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Article Reference Article Le fragment de L. Cincius (Festus p. 276 L) et le commandement des armées du Latium SÁNCHEZ, Pierre Abstract Many modern historians believe that Rome’s domination over Latium in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. was considerably exaggerated by the annalistic tradition, and they have used a famous fragment of the antiquarian Lucius Cincius to show that, at that time, Rome exerted military command only in turn with the cities of the Latin League ; some have concluded from it that Rome was herself a member of this league ; others have deduced from this passage that the generals designated by Rome were « Latin » or « federal » magistrates, distinct from the traditional magistrates of the Roman Republic. In fact, a closer lexical, grammatical and institutional analysis of the passage shows that Cincius provides the same information as the annalistic tradition : according to him, Rome was not part of the Latin League, and when the two allies fought together in the name of the foedus Cassianum, it was always the Romans who were in charge of military operations. The command of the allied armies was entrusted to a magistrate of the Roman Republic, either a praetor/consul, a military tribune with consular power, or a dictator, [...] Reference SÁNCHEZ, Pierre. Le fragment de L. Cincius (Festus p. 276 L) et le commandement des armées du Latium. Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 2014, vol. 25, p. 7-48 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:83123 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Pierre Sánchez Le fragment de L. Cincius (Festus p. 276 L) et le commandement des armées du Latium1 La version définitive est parue dans : Cahiers du Centre Glotz 25, 2014, p. 7-48 (http://www.anhima.fr/spip.php?article18) RÉSUMÉ De nombreux Modernes, persuadés que la tradition annalistique avait considérablement e e exagéré la puissance de Rome dans le Latium au V et au IV siècle av. J.-C., ont cru trouver dans un célèbre fragment de l’antiquaire Lucius Cincius la preuve qu’à cette époque, Rome exerçait le commandement militaire à tour de rôle ou en alternance avec les cités membres de la Ligue latine ; certains en ont conclu que Rome faisait elle-même partie de cette ligue ; d’autres ont déduit de ce passage que les généraux nommés par Rome étaient des magistrats « latins » ou « fédéraux », distincts des magistrats traditionnels de la République romaine. Une analyse lexicale, grammaticale et institutionnelle du passage montre qu’en réalité, Cincius donne les mêmes informations que la tradition annalistique : d’après lui, Rome ne faisait pas partie de la Ligue latine et lorsque les deux alliés combattaient ensemble au nom du foedus Cassianum, c’étaient toujours les Romains qui dirigeaient les opérations militaires. Le commandement des armées alliées était confié à un magistrat romain, préteur/consul, tribun militaire ou dictateur, nommé selon les procédures habituelles : avant de quitter Rome, il prenait les auspices sur le Capitole afin d’obtenir des dieux la confirmation des pouvoirs militaires qui lui avaient été conférés par les instances compétentes, et il était salué du titre de praetor par les armées latines à la porte de la Ville. ABSTRACT Many modern historians believe that Rome’s domination over Latium in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. was considerably exaggerated by the annalistic tradition, and they have used a famous fragment of the antiquarian Lucius Cincius to show that, at that time, Rome exerted military command only in turn with the cities of the Latin League ; some have concluded from it that Rome was herself a member of this league ; others have deduced from this passage that the generals designated by Rome were « Latin » or « federal » magistrates, distinct from the traditional magistrates of the Roman Republic. In fact, a closer lexical, grammatical and institutional analysis of the passage shows that Cincius provides the same information as the annalistic tradition : according to him, Rome was not part of the Latin League, and when the two allies fought together in the name of the foedus Cassianum, it was 1 Cette étude est le fruit d’un séminaire de recherche destiné aux étudiants de Master et aux doctorants de l’unité d’histoire ancienne de l’Université de Genève : que tous les participants soient ici vivement remerciés pour leur contribution à la discussion. 