University of Nevada, Reno Geology, Alteration, Paragenesis, And
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University of Nevada, Reno Geology, Alteration, Paragenesis, and Geochemistry of the Vortex Zone of the Hycroft Gold-Silver Deposit, Humboldt County, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Geology by Karl Lowry Dr. Tommy Thompson/Thesis Advisor December, 2013 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by KARL LOWRY entitled Geology, Alteration, Paragenesis, And Geochemistry Of The Vortex Zone Of The Hycroft Gold-Silver Deposit, Humboldt County, Nevada be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Tommy Thompson, Ph. D., Advisor Christopher Henry, Ph. D., Committee Member Thom Seal, Ph. D, Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Dean, Graduate School December, 2013 i Abstract The Hycroft gold-silver mine is a low sulfidation epithermal hot spring deposit located 55 miles west of Winnemucca, NV near the Blackrock desert. It is located in the historic Sulphur district, which has had mining on and off since the late 1800’s. Sulphur was the main commodity initially, with the later discovery and mining of silver, alunite, and mercury through the first half of the 20th century. Gold was discovered in the district in 1974 by the Duvall Corporation. The first gold mining and recovery by heap leach was conducted in 1983 by Standard Slag. Allied Nevada acquired the property in 2008 and discovered the Vortex zone through induced polarization and resistivity surveys. The oldest rocks in the region are the Permian Happy Creek Volcanic Series. These are overlain by the Auld Lang Syne Group of metamorphosed argillaceous to sandy sedimentary rock. Tertiary volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks overlie the basement rocks. The region underwent folding and regional metamorphism in the Jurassic. In the Late Cenozoic extension was the primary tectonic movement giving rise to the development of normal faults in the basin and range province.. The Auld Lang Syne rocks make up the basement in the Vortex area and are mostly in fault contact with overlying Kamma Mountains volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Previously undifferentiated, the Kamma Mountains rocks consists, from bottom to top, of (1) a lower flow-banded rhyolite, (2) ash-fall and lithic-rich tuffs, (3) a massive rhyolite flow, and (4), a clast-to-matrix-supported angular clastic unit. The youngest Tertiary unit is the Sulphur rocks, which consist only of a rounded to subangular clast-to- matrix-supported conglomerate in the Vortex area. The upper parts of the Kamma Mountains and the Sulphur rocks are lithified only where hydrothermally altered. All ii rocks are cut by a series of north-northeast-striking normal faults, the most important of which is the East fault. Hydrothermal alteration in the Vortex zone is extensive and focused in layers due to the high permeability of most rock types. There are five types of alteration. An argillic alteration made up of kaolinite + smectite + anhedral quartz + sericite + marcasite + pyrite dominates the deposit. Argillic alteration is distinctly zoned from lower, kaolinite- dominated levels to upper smectite-dominated levels. Argillic alteration has been dated to 4.0 ± 0.1 Ma. Argillic alteration interfingers with propylitic alteration that consists of chalcedony + chlorite + pyrite + sericite + smectite + marcasite ± carbonates and occurs in veinlets and flooded into groundmass. Silicic alteration that consists of chalcedony ± granular quartz + pyrite + marcasite ± sericite formed above propylitic alteration in the middle part of the Kamma Mountains rocks. Opal or chalcedony + adularia + pyrite alteration locally occurs above the smectite alteration. Adularia from this alteration has been dated to 3.8 ± 0.09 Ma. Steam-heated acid-sulfate alteration overprints all alteration types at the top of the system. Most elements, except immobile elements were leached and native sulfur added to the upper part of the steam-heated zone. Alunite from this alteration type has been dated to 2.4 ± 0.1 Ma. The lower part is silica-cemented and has accumulated iron oxides leached from the upper part. Paragenetic study shows that pervasive hydrothermal alteration occurred early in the system. Pervasive argillic alteration was overprinted with propylitic in the lower parts of the deposit, then silicic in the middle portion, then opal – adularia and acid leach in the upper portions. This was followed by several events of brecciation and veining. Silver iii mineralization occurs late in brecciation events and locally in veins as pyrargyrite, proustite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, and acanthite. Geochemistry in the zone shows some typical epithermal zonation. Mercury and antimony show classical volatile zonation, occurring in the upper portions of the system. Arsenic appears to have reverse zoning with higher levels lower in the system, due to inclusion