Madres E Hijas En La Narrativa De Lessing, Atwood Y Mantel

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Madres E Hijas En La Narrativa De Lessing, Atwood Y Mantel Rosario Arias Doblas Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel Tesis Doctoral dirigida por la Dra. Dª Pilar Hidalgo Andreu Universidad de Málaga Diciembre 2000 ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN......................................................................................................... 885 2. LA RELACIÓN MADRE-HIJA EN EL FEMINISMO PSICOANALÍTICO........ 812 2.1. El psicoanálisis freudiano ............................................................................... 814 2.2. El psicoanálisis postfreudiano: las relaciones objetales ................................ 819 2.3. El psicoanálisis postfreudiano y el feminismo .............................................. 822 2.4. Nancy Chodorow ............................................................................................ 826 2.4.1. La teoría de Chodorow antes de The Reproduction of Mothering: 1970-1978 …………………………………………… 828 2.4.2. The Reproduction of Mothering: 1978 …..……………………….. 835 2.4.3. Críticas a la obra de Chodorow.......................................................... 847 2.5. Otras teorizaciones feministas.......................................................................... 859 2.5.1. La perspectiva de la hija..................................................................... 860 2.5.2. La perspectiva de la madre ............................................................... 872 2.6. Influencia de la teorización de Chodorow en diversas disciplinas................... 883 3. DORIS LESSING (1919- ) .......................................................................................... 890 3.1. Children of Violence (1952-69)……………………………………………… 8 92 3.1.1. Martha Quest, A Proper Marriage, A Ripple from the Storm ……. 896 3.1.2. Landlocked y The Four-Gated City ………………………………. 132 Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel 3.2. The Memoirs of a Survivor (1974)…………………………………………… 175 3.3. The Diaries of Jane Somers (1983-84) …………………………………….. 195 3.4. The Good Terrorist (1985) …………………………………………………. 215 3.5. Narraciones breves ………………………………………………………….. 235 3.6. Ficción y autobiografía ……………………………………………………... 249 4. MARGARET ATWOOD (1939- ) …………………………………………………. 265 4.1. Surfacing (1972) ……………………………………………………………. 268 4.2. Lady Oracle (1976) …………………………………………………………. 294 4.3. Life Before Man (1979) …………………………………………………….. 345 4.4. The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) ……………………………………………….. 377 5. HILARY MANTEL (1952- ) ……………………………………………………….. 414 5.1. Every Day is Mother’s Day (1985) …………………………………………. 415 5.2. Vacant Possession (1986) …………………………………………………... 433 5.3. An Experiment in Love (1995) ……………………………………………… 450 6. CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................................................... 469 APÉNDICES .................................................................................................................... 476 OBRAS CITADAS ...........................................................................................................492 Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel Los libros de Doris Lessing, Margaret Atwood y Hilary Mantel en las abreviaturas utilizadas. 1. Doris Lessing AS African Stories DGN The Diary of a Good Neighbour DJS The Diaries of Jane Somers FGC The Four-Gated City GT The Good Terrorist GS The Grass Is Singing IOC If the Old Could... LL Landlocked London London Observed: Stories and Sketches LA Love, Again: A Novel MQ Martha Quest MS The Memoirs of a Survivor PM A Proper Marriage RS A Ripple from the Storm SBD The Summer Before the Dark UMS Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, to 1949 WSh Walking in the Shade: Volume Two of My Autobiography, 1949-1962 2. Margaret Atwood AG Alias Grace Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel BA The Blind Assassin BE Bluebeard’s Egg And Other Stories BH Bodily Harm CE Cat’s Eye EF Eating Fire: Selected Poetry 1965-1995 EW The Edible Woman HT The Handmaid’s Tale LO Lady Oracle LBM Life Before Man RB The Robber Bride SW Second Words: Selected Critical Prose Strange Strange Things: The Malevolent North in Canadian Literature Surf Surfacing Surv Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature 3. Hilary Mantel EDMD Every Day is Mother’s Day EL An Experiment in Love VP Vacant Possession Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel 1. Introducción 1. INTRODUCCIÓN For we think back through our mothers if we are women. Virginia Woolf. A Room of One’s Own El presente trabajo acomete un análisis de las figuras de madres e hijas en la narrativa de Doris Lessing (1919- ), Margaret Atwood (1939- ) y Hilary Mantel (1952- ). En cuanto a las dos primeras escritoras, su fama es mundialmente