1 always the Romans who were in charge of military operations. The command of the allied armies was entrusted to a magistrate of the Roman Republic, either a praetor/consul, a military tribune with consular power, or a dictator, designated according to the usual procedure : before leaving Rome, the general took the auspices on the Capitol in order to obtain from the gods the confirmation of the military powers which had been conferred upon him, and he was greeted with the title of praetor by the Latin armies at the gate of the city. INTRODUCTION La question des relations entre Rome et ce que les Modernes appellent communément « la er Ligue latine » est particulièrement controversée. Les auteurs grecs et latins de la fin du I siècle avant notre ère ont affirmé que Rome était destinée dès le départ à asseoir sa domination sur le Latium, l’Italie et le bassin méditerranéen, et qu’elle fut en mesure d’exercer son autorité sur les autres cités et peuples du Latium déjà à l’époque royale puis, après une période de conflits liés à la chute des Tarquins, dès l’issue de la bataille du Lac e Régille au début du V siècle. De nombreux Modernes, persuadés que la tradition annalistique avait considérablement exagéré la puissance de Rome à haute époque, ont défendu d’autres points de vue. A) Les plus radicaux ont contesté que le célèbre foedus Cassianum de 493, dont les clauses sont citées par Denys d’Halicarnasse2, ait pu prendre la forme d’un traité d’alliance militaire e bilatéral entre Rome d’un côté et les cités du Latium de l’autre. D’après eux, Rome était au V siècle une cité parmi d’autres dans le Latium et elle faisait partie intégrante de la Ligue latine, sans y bénéficier de prérogatives particulières, du moins à l’origine : les cités auraient été liées entre elles par des accords multilatéraux et le commandement militaire aurait été exercé à tour de rôle par chacune d’elles, conformément aux décisions prises en commun lors des assemblées dans le sanctuaire de l’aqua Ferentina3. B) D’autres ont estimé que la conclusion du foedus Cassianum aurait été l’occasion pour Rome d’intégrer ou de réintégrer la Ligue latine, au sein de laquelle elle aurait cependant disposé dès le départ d’une véritable prééminence en droit comme en fait, puisqu’elle aurait eu le même poids que l’ensemble des autres cités latines réunies. En raison de sa puissance, Rome aurait donc bénéficié, peut-être dès l’origine, ou du moins avec le temps, du privilège d’exercer le commandement militaire plus fréquemment que les autres cités de la ligue4. 2 Dion. Hal. 6.95.1-3. Cf. aussi Cic. Balb. 53 ; Liv. 2.22.5-7 ; 2.33.3-4 et 9 ; 6.2.3 ; 7.12.7. La bibliographie sur le foedus Cassianum est considérable : on peut partir des références données par Bengtson 1962, n° 126, p. 22-26 ; Baltrusch 2008, p. 11-12, 95 et 182-184 (il fait partie des derniers savants à contester e encore la date traditionnelle du traité au profit d’une datation dans la première moitié du IV siècle) ; Coşkun 2009, p. 31-34, n. 63-65. La dernière étude d’ensemble est maintenant celle de Sanz 2013. 3 Niebuhr 1853, p. 45-46 ; Rosenberg 1919, p. 147-150 ; Alföldi 1965, p. 119-121 ; Heurgon 1980, p. 288- 289 ; Briquel 2000, p. 177-178 ; Petrucci 2000, p. 175 ; Kremer 2006, p. 42, n. 6. 4 Zœller 1878, p. 203-207 ; Giannelli 1953, p. 183 ; Bellini 1961, p. 205, 222-223 ; Catalano 1965, p. 162- 163, 211, 213, 250 ; Ogilvie 1965, p. 399-401 et 1976, p. 97, 99, 103-104 ; Humbert 1978, p. 68 n. 64, p. 70-71 et n. 69-70 ; Ridley 1979, p. 308 ; Hermon 1989, p. 147-149, 155 ; Ampolo 1990, p. 121-130 & 2 C) D’autres encore ont accepté les données de la tradition annalistique relatives au caractère bilatéral du foedus Cassianum et ils en ont déduit que Rome ne faisait pas partie de la Ligue latine, avec laquelle elle avait passé cet accord. Selon eux, il s’agissait d’un traité conclu sur un pied d’égalité entre deux partenaires de force à peu près équivalente, à savoir la cité de Rome, déjà relativement puissante à cette date, et l’ensemble des autres cités du Latium, de taille plus modeste, mais capables de tenir tête à Rome lorsqu’elles s’unissaient ; toujours selon eux, le commandement militaire était exercé en alternance tantôt par Rome, tantôt par l’une des cités membres de la Ligue latine, selon un système de rotation spécifiquement défini dans le cadre du foedus Cassianum (par exemple une année sur deux), ou déterminé en fonction du théâtre des opérations5. D) Finalement, plusieurs historiens ont considéré, comme ceux du groupe précédent, que e e Rome ne faisait pas partie de la Ligue latine au V et au IV siècle, mais contrairement à ces derniers, ils ont défendu l’opinion qu’elle exerçait systématiquement le commandement militaire lorsqu’elle combattait en collaboration avec les Latins au nom du foedus Cassianum, conformément à ce que rapporte la tradition annalistique6. Ces différentes reconstitutions des relations romano-latines s’appuient toutes sur un fragment de Lucius Cincius, un antiquaire contemporain de Cicéron.
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