in silver sulfosalts rather than in arsenic sulfides. The base metals occur at very low levels overall and do not show clear zonation, except copper, which has a bi-modal zonation with a horizon of copper occurring in chalcopyrite lower in the system, and one occurring in tennantite-tetrahedrite higher in the system. Correlation of elements shows that gold and silver mineralization are commonly associated with arsenic, selenium, and antimony deposition, though this is variable throughout different levels of the system. The volcanic rocks in the system were likely deposited between 28 and ~16 Ma and cut by Basin and Range normal faulting at around 16 Ma. Normal faulting created the necessary conditions to form the volcaniclastic and Camel Conglomerates near the top of the deposit. Hydrothermal alteration began around 4 Ma and lithified these rocks, partially sealing the system. This led to the widespread creation of breccia dikes which roughly coincide with the boundary between the upper rhyolite and volcaniclastic units. Precious metal mineralization occurred in these breccia dikes and later veining. Hydrothermal activity continued after precious metal deposition with late overprints of acid leach. iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of those who have helped me along the way in my education, but in particular those who played a direct role in this thesis. Special thanks to Dr. Tommy Thompson for accepting me into the CREG program and mentoring me both in classes and through numerous questions about how to proceed with this thesis. Thanks to Dr. Chris Henry for the immeasurable help in not only content editing, but in helping to make this document more concise. Thanks also go to Thom Seal for the outside perspective he was able to give on what would be interesting information to know about this system metallurgically. Special thanks must also go out to the fine folks at Allied Nevada Gold for financial support and who were instrumental in helping me understand how to proceed with, up to this point, has been the most daunting undertaking of my career. Dave Flint in particular was always willing to take time out of his busy schedule whenever he could. Don Harris was also very helpful in getting me the information I needed to keep the work moving forward. There were also some very helpful people at the Hycroft mine I would like to mention by name: Matt Hoffer for taking the time to show me around and help familiarize me with my study area, and Jeff Spence for taking the time to help familiarize me with the different rock types and alteration, as well as all the other mine geologists and geotechnicians. Lastly this page would not be complete without thanks given to my lovely wife Crystal for her continual support and undying optimism that I could accomplish my goals. v Table of Contents Abstract I Acknowledgements IV Table of Contents V List of Tables VII List of Figures VII Introduction 1 Purpose 1 Location 1 History 1 Previous Work 6 Methodology 7 Regional Setting 8 Regional Lithology 7 Regional Structure 10 Deposit Geology 12 Methods 12 Cross Section Descriptions 15 Lithologic Unit Descriptions 20 Auld Lang Syne Formation 20 Kamma Mountains Group 21 Sulphur Group 29 Deposit Structure 29 Alteration 32 Methods 32 Distribution 32 Assemblage Descriptions 40 Argillic 40 Propylitic 43 Silicic 45 Opal – Adularia 47 Acid Leach 49 vi Paragenesis 51 Hydrothermal Alteration 51 Brecciation 58 Veining 63 Early Veins 64 Quartz-Adularia 64 Iron Sulfide-Quartz 64 Banded Quartz-Chalcedony 69 Bladed Calcite 69 Intermediate Veins 70 Drusy Quartz-Chalcedony 70 Coarse Alunite 70 Late Veins 72 Quartz after Bladed Carbonate 72 Fine Grained Alunite 69 Thin Chalcedony 74 Geochemistry 75 Zonation 75 Volatiles 76 Precious Metals 81 Base Metals 85 Correlation 90 Formation Model, Discussion, and Future Work 95 Summary 100 Discussion 101 Future Work 102 References 104 vii List of Tables Table Page 1. Analysis of Whole Rock and REE from Rhyolite 28 List of Figures Figure Page 1. Location Map of Hycroft Property 2 2. Location Map of Vortex Zone within Hycroft 3 3. Photograph of Historic Working in Silver Camel Hill 4 4. IP Survey Map of Vortex 6 5. Simplified Regional Geology Map 9 6. Geologic Map of Vortex Zone 13 7. Section A-A’ 14 8. Section B-B’ 16 9. Section C-C’ 18 10. Section D-D’ 19 11. Core Box Photograph of Auld Lang Syne Formation 21 12. Stratigraphic column of Kamma Mountains Group 22 13. Core Box Photograph of Banded Rhyolite 23 14. Photograph of Rhyolite at Surface 24 15. Core Box Photograph of Unaltered Volcaniclastics 25 16. Chondrite Normalized REE plot of Rhyolite Flows 25 17. TAS Diagram of Unaltered Rhyolite 27 18. Photograph of slickenlines from East Fault 31 19. Alteration Map of Vortex 33 viii 20. Paragenetic Diagram of Hydrothermal Alteration 34 21. Section A-A’ Hydrothermal Alteration 35 22. Section B-B’ Hydrothermal Alteration 36 23. Section C-C’ Hydrothermal Alteration 38 24. Section D-D’ Hydrothermal Alteration 39 25.