reconocida, sus nombres han aparecido como seguras candidatas al Nobel de Literatura y su obra resulta de plena actualidad. Lessing comenzó a escribir en los años cincuenta y ha continuado su actividad ininterrumpidamente hasta la fecha; ha publicado en el año 2000 Ben, in the World y The Old Age of El Magnifico y tiene previsto publicar su próxima novela The Sweetest Dream en el año 2001 (Lambert 3). Atwood, por su parte, se ha convertido en la escritora canadiense de habla inglesa más leída y admirada dentro y fuera de su país. La reciente concesión del Booker Prize a la autora por The Blind Assassin (2000) supone un ejemplo elocuente de lo expuesto. En lo que respecta a la tercera escritora objeto de estudio, hay que resaltar el creciente interés crítico que Hilary Mantel, con ocho novelas publicadas, está recibiendo, interés al que este estudio quiere contribuir modestamente. Nos centramos en examinar la representación literaria de las madres y las hijas en obras narrativas de las autoras antes mencionadas y, siempre que se considere la relación madre-hija, “[t]he materials are here for the deepest mutuality and the most painful estrangement” (Rich, Of Woman 226). Precisamente el estudio de Adrienne Rich, Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution (1976), fue pionero en lo que la relación Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel 5 1. Introducción madre-hija se refiere por su vocación interdisciplinar y, además, inspiró futuros hallazgos y teorías. Entre ellas se encuentra The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (1978), obra maestra de Nancy J. Chodorow. Gracias a la inmensa popularidad que obtuvo, Mari Jo Buhle sostiene que, una revista tan prestigiosa como Contemporary Sociology “named it one of the ‘ten most influential books in the past twenty- five years’” (14). En definitiva, este trabajo, que proporciona el marco teórico para nuestra investigación, mantiene su vigencia1 a pesar del tiempo transcurrido. The Reproduction of Mothering se encuadra dentro de estudios en los que se concitan cuestiones feministas, como el papel de la mujer en la organización social, con la atención y atracción que el feminismo comenzó a sentir por el psicoanálisis en los años setenta. Como asegura Marianne Hirsch, las revisiones feministas del relato psicoanalítico tradicional, ofrecido por Freud, sobre todo, la de Chodorow, “allow us to appreciate the specificity of female, as distinguished from male, development and the effect of those differences on relationships among women” (“Mothers” 181). Varios son los motivos que nos llevan a utilizar este enfoque en particular: en primer lugar, basándose en planteamientos sociológicos, psicológicos y feministas, esta investigadora efectúa una reflexión razonada y bien argumentada sobre por qué las mujeres desean ejercer la maternidad. En segundo lugar, establece el origen de la diferenciación genérica masculina y femenina, ésta fundamentada en la intensidad del período preedípico, en la crianza exclusiva de los hijos por la madre. En tercer y último lugar, desarrolla uno de los conceptos clave para nuestra investigación: la idea de la identidad basada en la relación (self-in-relationship), así como la multiplicidad y 1 Sobre la plena actualidad de la teorización de Chodorow, podemos comentar que en uno de los últimos números de la revista Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, el correspondiente al verano del año 2000, titulado “Feminisms at a Millennium”, en el que se compilan contribuciones llevadas a cabo por feministas que trabajan en áreas muy dispares, al menos dos investigadoras utilizan la obra de Chodorow como base teórica sobre la que apoyan total o parcialmente sus argumentaciones: Oyeronke Oyewumi (1093-98) y Judith Kegan Gardiner (“Masculinity” 1257-61). Madres e hijas en la narrativa de Lessing, Atwood y Mantel 6 1. Introducción pluralidad, como rasgos propios de la personalidad femenina. En consecuencia, esta noción incide en lo que se conoce, según Rachel Blau DuPlessis, como “both/and vision” (“For the Etruscans” 276), una actitud integradora y de continuidad que se va a reflejar de muchas y diversas maneras en el presente estudio. Es por ello que, dada la relevancia que esta teoría ocupa en nuestro estudio, se ha dispuesto un capítulo que de forma cronológica repasa las principales ideas del psicoanálisis sobre las figuras de las madres e hijas, así como las aproximaciones llevadas a cabo por aquellos autores, como D. W. Winnicott, miembro destacado de la escuela de las relaciones objetales, que han ejercido poderosa influencia en el posterior estudio de Chodorow. Llegado este punto, se considerará no sólo la argumentación principal de la autora, sino también las críticas emitidas sobre ella, que han intentado menoscabar su trascendencia como enfoque para el análisis de textos literarios,
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