Bab 4: Pemikiran Tentang Sains Islam Oleh Beberapa Pemikir Islam

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Bab 4: Pemikiran Tentang Sains Islam Oleh Beberapa Pemikir Islam Bab 4: Pemikiran tentang Sains Islam oleh Beberapa Pemikir Islam Kontemporari Terpilih: Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ismail al-Faruqi, Ziauddin Sardar dan Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 4.0 Pengenalan: Secara amnya, konsep modeniti telah berjaya membentuk dan mempengaruhi pembangunan Barat dan menjadi contoh kepada pembangunan negara-negara membangun yang lain, termasuklah negara-negara yang mempunyai penduduk majoriti yang beragama Islam seperti Malaysia. Di dalam arus pemikiran kontemporari, sains dilihat menjadi asas yang menjayakan modeniti, dan kemunculan modeniti sangat berkait rapat dengan kebangkitan sains moden. Konsep modeniti yang didirikan oleh prinsip-prinsip yang ada di dalam sains moden seperti rasional, sekular dan objektif menjadi suatu konsep yang dianggap universal. Demi mencapai pembangunan melalui usaha modenisasi, sains dan teknologi dianggap alat yang terbaik bagi mencapai matlamat ini. Oleh itu, usaha modenisasi yang telah tersebar luas berjaya membawa perubahan yang besar contohnya di dalam bidang politik, ekonomi mahupun pemikiran. Modenisasi juga merupakan satu proses yang akan mempengaruhi struktur dan sistem sosial melalui peningkatan kefahaman ilmu sains dan teknologi, serta akan membawa perubahan kepada kefahaman masyarakat moden akan peranan agama dan norma tradisi. Di dalam masyarakat Barat misalnya, ia membawa kepada sekularisasi. Oleh itu, di dalam mencapai taraf negara maju yang moden melalui usaha modenisasi, terdapat cabaran yang timbul bagi masyarakat Islam, antaranya dari segi epistemologi. Di dalam tesis ini, respons terhadap modeniti dilihat dari dua sudut; iaitu sudut pemikiran mengenai pengislaman ilmu sains yang melibatkan epistemologi, dan pergerakan sosial ke arah pengislaman ilmu oleh organisasi tertentu. Babak ini akan 139 menumpukan kepada aspek pertama iaitu respons terhadap modeniti oleh pemikir Islam, dilihat dari sudut pemikir Islam, iaitu dari sudut pemikiran yang telah dihasilkan oleh sarjana-sarjana Islam mengenai pengislaman ilmu sains. Kefahaman tentang pemikiran mereka mengenai pengislaman ilmu sains adalah penting bagi mengkaji dan menilai sifat dan bentuk respons intelektual tersebut di dalam menangani isu hubungan di antara sains, Islam dan modeniti. Babak ini akan menjelaskan pemikiran empat orang tokoh pemikir Islam kontemporari yang banyak memberi sumbangan kepada perkembangan wacana pengislaman sains di peringkat tempatan mahupun antarabangsa. Tokoh-tokoh yang dimaksudkan adalah Seyyed Hossein Nasr, seorang ahli falsafah yang berasal dari Iran, diikuti Ismail al-Faruqi, seorang sarjana yang berasal dari Palestin, Ziauddin Sardar, seorang penulis yang berasal dari Pakistan tetapi telah menetap di Britain, dan tokoh sarjana tempatan terawal di dalam wacana sains Islam iaitu Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. Keempat-empat tokoh ini dipilih berdasarkan kepada penglibatan mereka yang sangat meluas di dalam wacana pengislaman ilmu sains ini. Banyak penulisan dan hasil karya serta idea pemikiran mereka mempengaruhi perkembangan sains Islam serta menjadi rujukan yang utama di dalam wacana sains Islam ini. Pemikiran sains Islam yang diutarakan dihuraikan mengikut perspektif pemikir tersebut, bagi mengekalkan elemen dasar dan corak utama pemikiran yang boleh menonjolkan identiti pemikiran masing-masing. Selain itu, kekuatan dan pengaruh sarjana Islam yang terpilih berdasarkan kejayaan mereka mempengaruhi wacana sains Islam dan prospek masa depan wacana ini. Empat sarjana antarabangsa yang terpilih bukan sahaja menghuraikan kefahaman tentang sains Islam, tetapi mereka juga cuba meletakkan wacana sains Islam ini di dalam konteks yang lebih global. Pemikir-pemikir ini juga dipilih kerana kepentingan idea-idea mereka yang telah tersebar luas di kalangan orang Islam dan pengaruh mereka amat kuat sehinggakan nama mereka sangat dikenali di dalam wacana 140 ini. Selain itu, buku dan hasil penulisan mereka banyak di pasaran dan membolehkan pemikiran sains Islam mereka dikaji berdasarkan penulisan mereka. Idea-idea mereka juga disebarkan melalui persidangan dan mereka dikenali sebagai tokoh utama di dalam wacana ini serta aktif di dalam dunia akademik dan penulisan akademik. Di dalam babak ini, penulis akan cuba mengupas idea utama pemikiran mereka berdasarkan kepada hasil karya mereka. Dapat diperhatikan bahawa, walaupun mereka menyokong sains Islam dan berkongsi matlamat yang sama di dalam memartabatkan dan meninggikan kedudukan sains Islam sebagai wacana alternatif bagi sains moden, namun begitu, idea-idea yang ditonjolkan oleh setiap daripada mereka mempunyai kelainan. Sungguhpun demikian, tidak dinafikan, masih juga terdapat persamaan idea di antara tokoh-tokoh ini. Babak ini akan cuba menyelami