen sorron syy. Uskontoa ja väkivaltaa koskevien teorioiden perusteella uskonto voi olla osasyy väkivaltaan, mutta sitä ei voi erottaa muista, esimerkiksi poliittisista, syistä. Kolmas luku käsittelee Ateekin rakentavaa tehtävää, joka korostaa Jumalan inklusiivista rakkautta ratkaisuna sortoon ja vaihtoehtona sionistiselle teologialle. Ateekin mukaan ihmisoikeudet ilmentävät Jumalan rakkauteen sisältyvää oikeudenmukaisuuden vaatimusta ja hän korostaakin ihmisoikeuksia universaalina mittana, jonka valossa kaikkia uskontoja on arvioitava. Kristityille Kristus ilmoittaa Jumalan rakkauden täydellisesti, kun taas juutalaisten ja muiden on löydettävä omista traditioistaan oikeudenmukaisuutta tukevat käsitykset. Erityisesti kristityille inklusiivinen rakkaus edellyttää sorron voittamista väkivallattoman vastarinnan keinoin Jeesuksen esimerkkiä seuraten, mikä mahdollistaa sovinnon sorrettujen ja sortajan välillä. Kuitenkin kaikkien uskontojen pitäisi korostaa, että Jumalan valittuna olemisen vähimmäisvaatimus on rakkauden toteuttaminen käytännössä. Ainoastaan silloin oikeudenmukainen rauha on mahdollista, mikä Israel-Palestiinassa edellyttää palestiinalaisten oikeuksien toteutumista ja konfliktin ratkaisemista kansainvälisen lain mukaisesti. Kristosentrisuus, sorron voittaminen väkivallattomasti, Uuden testamentin tulkitseminen täysin vapauttavana ja historiallinen eskatologia yhdistävät Ateekin vapautuksen teologiaan. Rakentavan tehtävän osalta postkoloniaalinen teologia poikkeaa merkittävästi Ateekista, sillä se dekolonisoi myös Uuden testamentin ja tuo esille kristosentrismiin sisältyvän eksklusiivisuuden. Kuitenkin Ateekin kristosentrinen vastaus sortoon on mahdollista nähdä postkoloniaalisena, sillä Ateekin kontekstissa palestiinalaiskristityt ovat juutalaisuuden ja länsimaisen kristinuskon kolonisoituja uhreja. Neljäs luku esittää johtopäätökset ja mahdollisia lisätutkimusaiheita palestiinalaisesta vapautuksen teologiasta. Ateekin ajattelu sisältää jännitteitä, koska hän korostaa partikularismia, mutta samalla pyrkii esittämään universaalin vähimmäisvaatimuksen oikeudenmukaisuudelle. Kriittisessä tehtävässään hän kritisoi eksklusivismia juutalaisuudessa ja Vanhassa testamentissa, mutta rakentavassa tehtävässään esittää Kristuksen ja Uuden testamentin täysin yhteensopivina rakkauden ja oikeudenmukaisuuden kanssa. Hän ei siis huomioi niihin sisältyvää sorron mahdollisuutta. Avainsanat – Nyckelord Arab-Israeli Conflict, Biblical Interpretation, Christian Zionism, Justice, Liberation Theology, Nonviolence, Palestinian Christianity, Postcolonial Theology, Violence, Zionism Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto, Keskustakampuksen kirjasto, Teologia Muita tietoja Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHOD ................................................................................ 1 1.2 PALESTINIAN CHRISTIANITY ............................................................................................. 3 1.3 CRITICAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE TASKS OF LIBERATION AND POSTCOLONIAL THEOLOGIES ............. 5 2. ATEEK’S CRITICAL TASK ............................................................................................. 9 2.1 OPPRESSION AND VIOLENCE ........................................................................................... 9 2.2 OPPRESSIVE RELIGION ................................................................................................. 24 3. ATEEK’S CONSTRUCTIVE TASK ................................................................................. 47 3.1 INCLUSIVE RELIGION .................................................................................................... 47 3.2 A VISION OF PEACE ..................................................................................................... 79 4. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 98 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................... 108 1. Introduction 1.1 Research Question and Method The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the critical and constructive tasks of Naim Ateek’s Palestinian theology of liberation. Liberation theologies in general both criticize oppression in their particular context and aim to overcome the oppression by constructing alternative, empowering religious interpretations. In Ateek’s case, criticizing oppression involves exposing Israel’s abuse of power, its violence against Palestinians, and exclusive religious beliefs that seem to underpin the oppression. Ateek’s constructive task endeavours to provide a theologically grounded alternative that can contribute to justice and reconciliation. God’s inclusive love, revealed in Christ and the prophetic tradition, empowers the nonviolent struggle for a just peace based on international law. This thesis uses the general methodologies of liberation and postcolonial theologies to organise and assess Ateek’s critical and constructive tasks. Ateek consciously adopts certain elements from liberation theology but other connections are more implicit. He does not refer at all to postcolonial theology but we shall see that there are certain relevant similarities. Theologies are always contextual but they also adopt and apply ideas from other theologies. Because Ateek identifies his theology as a liberation theology and because his context is, from the Palestinian viewpoint, an example of modern colonialism, using the methodologies of liberation and postcolonial theologies to define his thought is a relevant research goal. It highlights the contextual nature of Ateek’s theology by establishing similarities and differences between his thought and the methodologies, including central themes, of liberation and postcolonial theologies. Additionally, this thesis will, where relevant, use the views of other theologians and theorists to clarify and assess Ateek’s views. First, Palestinian Christianity is briefly introduced in order to provide a background to Ateek. Then, the critical and constructive tasks of liberation and postcolonial theologies are introduced. In section two, Ateek’s critical task is considered. With reference to liberation and postcolonial theologies, as well as other relevant theological and social scientific views, Ateek’s criticism of the abuse of power, violence against Palestinians, and the spiral of violence is considered in section 2.1. Section 2.2 considers Ateek’s criticism of Jewish and Christian Zionism as exclusive and oppressive theologies that underpin the 1 violence. Theories concerning the role of religion in violence are used to clarify Ateek’s presupposition that religious beliefs cause violence.
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