buah fikiran mereka yang diterjemahkan di dalam bentuk penulisan bagi memahami mesej di dalam wacana sains Islam yang cuba disampaikan oleh tokoh-tokoh ini. 4.1.0 Tokoh Pemikir Islam Pertama: Seyyed Hossein Nasr Seyyed Hossein Nasr dilahirkan pada 7 April 1933 di Tehran. Bapanya, Seyyed Valiallah merupakan seorang doktor kepada keluarga diraja Iran dan merupakan orang yang penting di dalam menanamkan minat yang mendalam terhadap pendidikan dan pembelajaran di dalam jiwa Nasr. Keluarga Nasr juga mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan yang baik dan mempunyai sebuah perpustakaan yang mempunyai banyak hasil karya-karya penting contohnya dari Parsi, Arab, dan Perancis. Nasr mula belajar, menulis dan mengingat puisi dan syair karya agung Parsi dari seawal umur tiga tahun, dan bapanya merupakan insan yang penting yang mendedahkan beliau kepada dunia intelektual dan wacana kefalsafahan yang begitu bermakna. Pendidikan awal beliau secara formal didapati daripada pelbagai sumber seperti 141 pendidikan kurikulum Parsi di sekolah, mata pelajaran Islam dan Parsi diajar di rumah, dan begitu juga sesi tutorial yang diajar di dalam bahasa Perancis. Namun begitu, Nasr kehilangan bapanya yang merupakan sumber moral dan intelektual beliau yang utama sewaktu usia beliau menjangkau empat belas tahun. Kehilangan bapanya ini memberikan tamparan hebat di dalam hidupnya dan mengubah hidup beliau dengan begitu mendadak sekali. Selepas itu, keluarga beliau mengambil keputusan menghantar beliau ke New York pada Disember 1945 dan beliau terpaksa melanjutkan pelajaran beliau di dalam dunia yang berbeza jika dibandingkan dengan waktu sebelumnya. Beliau merupakan pelajar Iran yang pertama yang ditawarkan biasiswa dan menyambung pengajian beliau di Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T) di dalam Jabatan Fizik. Peluang ini mendedahkan beliau kepada ilmu mengenai alam tabii dan secara tidak langsung telah menyebabkan beliau menghadapi satu krisis intelektual dan spiritual yang besar sewaktu beliau di dalam tahun kedua pengajian. Walaupun krisis dalaman ini tidak memusnahkan kepercayaan beliau terhadap Tuhan, tetapi krisis ini menggegarkan sesetengah elemen asas di dalam pandangan alam beliau seperti kefahaman terhadap pengertian hidup, kepentingan ilmu untuk mencapai kebenaran. Walaupun begitu, beliau tetap bertahan di M.I.T sehingga beliau berjaya menamatkan pengajian di situ. Oleh kerana krisis yang dialami beliau sewaktu di tahun kedua pengajian di M.I.T, beliau mengambil keputusan untuk melihat bidang-bidang pengajian yang lain bagi mencari jawapan kepada persoalan yang sentiasa bermain di minda beliau. Bagi memenuhi tujuan tersebut, beliau mula mengambil banyak kursus berkaitan kemanusiaan, terutamanya kursus yang diajar oleh Professor Giorgio Di Santillana, seorang ahli falsafah dan sejarah sains Itali yang terkenal dan beliaulah yang 142 memperkenalkan Nasr kepada penulis tradisionalis, Rene Guenon. Hasil penulisan Rene Guenon dan penulis tradisionalis yang lain seperti Frithjof Schuon, Titus Burckhardt, Marco Pallis and Martin Lings memainkan peranan yang penting di dalam memberikan asas intelektual kepada Nasr daripada perspektif tradisionalis. Menurut Zailan Moris: According to Nasr, it was the discovery of traditional metaphysics and the philosophia perennis through the works of these figures which settled the crisis he had experience and gained an intellectual certitude which has never left him since. From then on, he was certain that there was such a thing as the Truth and that it could be attained through knowledge by means of the intellect which is guided and illuminated by divine revelation. His childhood love for the attainment of knowledge returned to him but on a higher and deeper plane. The traditional writings of Schuon, with their singular emphasis on the need for the practice of a spiritual discipline as well as theoretical knowledge, were especially instrumental in determining the course of Nasr’s intellectual and spiritual life from that time onward (Zailan Moris 1999: 14). Selepas beliau menamatkan pengajian di M.I.T, beliau mengambil keputusan untuk melanjutkan pelajaran beliau di Harvard University di dalam bidang geologi dan geofizik. Beliau memperolehi ijazah sarjana di dalam bidang geologi dan geofizik pada tahun 1956, dan kemudian beliau meneruskan pengajian di peringkat Ph.D di dalam sejarah sains di Harvard. Disertasi beliau di bawah penyeliaan tiga orang profesor iaitu I. Bernard Cohen bagi sejarah sains di Barat, Hamilton Gibb yang mempunyai kepakaran di dalam sejarah dan tamadun Islam dan Harry Wolfson di dalam falsafah dan teologi Greek, Islam, Yahudi dan Kristian pada zaman pertengahan. Beliau berjaya menamatkan ijazah kedoktoran pada usia 25 tahun dan tajuk disertasi kedoktoran beliau ialah “Conceptions of Nature in Islamic Thought” yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1964 oleh Harvard
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